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Die Ursachen für das Verschwinden von Wörtern und Sprachensterben

Author(s): Memnuna Hasanica / Language(s): German Issue: 11/2016

Die Veränderungen im Wortschatz sind durch das sprachlich-kommunikative Handeln bestimmt. So genannte lebende Sprachen unterliegen in ihrem Gebrauch in der Zeit ständig Veränderungen. Die Frage lautet, welche Veränderungen vollziehen sich im Wortschatz? Neue Wörter werden gebildet, die entweder Lücken im Wortschatz ausfüllen oder andere Wörter verdrängen. Diese bezeichnet man als Neologismen, die zu Wortschatzelementen werden oder bald aus dem Sprachgebrauch verschwinden. Die Wörter veralten oder sterben aus, d.h. dass sie den Angehörigen der Sprachgemeinschaft nicht mehr bekannt sind. Man spricht von Archaismen und Historismen, die als alt empfunden und genutzt werden, und als solche leben sie noch im lebendigen Sprachgebrauch. Oft hört man die Frage, welche Sprachen vom Aussterben betroffen sind. Auf diese gestellte Frage könnte man antworten: je mehr Menschen eine Sprache als ihre Muttersprache sprechen, um so weniger ist sie gefährdet. Weitere Faktoren, die auf das Sprachenaussterben Einfluss ausüben, sind Bereiche wie digitale Computertechnik, wirtschaftliche Wirkungen, politische Einflüsse, Unterhaltungsmusik, Werbebotschaften, Wissenschaft und Technik, Sport, Erzeugnisse usw

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Status prawny uchwał ortograficznych

Author(s): Janusz S. Bień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Markowski claims that the resolutions of the Council for the Polish Language constitute legal regula tions. This does not seem to be the case.

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Toponimul Dorna. Probleme de etimologie și de interferență lingvistică

Author(s): Dinu Moscal / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2016

Stabilirea unei etimologii toponimice presupune identificarea modului în care faptele de limbă legate de nume se raportează la realitatea desemnată și la contextul socio-geografic al acesteia. Studiul toponimului Dorna este un caz ce demonstrează că există situații în care cunoașterea realității extralingvistice în plan diacronic devine un argument pentru valabilitatea unei interpretări lingvistice. Analiza toponimelor omonime, a derivatelor și a sintagmelor care conțin acest toponim în raport cu realitatea desemnată și istoricul acesteia indică seriile de toponime cu istoric similar, în cazul de față fiind vorba despre cele cu origine descriptivă și cele cu origine personală. Analiza cîmpului toponimic al hidronimului Dorna (numele afluentului drept principal al Bistriței) pune în evidență schimbările de la nivelul nomenclaturii românești după contactul cu limba germană, prin intrarea sub administrația austriacă în perioada 1774–1918 a aproape întregului ansamblu socio-geografic corespondent acestui cîmp toponimic.

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The Dorna toponym. Etymology and linguistic interference issues

Author(s): Dinu Moscal / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

In order to establish a toponymic etymology one is supposed to identify the manner in which facts of language relating to names connect to the signified reality and its socio-geographic context. The study of the Dorna toponym represents such a case proving that there are situations in which a good knowledge of the extra-linguistic reality from a diachronic perspective becomes an argument in favour of the validity of a certain linguistic interpretation. The analysis of homonym toponyms, of the derivatives and phrases containing a specific toponym in relation to the designated reality and its history indicate toponymic series with a similar history. Our particular case deals with series of descriptive origins and personal origins. The analysis of the toponymic field of the hydronym Dorna (the name of the main right tributary of Bistrița river) emphasizes the changes affecting the Romanian proper names following the contact with the German language motivated by the country being governed by Austrian authorities in the period 1774–1918, changes that mainly influenced the entire socio-geographic context corresponding to this toponymic field.

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GRAMMATICAL PARALLELISM EFFECT IN ANAPHORA RESOLUTION: USING DATA FROM RUSSIAN TO CHOOSE BETWEEN THEORETICAL APPROACHES

Author(s): Veronika Prokopenya,Tatiana Chernigovskaya / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In the present study we explored structural parallelism, the preference of hearers to connect an unaccented pronoun to a referent occupying the same syntactic position. The traditional linguistic approach is based on the fact that referential preferences are associated with specific linguistic properties of potential antecedents of pronouns. Discourse-coherent approach is based on a hearer`s coherence-driven expectations about discourse continuation and supposes a structural parallelism effect to be a by-product of establishing relations, which provide the coherence of discourse. From this point of view, parallel reading is caused by information structure. In order to investigate the role of grammatical and information structures in the parallelism effect, and to choose between the theoretical approaches, we addressed a flexible word-order language, which has several ways of focusing, such as Russian. The two experiments demonstrated that the use of non-contrastive focusing strategy reveals parallelism bias to be equally strong for both subject-subject and object-object dependencies. We found that syntactic roles’ congruence is insufficient for the parallelism effect. Instead, parallel elements are required to occupy the topical position in the information structure of their clauses to provide the parallel reading. This evidence showed that structural parallelism effect is driven by information structure and is a by-product of establishing more general discourse relations, which provide its coherence.

