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Development based on knowledge and innovation is one of the main priorities of economic policy in the European Union (EU) countries. It was included in the Europe 2020 strategy, which obliged the EU countries to take measures to strengthen their innovation capacity. The effects of these activities are monitored using indicators to assess the ability of the economy to create and implement innovation and to assess the effects of innovative activity. The article presents an assessment of the degree of achievement of the objectives included in the Europe 2020 strategy for the development based on knowledge and innovation. The analysis used innovation indicators indicating the leaders. The analysis shows the ability to create knowledge and innovation and innovation activity of enterprises and its effects.
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One of the five objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy is to increase expenditure on research and development in Europe to 3% of GDP. It is assumed that the achievement of this goal will be possible primarily through increased funding for innovation and research. This policy aims to contribute to the creation of new jobs, increase competitiveness and economic growth. One of the dimensions of such a strategic aim is the issue of human resources necessary to implement the objectives set out in the document. Analyses indicate that there is a need to increase the appropriate resources needed to achieve the planned objectives. The article presents statistics on the number of researchers and human resources in research and development in the EU countries, pointing to the challenges arising from the content of the Europe 2020 strategy.
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This article analyzes empirically the impact of job search through social networks on wages. Individual data are used from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and the regression combining and decomposition methods to estimate the effect of social networks for Poland and 19 other countries. In the analyzed cases generally the null hypothesis cannot be rejected of no wage effect of social networks. At the same time the results indicate a positive effect on the wages of private employment agencies and employment agencies operating at universities and schools.
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The article discusses the innovation of social service entities operating in the Member States of the European Union. The characteristics, circumstances and objectives of innovative services in these units are presented. The methods of the work organizing on new solutions to improve service activities are described in this paper. The analysis was based on the study conducted by The Gallup Organization.
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This paper presents the status, structure, and dynamics of occupational diseases, as well as the occurrence of spatial inequalities and concentration of the surveyed phenomenon in Poland. The analysis was conducted by voivodships and groups of diseases, using measures of spatial concentration. The study drew attention to the organizational innovation and technical development of new products and technologies that have an impact on reducing the number of employees in hazardous conditions.
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This paper presents the characteristics of Special Economic Zones (SEZ). Law acts were given which govern their operation. Effects of their operation for communities and the economy of the country were described, too. The presented data show the value of such variables as aid targeted to each SEZ, their area, the number of permits to start a business, the amount of capital expenditure and the number of created work places.
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The article includes an attempt to analyze the cultural potential of Warsaw, Krakow, Lodz, Wroclaw and Poznan. Selected characteristics for the analyze were grouped by categories: cultural resources, activities associated with the cultural sector and effects of development. The study used three different methods in the field of numerical taxonomy: Perkal’s natural Index Method natural, Hellwig’s pattern development method and agglomeration methods. This article aims to examine whether the results are consistent with each other, and if they are, to what extent?
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The aim of the article is to present results of a survey of long-term unemployed people in the Sulęcin powiat. The analysis refers to the family, financial, situation of respondents, their activities of daily living, qualifications, activities aimed at professional activation and their relation to activities undertaken by employment offices. In years 2012–2014 the Local Labour Office in Sulęcin has been executor of an innovative project in collaboration with a German company. The authors of this paper took part in this project, realizing stage Analysis and diagnosis of the problem of long-term unemployment in the Sulęcin powiat.
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The author presents supplementary measures of labour market status in Poland. In 2011, Eurostat proposed to use three new measures of describing the situation on the labour market to supplement the classification of the International Labour Organisation. Definitions of these measures are discussed, and the calculations for Poland in the period 2006–2010 are presented. Isolating those on the borderline between work and unemployment, and unemployment and inactivity, allows to better understand changes in the labour market. Looking from the stocks and flows in the labour market, the most important among newly introduced groups are the economically inactive people not looking for work but ready to take it.
