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DIE ETHIK DER MASSENMEDIEN UND DIE GESELLSCHAFT

Author(s): Meda Mucundorfeanu / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2009

Diese Arbeit behandelt die Entwicklung der Medien, angefangen von der Erfindung des Buchdruckes, bis zur Benutzung des Internets, eine Entwicklung die stufenweise und gleichzeitig mit der Entfaltung geschichtlicher Ereignissen, erfolgt ist. Die Rolle dieser Arbeit ist eine Präsentation der Auswirkungen der (Mangel an) Ethik der Kommunikationsmittel, besonders die des Fernsehens zu präsentieren. Eine zweite Rolle der Arbeit ist die Präsentation der Weisen in der die Gesellschaft die Manipulation der Massenmedien vermeiden kann, wie die Kinder in diesen Umständen erzogen werden können, durchzuführen. Als Basis der Präsentation stehen statistische Fakten, Zitate berühmter Persöhnlichkeiten, oder der Spezialisten auf diesem Gebiet. Zum Abschluss, wird eine Analyse der Zukunftsaussichten, für die von den Medien überwucherten Gesellschaft, durchgeführt, und einige existenzialistische, soziologische Fragen über die Zukunft der modernen Gesellschaft gestellt. Die Meinungen über die Wirkungen der Massenmedien, sind gespaltet. Die wichtigsten Aspekte werden in den nächsten Seiten detailliert dargestellt.

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MULTICULTURALISM VS INTERCULTURALISM: FROM AN INDIVIDUAL (SUBJECTIVE) VIEWPOINT

Author(s): Milan Tasić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In general, when a man is in the conglomerate of different cultural facts surrounding him and if he has at any occasion to be inclined to some of them – within the socio–cultural space where he belongs – it is appropriate to find that they have to follow, rather, the result of an individual effort, of an autonomous individual, than to be instructed from above, say, by the institutions of the community, by the state. That would concern not only the possible choices done on this occasion, but the volume (level) in which they would be adopted and so on, so the real dramatis personae on that road would be properly thought out and educated individuals. Then, we have to arrive to an acceptable solution by foreseeing, on the one hand, the educational contents that would apply to all individuals, and then point them out, in principle, and the ways in which such an individual chooses the value of orders for himself.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF SELF AND ADHERENCE TO VARIOUS SOCIAL CATEGORIES AMONG THE STUDENT POPULATION IN REPUBLIC

Author(s): Marijana Marković,Eleonora Serafimovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

Pluralistic society adopted the discourse of identities on a large scale. Identity is considered a modern phenomenon with its origins in Western individualism, and the problem of how to reconcile the relationship of self-identification and the existence of the “other” in order to answer the question “who am I” and “Where do I Belong” is becoming more scientifically and practically exploited. The Republic of Macedonia in terms of its plurality and in terms of crises in various fields, is a challenge for researchers of identity. Thus, in spring 2011, the research team from the Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research conducted research within the scientific research project Perception of identities among the student population in Macedonia. One of the primary goals of the scientific research project was the identification of self-identity of students and its relation to the sense of bonding with different social roles, groups and affiliations. The results showed the complex relationship between personal and social determinants of identity and the various roles that “I” play in everyday life, and indirectly confirmed the need of society to care about identity and its relations with the “others” among its citizens.

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IDENTITIES AS NECESSARY FICTIONS

Author(s): Suzana Marković Krstić,Miloš Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

The paper deals with the theory of identity which was elaborated by a British sociologist and historian Jeffrey Weeks in his book Invented Moralities – Sexual Values in an Age of Uncertainty (1995). Although he primarily discusses sexual identities, his view can be applied in considerations of other types of identity – ethnic, national, religious, class, status, racial, gender, generational, geographical, political in the narrow sense and so forth. As a part of his larger project of radical humanism, which puts the spotlight on individual freedom and celebrates the rich diversity of human goals whilst affirming the importance of solidarity among people, Weeks discusses identities as necessary fictions – complex, hybrid, heterogeneous and historical social constructions. If they are asserted too firmly, there are dangers of fixing identifications and values that are (always and necessarily) in flux; yet if their validity is denied, there is an even greater danger of disempowering individuals and groups from the best means of mobilizing for social change. Weeks (following Foucault) pleads for a move towards the research of the forms of social relations that would allow our identities to take on more fluid meanings, which would enable the actors to take a more enlightened, conscious and critical look at themselves and at those with whom they come into a variety of interactions. The last part of the paper examines the possibilities and scope of Weeks’ conception in the study of post-socialist societies in transition.