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The Age of the Narrator and the Qualities of the Narrative Constructed

Author(s): Mehmet Özcan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This study was designed to investigate the qualitative features of the stories produced by children, adults and older people with a special focus on sentence structures, the emergence of story units, Mean Length of Utterance (henceforward MLU) and evaluative language. Participants are 60 children from 3 to 5-year-olds, 60 adults from 20 to 30-year-olds and 60 older people who are 60 and over. Data were collected by using Mercer Meyer’s (1969) textless picture book, Frog, where are you?, which depicts the events that take place while a boy and a dog are in search of a missing frog in countryside. Results showed that there are significant differences in the qualitative features of the sentence structure produced by children and other two groups in the usage of connectives. Although adults and the older participants show similar features in the emergence and quality of story units as they are defined by Labov and Waletzky (1967), the narratives produced by children render significant differences both quantitatively and qualitatively. Regarding MLU, as they are in other narrative components, children are different from the other two groups. The mean length of sentences in adults’ stories is longer than those of children and olds and the sentences produced by adults are more complex than those of both olds and children. All of the three groups use evaluative language in their narratives. However, the amount and quality of the evaluative language differs according to the age of the participants.

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Pronouns as Means of Impersonal Presentation in English Quality Press

Author(s): Pavel Skorupa,Tatjana Dubovičienė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The current paper presents the analysis of pronouns as means of impersonal presentation in English quality press. The article gives the definition of the pronoun as a grammatical category and describes the use and purpose of impersonalization strategies. The data for the investigation was taken from the international English quality newspapers: The Financial Times (UK) and The Wall Street Journal (US), which are the leading daily broadsheet newspapers in the UK and the USA having millions of both print and online subscribers worldwide. The articles on political, economic, and social issues were chosen on a random basis and scrutinized for pronouns as means of impersonal presentation of fact. The body of 187 cases of impersonalization chosen for the analysis were divided into groups with focus on the grammatical category they belong to. The most and least often used classes of pronouns were identified and compared. The results of the current study may be useful for editors, journalists, writers, as well as for further study of impersonalization strategies in the English language.

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Dlaczego profesor od literatury pisze kryminały?

Author(s): Krzysztof Zajas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

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Possibly Oriental elements in Slavonic folklore. Mamuna [Part 1]

Author(s): Kamil Stachowski,Olaf Stachowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

A specialist in Middle Eastern languages will likely be quick to associate Pol. mamuna ‘an ape-like mythological creature’ with Ar./Pers./Tkc. majmun ‘ape’. It is possible and indeed probable that this name is an Oriental borrowing applied to an ancient native belief, but a closer inspection reveals at least several other possibilities tangled in an ethnolinguistic web of potential conflations and contaminations. This paper presents the ethnographic background and some etymological ideas, though without as yet a definite answer.

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Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde Yeni Farsça Alintilar Sözlüğü”. Part VIII

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.

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Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde Yeni Farsça Alintilar Sözlüğü”. Part X

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

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Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde Yeni Farsça Alintilar Sözlüğü”. Part XI

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

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Heaven and Earth, Good and Bad, Answered and Said: A Survey of English Binomials and Multinomials. Part II

Author(s): Hans Sauer,Birgit Schwan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Binomials in general and English binomials in particular are a frequent, complex and important linguistic as well as stylistic phenomenon.1 Compared to other linguistic phenomena, however, they are a relatively under-researched field. Therefore our aim is to provide a concise survey of English binomials, sketching their structure, function, history and the current state of scholarship, and pointing out possibilities for further research.2The first part of this article was published in the previous issue of the journal. In Part II we move on to the etymological (9.) and the semantic structure of English binomials (10.). Very broadly speaking, we thus move from aspects that concern mainly the surface to features that lie a little deeper down. The etymological structure has to do with the use and distribution of native words and of loan-words; the semantic structure comprises synonyms, antonyms, and complementary pairs, as well as factual, stylistic, and cultural binomials. We also deal briefly with the semantic features of multinomials (11.), with the relation of translated binomials to their (especially Latin or French) source (12.), with differences between authors and texts (13.), with the sequence of elements and the factors that influence the sequence (14.), and with the question how far binomials are formulaic and how far they are flexible and can be coined on the spur of the moment (15.). A brief conclusion (16.) and references complete the article.

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МЕХАНІЗМИ ТВОРЕННЯ МЕТАФОРИ В СУЧАСНОМУ ТЕКСТІ

Author(s): Agnieszka Lewandowska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 5/2017

The article is an attempt to present the analysis of a metaphor in modem texts. Having examined the update of various mechanisms and the presence of stylistic devices such as metonymy, wordplay, etc. we have identified the specifics of creating metaphors in contemporary texts.