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In 2011, the CSO conducted a census of population and housing. For the first time full survey was carried out on the basis of administrative records and information systems operating in Poland. The scope of the full census, which covered only the items included in the administrative system, was completed in a survey based on the 20% random sample of households in the country. The article discusses the basic results of the National Census 2011 developed on the basis of the combined data set of complete and representative surveys. This information relates such demographic and social characteristics of the population and phenomena as gender, age, actual marital status, level of education, disability, source of income, economic activity and international migration. For some issues, a comparison was made with results of previous population and housing census, conducted in 2002.
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The study presents the results of surveying the opinion of career advisors about selected aspects of functioning of the lifelong education in the Wałbrzych sub-region. Ordinal scales and fuzzy numbers were applied in the measurement of the advisors' opinion. Such an approach allowed to take into account the ambiguity and the inaccuracy in the replies provided by the respondents. The analysis of the responses enabled to work out the ranking of the importance of the factors associated with the development of the lifelong education in the Wałbrzych sub-region and to make an appraisal of these factors. The study also identifies the future – according to career advisors – directions of the lifelong education in this sub-region and the scope of trainings which could improve the quality and the effectiveness of the advisory process conducted by career advisors.
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W artykule opartym na materiale z prasy wyspecjalizowanej autorka porusza następującezagadnienia: dlaczego tak bardzo atrakcyjny jest dla dziennikarzy styl potoczny, jakie składnikii cechy tej odmiany traktowane są jako szczególnie użyteczne, jakie są skutki częstego użyciaform potocznych dla procesów przeobrażania stylu publicystycznego i wybranych gatunkówprasowych. Potoczność rozpatrywana na płaszczyźnie tekstu zyskuje na komunikacyjnejatrakcyjności dlatego, że pozwala nadawać wypowiedziom znamiona komunikatówskierowanych, nastawionych na kontakt z drugim człowiekiem, umożliwia ucieczkę odabstrakcji w stronę mówienia (czy raczej pisania) konkretnego, bliskiego codziennemudoświadczeniu, obrazowego i zaangażowanego. Dzięki stosownym zabiegom stylizacyjnympublicyści budują z odbiorcą wspólny świat i kształtują określoną wizję tego świata: (1) zpunktu widzenia odbiorcy – z uwzględnieniem jego potocznych wyobrażeń i doświadczeń; (2)zgodnie z oczekiwaniami odbiorcy, a więc przystępnie, plastycznie i sugestywnie; (3) z(fingowanym) udziałem odbiorcy; (4) za pomocą środków językowych znanych odbiorcy(potocznych) lub środków wykreowanych przy użyciu technik stylizatorskich typowych dlawypowiedzi potocznych. // In the article which is based on specialized press material, the author raises the following issues: why is the colloquial style so attractive for journalists? What features and factors of this variety are treated as particularly useful? What are the results of the frequent use of colloquial forms for the processes of transforming the journalistic style and selected press genres? Colloquialisms considered at the textual level gain the communicative attractiveness because they allow utterances to acquire the status of targeted messages, aimed at seeking contact with a fellow human being, and because they facilitate the escape from abstraction towards concrete speaking (or rather writing), close to everyday experience, imagistic and involved. Thanks to appropriate stylization techniques, journalists construe the world in common with the audience and shape a specific vision of this world: 1/ from the point of view of the audience, taking into account their colloquial images and experiences; 2/ in accordance with the audience expectations, i.e. simply, visually and suggestively; 3/ with the (fake)participation of the audience; 4/ through linguistic means known to the audience (colloquial)or the means created with the stylization techniques typical of colloquial utterances.