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ANSWER OF THE “SMALL” CULTURES TO THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION

Author(s): Zoran Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

Culture as a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic human development and as a dominant way of life in one group, an ethnic entity, society, manifests its duality as a part and as a determinant of individual and collective identity. As much as self-conscious individuals intend to protect their spiritual personality, each community, aware of their own spiritual horizons and their new spiritual needs, always finds itself between gender uniqueness and universality. Possible attempts of resolution of these apparent contradictions range from conflict, isolation, sublimation and synergy, to depersonalization. In this paper will be singled out many attempts to be sought to preserve, or break down, cultural identity in this region. It will indicate to the destructive role of politics and media, and the ability to overcome the consequences resulting from such processes.

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‘ANTIQUIZATION’ AND THE MACEDONIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY: THREE EXAMPLES ONE EXPLANATION

Author(s): Petar Atanasov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

To talk about the national identity of one nation it means to talk about its present connected with its past. Unarguably, the identity of the nation is crucial for its future regarding its existence and prosperity. The paper will try to analyze the ‘antiquization’ in the Republic of Macedonia as parallel process of national identification and international promotion of the country. The thesis of the paper is that the effect of non-recognition of full Macedonian national identity, especially vis-a-vis Greek objections, directly influences and reinforces the shift towards the ancient ethnogenesis of the Macedonian nation. The search for antique roots of the Macedonian national identity is the third wave of defence after the successful establishment of first, the federal state and, second, an independent nation. ‘Antiquization’ as a phenomenon is a defence not an attack but will certainly have longer impact on perceptions of national identity in the Republic of Macedonia.

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INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE AND IDENTITY NEGOTIATION

Author(s): Ivan Blazhevski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

Globalization processes are giving rise to more systematic cultural encounters, borrowings and exchanges. Crossing borders and being in contact with languages, customs and beliefs different than ours, questions the truths we have always taken for granted, and this triggers insecurity and uneasiness. So, the question of identities – national, cultural, religious, ethnic, linguistic, gender-based – is assuming renewed importance for individuals and groups who see globalization and cultural change as a threat to their beliefs and ways of life. The development of human culture is made possible through communication. Intercultural dialogue promotes the sharing of ideas and explores different ways of looking at the world. Rethinking our cultural categories, recognizing the multiple sources of our identities, helps to shift the focus away from ‘differences’ towards our shared ability to evolve through interaction. One of the major factors influencing the effectiveness in communicating with people from other cultures is the ability to understand their culture. This explains why intercultural dialogue is largely dependant on intercultural competencies, defined as the complex of abilities needed to interact appropriately with those who are different from oneself.

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CONCEPTUALIZATION OF RELIGIOUS IDENTITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Author(s): Hristina Ignatovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

The contemporary dimensioning of the social passage includes interactive essential principle of all relevant socio-communal components. This pattern roughly sketches the contours of the global framework which gives equal importance as to the sustainable economic development and maintenance of the environment, and to the respect and promotion of the human rights and fundamental freedoms. The syncretism which is a referent of the so-called process – globalization, hence refers to the notation of identity, which one absorbs in one’s self the sociological aspects, such as: ethnicity, nationality, and religion too. The survey’s concluding results are significant generally and particularly. They give a general picture of the condition of religious group identity. At the same time they present the legal frame for the position of the religion or the church in Europe, including ours in that group. Following this sociological, refined, descriptive and comparative way, the communal fragments which are important steps of the Macedonia`s international road to the European Union, might be achieved. Religious identity realized through the religious rights and freedoms is crucial and indispensable component of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” and R. Macedonia shows relatively high global standard harmonization in the field of religion and low internal religious diversity cohesion. This certainly has an impact on social fields such as education, politics, culture, and opens the way for new further research in the sociology of religion and its interactive and interdisciplinary perspective.

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IDENTITY AND PLACE: TOWARDS ONE DURABLE INTERPLAY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Author(s): Ana Aceska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

The question that is central in this paper is linked to the historical interplay between two fundamental concepts in the social sciences and humanities: identity and place. I thereby argue that there are two interlinked developments that have significantly marked the study of the relations between identity and place: (1) the introduction and development of the concept of boundaries and together with it the shift towards considering identity “as a process” and (2) the alteration of the isomorphism between spatial locations and social identities.

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NATIONAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITY WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Ilija Aceski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In this paper the author poses several questions which profoundly tackle the essence of the EU functioning in the circumstances of multitude of national identities which are of exclusive nature. In such case of exclusive identities the question of feasibility of Europe is implied. Furthermore, is the search for the European identity oriented towards something which at one point, long ago existed and which has disappeared and has been forgotten, but is to be discovered today, similarly to the way it has been done or is done in the formation of the distinctive national identities? To which degree can the European identity be founded on the diversity of the European nations’ cultures, an issue that eurosceptics deem impossible? Is there an existence of European culture, and by that, an existence of European cultural identity? Can the culture be considered as the “glue” for the European Integration? What is more, can there be a European identity if the same is only “on civil basis” relying on a social agreement, and not on “cultural basis rested on common tradition”? This paper gives an analysis of several aspects which approach the phenomenon of national identity within EU and the possibilities for founding one common European identity from different perspectives.