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Przyimki – ich miejsce w opisie gramatycznym

Author(s): Zuzana Topolińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2017

The author argues that prepositions are an integral part of nominal phrases, and their graphic treatment as autonomous words is purely a lexicographic convention. They have maintained their primary meaning which is localization of material objects and events in space and time, and they subsequently evolved to also express localization in the social world and in the mental world. In a grammatical description of a language they should be discussed together with the semantic and formal structure of nominal phrases.

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Funkcje dwukropka w polskich opracowaniach normatywnych dotyczących interpunkcji (1770–1935)

Author(s): Kinga Tutak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2017

The paper investigates the function assigned to the colon in Polish prescriptive works on the rules of punctuation published between 1770 and 1935. Following the authors of grammar textbooks, spelling rules and punctuation treatises, three primary functions of the colon have been distinguished: the colon as an indicator of a citation, enumeration, and as an announcement of the forthcoming explanation of the previous sentence. The colon could constitute the sole signal of text delimitation, but it was also sometimes paired with the lexical environment, especially with metatextual elements. Treatises on punctuations also emphasized the role played by the colon in the rhetoric period.

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Синонимические отношения в языке и высказывании

Author(s): Vadim Alekseevich Belov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2017

Introduction. The article considers the problem of distinguishing between language and context synonyms. It is widely agreed in structural linguistic tradition that language synonyms are the words with the identical or similar meanings. They are presented in the dictionaries of synonyms. Context synonyms are lexical items which have similar meanings only in an utterance; but they are not presented as synonyms in dictionaries. The purpose of the research is to identify, how synonymic relations are formed in discourse. The hypothesis is that context synonyms occur in utterances in similar situations. Materials and Methods. The data used for this study come from (1) Russian dictionaries of synonyms; (2) the psycholinguistic experiment; (3) Russian National Corpora. Firstly, using the dictionaries of synonyms the author chose language synonyms. Secondly, the experiment enabled the author to identify context synonyms. In the experiment 116 subjects were recruited for this study; they were supposed to provide synonyms for suggested words. Finally, the author analyzed the meanings of language and context synonyms in corpora utterances. Information concerning frequency was also employed in the study. To illustrate the methodology, the author analyzed the synonymic set with the headword ‘ошибка’ (error). Results. The research has shown that language and context synonyms have the same features in the context. They may specify and complement the denotative situation expressed by the headword. The headword of the synonymic group usually presents the generalized situation. Conclusions. The method proposed by the author shows that synonyms are the words which may express the same slots (components) of a denotative situation. Synonym meanings operate only in utterance context. Therefore, the distinction of language and context synonyms was not proved.

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The presence of head-raising and resumptive-stranding in Japanese relative clauses

Author(s): Yasuyuki Kitao / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2011

Japanese relative clauses (RCs) show peculiar characteristics. For instance, while weak crossover effects reveal that relativization includes movement, the absence of island effects seems to demonstrate that relativization does not include movement. Ishii (1991) accounts for this peculiarity of Japanese RCs by his last-resort analysis; however, because of the Inclusiveness Condition (Chomsky 1995), this last-resort model is not tenable in the Minimalist Program (MP). Therefore, an improved characterization of Ishii’s last-resort analysis of relativization in Japanese is needed within the framework of the MP. In this paper, I claim that reconstruction/connectivity effects show that Japanese RCs include promotion/head-raising. I then propose that the amendment of Boeckx’s (2003) resumptive-stranding model, which includes promotion/head-raising of a relative head and pro-stranding, can offer an account of both the movement properties and non-movement properties of Japanese RCs. The proposed analysis conforms to Inclusiveness. Also, I claim that the unavailability of A-scrambling in Japanese RCs, which could be raised as an objection to the promotion/head-raising analysis, is due to the ban on Improper Movement (Müller — Sternefeld 1993; 1996).

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GESICHTSPUNKTE ZU EINER FUNKTIONALEN TYPOLOGIE DER UNGARISCHEN INFINITIV REGIERENDEN HILFSVERBEN

Author(s): Bernadett Modrián-Horváth / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2009

The aim of this paper is to explore functionally relevant morphosyntactic properties of Hungarian infinitive + auxiliary constructions in a corpus-based study. The major criteria of auxiliary status include the iconic insertion of the finite verb form between preverb and infinitive, its frequency of occurrence, as well as the marked/unmarked status of its complement. On the basis of this corpus study, two major types of auxiliaries governing infinitive complements can be discerned, although there are no sharp boundaries either between those two types or between either of them and other kinds of constructions involving infinitives.

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Information structure as information-based partition

Author(s): Satoshi Tomioka / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2008

While the term Information Structure (IS) is most naturally interpreted as ‘structure of information’, some may argue that it is structure of something else, and others may object to the use of the word ‘structure’. This paper focuses on the question of whether the informational component can have structural properties such that it can be called ‘structure’. The preliminary conclusion is that, although there are some vague indications of structurehood in it, it is perhaps better understood to be a representation that encodes a finite set of information-based partitions, rather than structure.

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