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Współczesne media elektroniczne stały się celem licznych badań językoznawczych. Niniejszaanaliza dotyczy jednej z najpopularniejszych ich odmian – krótkiej wiadomości tekstowej. 160prywatnych SMSów, zarówno w języku polskim, jak i angielskim przebadano pod względem ichcech formalnych, skupiając się głównie na aspekcie redukcji tekstu pod względem obecnościbądź eliminacji elementów fatycznych, szczególnie zwrotów adresatywnych, powitań,pożegnań oraz emotikonów, a także interpunkcji. Badanie przeprowadzone również wodniesieniu do wcześniejszej analizy wiadomości mailowych wykazało znaczny procenteliminacji elementów konwencjonalnych tekstu w SMSach w porównaniu z mailami,szczególnie zwrotów adresatywnych i powitań, redukcję formalną zwrotów pożegnalnych orazomijanie znaków przystankowych, pokazując tym samym, jak dużo elementów w komunikaciejest redundantnych. Analiza wykazała również widoczne różnice między SMSami polskimi iangielskimi, zwłaszcza pod względem frekwencji takich elementów, jak podpis, zwrotpożegnalny, użycie emotikonów oraz skracanie wyrazów, które znacznie częściej występowaływ tekstach angielskich niż polskich. // Contemporary electronic media have become a frequent object of linguistic research. The present analysis concerns one of its most popular manifestations – the short text message. 160private text messages, both Polish and English, have been investigated in terms of their formal features, with a focus placed mainly on the aspect of text reduction with respect to the presence or absence of its phatic elements, primarily forms of address, greetings, leave-takings,emoticons as well as punctuation. The analysis conducted also with reference to an earlier investigation of the electronic mail has demonstrated a significant percentage of the conventional text elements elimination in text messages in comparison to emails, especially of forms of address and greetings, a formal reduction of leave-taking formulas as well as the omission of punctuation, this way indicating how many elements of communication appear to be redundant. The analysis has also shown visible differences between Polish and English text messages, particularly in terms of the frequency of the use of such aspects as the signature, the leave-taking formula, the use of emoticons and word abbreviations, which appear to be a more typical element of English rather than Polish text messages.
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W artykule przedstawiono zmiany w języku ukraińskim po odzyskaniu przez Ukrainę niepodległości. Przed 1991 rokiem władza radziecka – prócz znanych z czasów Rosji carskiej różnego rodzaju zakazów ‒ stworzyła system ingerencji w wewnętrzne prawa językowe, zabraniając jednych wyrazów, konstrukcji syntaktycznych czy zasad ortograficznych, a propagując inne, bliższe językowi rosyjskiemu, który de facto posiadał pozycję dominującą w każdej prawie dziedzinie. Doprowadziło to do nienormalnej sytuacji językowej, nieświadomego mieszania języka ukraińskiego i rosyjskiego, do „rozchwiania” norm języka ukraińskiego zarówno fonetycznych, jak i morfologicznych, a także norm syntaktycznych oraz łączliwości leksykalnej. Dlatego też po 1991 roku ‒ prócz zmian w systemie leksykalnym, związanych z rozwojem nauki, techniki oraz przekształceniami politycznymi i ekonomicznymi ‒ obserwujemy dążenie do odejścia od form zrusyfikowanych, naruszających normy ukraińskiego języka literackiego i powrót do starych rodzimych tradycji językowych. // The article discusses changes in Ukrainian after Ukraine had regained independence. Prior to 1991, the Soviet authorities – apart from various prohibitions known from the time of Russian tsars – had created a system of interfering in internal laws of language, prohibiting certain words, syntactic constructions or orthographic rules, and propagating others, closer to Russian, which had a virtually dominating position in nearly all fields. This led to an abnormal linguistic situation, the unconscious fusing of Ukrainian and Russian, both at the level of phonetics and morphology as well as syntactic norms and collocations. That is why, after 1991 – apart from changes in the lexical system, associated with developments in science, technology and political and economic transformations – we can observe the tendency to depart from Russified forms, which violate the norms of Ukrainian literary language, and to return to old native linguistic traditions.
