"The dangerous classes”: Hugo Grotius and seventeenth-century piracy as a primitive anti-systemic movement

Author(s): Eric Wilson / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2010

This essay discusses the historical and textual representations of piracy in the writings of Hugo Grotius, primarily De Indis/De iure praedae (1603-1608) and the Commentarius in Theses XI (c. 1600). Contrary to popular belief, Grotius, in stark contrast to Jean Bodin, was not an advocate of the constitutionally homogenous Nation-State. Rather, his central concept of divisible sovereignty, the lynchpin of the constitutional theory of his early writings, unambiguously presents us with the object of the heterogeneous State. In Grotian theory, the State may be “read” as a composite construction, with a residual degree of inalienable sovereignty accruing at each unit-level. Even if only unconsciously, Grotius describes a concurrent para-political sub-division of the state between institutional Government (the “magistrates”) and civil society, one that constitutes an operational system of governance within the Nation-State. Like his contemporary Johannes Althusius, Grotius’ theory allows for the emergence of a wholly “private,” albeit lawful, mode of authority. This is most apparent in Grotius’ treatment of the mercantile trading Company and its Privateering operations. The corporatist theory of sovereignty permits the Company’s private agents of violence, the legally ambivalent Privateer/Pirate, to be invested with a requisite degree of sovereignty. The Grotian theory of divisible sovereignty, investing the seventeenth-century Pirate band with legal personality, serves as a vital historical precursor to the quasi-statist (trans-) national criminal cartels of the twenty-first century. The Grotian Pirate/Privateer/Just Avenger, therefore, is a “nomad”: a liminal entity that simultaneously transverses both geographical and juro-political spaces, rendering him or herself in-determinable.

"This lofty mountain of silver could conquer the whole world”: Potosí and the political ecology of underdevelopment, 1545-1800

Author(s): Jason Moore / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2010

By the 1570’s, Potosí, and its silver, had become the hub of a commodity revolution that reorganized Peru’s peoples and landscapes to serve capital and empire. This was a decisive moment in the world ecological revolution of the long seventeenth century. Primitive accumulation in Peru was particularly successful: the mita’s spatial program enabled the colonial state to marshal a huge supply of low-cost and tractable labor in the midst of sustained demographic contraction. The relatively centralized character of Peru’s mining frontier facilitated imperial control in a way the more dispersed silver frontiers of New Spain did not. Historical capitalism has sustained itself on the basis of exploiting, and thereby undermining, a vast web of socio-ecological relations. As may be observed in colonial Peru, the commodity frontier strategy effected both the destruction and creation of premodern socio-ecological arrangements.

"Values Focused Social Work Practice" Master’s Degree – a Model of Pedagogical Good Practice

Author(s): Alexandru Neagoe,Loredana-Marcela Tranca,Danu? Sorin Balau?a,Florina Luiza Vlaicu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Given that there are beneficiaries of social work with spiritual concerns, the training of specialists able to respond adequately to such concerns or needs is appropriate. Thus, the present paper aims to signal the existence of educational programs, at university level, oriented towards the above-mentioned area, namely specific disciplines addressing the relation between social work and religion or spirituality. More specifically, the paper intends to present a successful Masters program, "Values Focused Social Work Practice", organized at the West University of Timisoara, as a good practice model in the field of social work education, with interdisciplinary and with spiritual components.

"Vigyázó szemetek ezentúl Moszkvára vessétek”

Author(s): Ilona P. Farkas / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2017

Scheibner Tamás: A magyar irodalomtudomány szovjetizálása. A szocialista realista kritika és intézményei 1945–1953. Ráció Kiadó, Budapest, 2014, p. 316.

"We Believe Journalism is the Ideal Vehicle For Teaching 21st Century Skills". Is the New Meaning of Media Literacy Worth Spreading? Action Research in Silicon Valley

Author(s): Agnieszka Janiak-Staszek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

"Where were they until now?" Aging, Care and Abandonment in a Bosnian Town

Author(s): Azra Hromadžic,Jason Danely,Miloš Milenkovic,Sonja Podgorelec,Tihana Rubic,Željka Petrovic Osmak,Paul Stubbs / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2015

This article delves into Bosnia-Herzegovina, and especially into the town of Bihać, to ethnographically examine the changing nature of the state and family, as visible through practices of elder care. I use my ethnographic data gathered at a nursing home Vitalis in Bihać, and especially the predicament of an elderly Bosnian woman whom I call Zemka, to argue that both the state and family in postwar and postsocialist Bosnia-Herzegovina materialize as semi-absent. In the process of unpacking these multiple semi-absences, I reveal the lived effects of changing postwar and postsocialist state, and altering kinship relations as they affect "ordinary" people.