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IDENTITY CHANGES IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA

Author(s): Jonuz Abdullai,Kujtim Ramadani / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In contemporary systems, there is a prevailing conscience that the society as a whole is dynamic and no static and that it undergoes permanent changes during its stages of development. Within the course of these changes, the process of globalization emerged, through which economies, societies, cultures and even linguistic communities get integrated by means of communication, transport and trade. Social, economic, and political bonds that surpass the borders among countries determinately condition the fate of all those living in those countries. We will see that, according to many authors, such as A. Giddens, the globalization of social relations should be understood first of all as a system of time and space in our social lives. It is not a new process; contrariwise, it dates back some centuries ago when the impact of the west began to spread all over the world. The globalization process did not happen smoothly and unnoticeably – from the very beginning it was associated with inequality among different regions and countries in the world, by emphasizing the importance of the creation of societies in Third World countries. Some of the challenges Europe has to face with include all the developed countries. The others have to do with the European situation – especially with the elimination of soviet-type societies in Eastern Europe. We should not think that the EU represents just a magnified version of what it actually was before 1989. With its borders open to the east, and consequently, to the south, the EU identity cannot remain unchanged. The social identity changes depend on several factors, including the technological, economic, political and cultural ones. Some authors, like Dominique Moïsi, say that Europe and the USA have been gripped by the fear “of the others” and by the fear of loss of identity and national interests. But, according to him, the world today has the greatest possibilities to be rebuilt on the grounds of the “clash of emotions”, unlike the ideas presented by Samuel Huntington according to whom we are living in a world divided by cultural diversities, national interests, and political ideologies. We will also present parts of our scientific research called “students’ approaches and attitudes towards global and religious movements” carried out with students from the Southeast European University.

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GLOBALIZATION – A PROCESS OR PROJECT FOR HOMOGENIZATION OF THE WORLD

Author(s): Jorde Jakimovski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In the first years of the new millennium the domination of societies and economies based on the grounds of knowledge, which participate in the global markets is more and more common, as a consequence of the tendency of the organization and mobility of the business activities, knowledge and capital, as well as the liberalization and simplification of the foreign trade relations among countries. The globalization allows the economic subjects appearance on the global market, by usage of local as well as other available resources. Information systems and telecommunications give new physionomy of the world market, enabling the organizations to identify the specific needs of the consumers from different geographical regions in the world and to react quickly by diversification of products and services. Thus, the traditional advantage of the producers which are geographically closer to consumers is significantly reduced. Telecommunications also allow designing of the world electronic markets, where consumers and suppliers come in direct contact. Thus, the need of presence of classical intermediaries is lost, but of course there is the need for new ones. However, there is the question of whether the global market creates irresponsibility, because it presents interpersonal institutional infrastructure which does not take responsibility not even for itself. The global market risk allows to determine which, if there are any, to prosper, and which to suffer.

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RE-THINKING THE IDENTITIES - THE MEDITERRANEAN

Author(s): Antoanela Petkovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

Identity is defined as a concept that takes into consideration the issues of the complete entirety of the accepted and marked practices, beliefs and commonly focused continuity in time and space. Cultural identity helps us recognise and “describe” ourselves in our own distinctiveness in regard to the manner of existence of the “others”. The contemporary identity policies (including the one of Western Europe) serve the demonstration of power that manipulates, labels and discriminates even when it advocates equality of the identities. In the overall discourse of its stratified and controversial existence through centuries, the Mediterranean, the South and its civilisation circle is a victim of such policies that create stereotypes, divide and assess its quality through the arrogance of wealth and the order of civic culture.

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THE DIVERSITY OF BALKAN COUNTRIES AND THE GLOBALIZATION PROCESS

Author(s): Bashkim Arifi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

We are witnesses that we are living in a time of economical and political globalization. Everything what is happening is in the trend of globalization, such as economic developments, economic associations as well as political and geo-political associations of different countries. Balkan countries (including Kosovo) are slowly joining the new modern trends toward more open liberal economy and Euro-Atlantic integration. Economical and political globalization as a worldwide trend affects the expansion of national economies into a global - world area, in which they slowly but surely eliminate a set of different barriers, in particular political interventions. But the “Jumping” of national economies into Global markets has not only positive aspects but also negative, bringing with themselves the risk, for pure and not enough competitive companies of Kosovo. There is a hypothesis which needs to be verified: “Mutual influence between the diversity in the Balkans and the globalization process is large”. Giving the proper and scientific answer, for the main issue and hypothesis, needs a lot of analyses and methods including statistical and historical data. To sum up, there are not more advantages than disadvantages of globalization and vice versa. What can be concluded is that the process of globalization is unavoidable. The step globalization has undertaken, while setting new standards and regulations has gone too far to be misplaced. As cloudy as it may seem, the disappearance of various domestic products and the expansion towards a global unity of economic sense might prove valuable for the future generations.

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