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Przedmiotem pracy jest pojęcie twarzy (wizerunku własnego jednostki) oraz jego rola wkontaktach międzyludzkich. Społeczne znaczenie twarzy uzależnione jest od kontekstukulturowego, a w szczególności od wartości dominujących w danej kulturze oraz od charakterurelacji społecznych tam występujących. Twarz uważana jest za główny wyznacznik dynamikiinterakcji społecznej w kulturach zachodnich. Nie we wszystkich kulturach, jednak, pełni onatak ważną rolę. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie głównych wyznaczników dynamikiinterakcyjnej w kulturze anglo-amerykańskiej i polskiej. // The subject of the study is the concept of face (self-image of a person) and its role in interpersonal contacts. The social meaning of face depends on a cultural context, particularly on values that dominate in a culture and on the nature of social relations which occur there.In Western cultures face is regarded as the main indicator of the dynamics of social interaction.It does not play an equally significant role in all cultures, however. The present article aims at presenting the main indicators of interactive dynamics in Anglo-American and Polish cultures.
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Gatunki mowy mogą służyć odmiennym funkcjom pragmatycznym w rozmaitych środowiskach komunikacyjnych. Niekiedy funkcje te ujawniają zróżnicowania niezrozumiałe dla nierodzimych użytkowników języka i kultury. Stwierdzenie to pozostaje w szczególny sposób aktualne w komunikacji międzykulturowej, na granicy środowisk kulturowych. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera próbę schematycznej charakterystyki różnic między zastosowaniem gatunku mowy (procedury komunikacyjnej) przeprosin w polskim i japońskim środowisku komunikacyjnym. Postulaty badawcze weryfikowano na konkretnych przykładach aktywności komunikacyjnej w środowisku międzykulturowym. // Genres of speech may serve different pragmatic functions in various communication environments. In some cases these functions may reveal differences unintelligible for nonnative users of language and culture. This statement is especially valid in cross-cultural communication, on the verge of cultural environments. This paper brings an attempt at a schematic description of differences between the implementation of a speech genre (communication procedure) of apology in Polish and Japanese communication environments. Research postulates have been verified using actual examples of communication activity in a cross-cultural environment.
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The present study aims to measure the usability of the beta coefficient of companies traded on the Bulgarian capital market over the past 10 years. The last decade has been specific to the Bulgarian capital market. After the two crises on the capital markets in the period, it seems that the capital market has failed to recover to the extent that the markets of other European countries have recovered. For this reason, we want to investigate whether beta coefficient of companies in Bulgaria has sufficient significance and can be used in practice.
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The purpose of this article is to consider budgeting and budgetary control as a tool to increase a company’s performance and achieve its strategic goals. Budgetary control compares actual revenue and expenditure with projected values, identifying variations and enabling corrective action to be taken.The main approaches and methods for the implementation of the budgetary control system in enterprises are presented. Discussed are the most common reasons for the existence of budget deviations of the actual from the planned indicators observed in the practice of economic units.
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The global economic environment is becoming increasingly turbulent and risky – trade wars, trade sanctions, military conflicts, Brexit, over-indebtedness, competing cheap money policies, etc. For an EU peripheral economy and banking sector like the Bulgarian ones, this environment contains many risks and benefits. Thus, the results for the half-year for both economy and banking sector proved to be more favorable than expected before. What are the reasons and what should we expect for the entire 2019? This paper makes a descriptive analysis of the core macroeconomic indicator: the gross domestic product, and examines the contribution of its components on the supply and demand side to the economic growth during the first half of the year. Additionally the dynamics of further key macroeconomic indicators (inflation and unemployment) are briefly outlined. In a parallel line the banking sector is more deeply addressed due to it’s the crucial role in the structure of thecontemporary economy. Extrapolating the influence of the factors revealed in the retrospective analysis and taking into account the expectations of the managers (PMI) in the surveys of the National Statistical Institute the article gives outlook for the development of the economy and the banking sector by the end of the year.
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