"Wikigender" and "Girls: A No Ceilings Conversation": Digital genres countering inequality and discrimination

Author(s): Michela Giordano / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

Launched on ‘International Women’s Day’ on 7 March 2008, Wikigender is a project created by the OECD Development Centre that aims to facilitate the exchange and improvement of knowledge on gender-related issues around the world. Girls: A No Ceilings Conversation was an event hosted on 17 April 2014 by the Clinton Foundation ‘No Ceilings: The Full Participation Project’, was designed to foster and advance progress for women and girls worldwide. The two projects are investigated here as new types of communication on the World Wide Web. The analysis tries to ascertain whether and to what extent the generic features and discursive strategies of the two new collaborative platforms contribute to the co-construction of information, the dissemination of knowledge and awareness, and the development of a participatory agenda (Jones 2008; Campagna, Garzone, Ilie and Rowley-Jolivet 2012) on themes related to gender as well as resistance to inequality and otherness. An examination of these two examples of on-line communication will entail a scrutiny of new digital genres (Yates, Orlikowski and Renneker 1997), of the genre-specific features of web communication (Gruber 2008), and of the democratizing impetus embedded in their discourse. Promoting the exchange and creation of information and increasing citizens’ access to it enables readers to simultaneously become users, writers and critics; it seems to be the new trend of new web-mediated forms of communication that is resulting in the ‘democratization’ (Fairclough 1992; 1995a; 1995b; 1998) of several types of discourse.

"Young" Heart in "Old" Body. Experiences of Ageing from Older Persons' Perspective

Author(s): Zdenko Zeman,Marija Geiger Zeman / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2015

Age is a social construct that should be analysed as a flexible, contextual category, while old age is subject to coding and interpreting that create different formal and informal concepts of old age. As a micro-social universe, a home for old and infirm persons functions as socio-cultural framework within which, by analysing the experiences of its beneficiaries, we established the existence of four dominant interpretations of old age: fatalist, affirmative, stoical and relativistic. This work is focused on the authentic voices of old persons and personal experiences of old age and ageing. Contextuality and variability (of the feeling) of age, articulately testified by those experiences, show that perceptions of old age and feeling of getting old decisively depend on a personal vision and interpretation of the experience, that need not be compatible with the actual chronological age.

"Ковачница за мъже" или ... задължителната наборна казарма в представите на българина през Социализма

Author(s): Iliya Valev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2014

One widespread proverb in Bulgaria, knowing some different versions, says that “Man, who did not passed conscription is not a man”, “A boy, who failed to enter military service is second-hand man”, “A man, who has not walked as a soldier knows nothing”. What exactly is conscription according to public understanding of Bulgarians? What attitudes have the society to compulsory conscription? Frontier of what is the portal on the military unit? These and other issues related to conscription during socialism will be explored.

"Работа на себя": использование ресурсов промышленного предприятия в личных целях в позднюю советскую эпоху

Author(s): Olga Smolyak / Language(s): / Issue: 2/2014

This article focuses on the practice of "working for yourself" (rabota na sebia), which was common in the Soviet Union in the 1970s-1980s and entailed manufacturing and repairing household items during work hours, using factory resources.

"Сибиряк": общность, национальность или "состояние души"?

Author(s): Alla Anisimova,Olga Echevskaya / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2012

The concept of social identity is being reconsidered in the social sciences due to transformations undergone by (post)modern societites, such as globalization, localization, and the intensification of global migration. In the context, the Siberian identity (being "Sibiriak") is an interesting object of research for it reflects the cultural, political, and economic effects of globalization and localization, as well as transformations in individual self-perception. This paper demonstrates that Siberian identity is not only a personal matter but also a new type of social solidarity and political claim. In Russian, extended summary in English.

#BreakingNews: konflikty bliskowschodnie w polskich mediach

Author(s): Katarzyna Prokopowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2018

The author studied the manner of depicting conflicts in the Middle East in articles published on Polish information portals in 2015-201; she also analysed photographs used in those articles and the contemporary technologies of portraying war.

(Dia)logiczny horyzont doświadczenia edukacyjnego, społecznego i kulturowego

Author(s): Jaroslaw Gara / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2 (23)/2018

The category of educational, social and cultural experience is inseparably linked to the spaces of interpersonal contact. Such experience always finally finds its actual frame of reference in a space that is public (open). Public space, as the reverse of private space, implies direct contact between what is known and close and what is unknown and foreign. Thus the open character of public space by very definition requires recognition of what is expressed by the notions of inter-subjectivity and transparency of thought and action. In this context, the author discusses the dialogical attitudes through the category of Unquantifiability, while in turn the categories of intersubjectivity and transparency are considered from the perspective of Non-obviousness. Kategoria doświadczenia edukacyjnego, społecznego i kulturowego odsyła nas do międzyludzkiej przestrzeni styczności. Doświadczenie takie zawsze ostatecznie odnajduje swe rzeczywiste ramy odniesienia w przestrzeni, która ma charakter publiczny (otwarty). Przestrzeń publiczna jako odwrotność przestrzeni prywatnej zakłada zaś bezpośrednią styczność tego, co znane i bliskie z tym, co nieznane i obce. Otwarty charakter przestrzeni publicznej z założenia wymaga więc uznania tego, co wyraża się w racjach intersubiektywności i transparentności myślenia i działania. W tym też kontekście nastawienia dialogiczne rozpatruję przez pryzmat kategorii Niewymierności, z kolei samą intersubiektywność i transparentność rozpatruję przez pryzmat kategorii Nieoczywistości.

10 Years of Academicus International Scientific Journal - The story of contribution in the research in 20 Issues.

Author(s): Maria Immacolata Macioti / Language(s): English / Issue: 20/2019

A delightful scientific journal which, since its birth in Albania, has quickly learned the ways of the world, bringing Balkan matters and issues abroad, to the East as well as to the West, but also conversely, making known in the Land of Eagles which were the main topics of reflection and study, such as the problems of distant countries and other cultures

180 години от рождението на Васил Левски – диалози за паметта и модели на иконизация

Липчева-Пранджева, Л. & Гетова, Е. (2018). Васил Левски. Из кривините на литературната иконография. София: Аз-буки

Author(s): Maria Panova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

200 години от рождението на учителя Иван Николов Момчилов. Създателят на поколение образовани българи и талантливи български учители

Author(s): Veselina Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The author dedicates the article to an important anniversary – 200 years since the birth of the teacher Ivan Nikolov Momchilov (1819–1869). He is among the most highly educated Bulgarians. He had encyclopedic knowledge as well as native-language and foreign-language gifting. He writes and speaks Bulgarian, Turkish, Greek, Latin, German, Russian. His merits to the development of Slavicism are exceptional. Historical contributions of Momchilov to the Bulgarian education are also in use in present-day professional and practical training of students in pedagogical specialties. The young reformer created the first Bulgarian class school in Elena in 1843. It replaces the mutual learning method with a class-less system. He distributes pupils by class, creates a curriculum, introduces courses, conducts weekly lessons. He also furnishes the classrooms with desks, teacher’s table, blackboard. Momchilov equips the yard of the school with facilities for physical education. Following his ideas pupils organize themselves and obey the requirements of the chief duty teacher and his assistants – students on duty. He forbids corporal punishment and implements a humane, democratic approach in the relationship between teachers and pupils. He strengthens the psychological atmosphere: every class starts and ends with a bell; there is a break between classes; after the end of the classes, students leave school in order; supervisors monitor the behaviour of each student; students show their respect to Elena’s citizens and are obliged to congratulate others. Ivan Momchilov and Nikola Mihaylovski, the first Bulgarian scholar who defended a doctorate in Moscow, founded the first Bulgarian higher education institution for teachers – Elena Daskalolivnica. Teacher Momchilov has written textbooks and teaching aids on Bulgarian language, history, geography, arithmetic and others. He has created a generation of educated Bulgarians and talented Bulgarian teachers. Ivan Momchilov’s pupils founded Bulgarian schools in many towns and villages. They set the foundations of the school network on the Bulgarian lands.

2017 EMERGENCE/DECLINE OF THE AD -TERRORISM PHENOMENON

Author(s): Nicoleta Annemarie MUNTEANU / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The activity of ad-terrorism, taking advantage of too easily influential media, is an active generator of negative feelings among the civilian population. 2017 was introduced on the list of time intervals for the most monstrous terrorist attacks, not because of countries such as Iraq, where 267 1446 dead, 1661 wounded and 12 abducted persons were executed, due to the over-mediation of attacks on the territory of European states such as the United Kingdom, which generated about 4% of the attacks by SI in 2017, but which represented the first media news media. Practically, the media is responsible for the gap created between helping, supporting and building security between the West and the Middle East through ignorance of massacres on the Asian continent and the outlook for the Muslim population in the area.

24 часа новини с Мария Нейкова

Author(s): Kostadin Grozev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

A review of the book ‚Monologue or dialogue? The controversial world in the lens of global television‘ by Maria Neikova, ‚St. Kliment Ohridski‘ University Press.

45-a международна олимпиада по химия

Author(s): Donka Tasheva,Penka Vasileva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The paper represents problems (theoretical and practical) of the 45th International Chemistry Olympiad and the solutions of theoretical problems. Comments of Bulgarian team presentation are given.

50 lat minęło jak jeden dzień... Różnice międzypokoleniowe w kulturze studiowania na przykładzie socjologii na Uniwersytecie Łódzkim

Author(s): Paulina Adamczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 67/2018

The aim of this article is to demonstrate to show intergenerational differences in the culture of studying and in the perception of the university and teaching from the last 50. years. Memories of lecturers regarding sociological studies at the Institute of Sociology of the University of Lodz and their opinions on current students of sociology and student culture (from the didactic perspective) were compared with the subjective observations of the author of the article representing that generation who completed their studies in 2017. The aim of distinguishing these three perspectives is to high light the transformation of the university which, as an idea, has undergone many modifications since its crystallisation in the Middle Ages. The outline of the university’s history, as well as various approaches to its functions and model adopted in the article is an introduction to illustrating the dynamic process of constant change taking place, both in the aspect of creating and transferring science, as well as broadly understood academic relations. The article seeks to distinguish and demonstrate generational differences in the Mannheim’s perspective between sociology students undertaking studies in the sixties and beginning studies after the first decade of the 21st century.