Peirce, Sebeok, and the Semiotic Reformation on Contemporary Communications

Author(s): Maria Asuncion L. Magsino / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Language in a broad sense becomes imperative for communication to ensue. Language considered as a system of signs and signification is achieved through a process involving sign relations, e.g. semiosis. Charles S. Peirce’s Theory of Signs can provide a basic framework for the elucidation of the intelligibility of signs. Furthermore, the ability for generating sign processes in an organized manner is determined by what Thomas A. Sebeok designates as an organism’s modeling capacity. Modeling capacities range from primitive to complex, thus generating three orders of language corresponding to language as a Primary Modeling System (PMS), a Secondary Modeling System (SMS) and a Tertiary Modeling System (TMS). This Peirce-Sebeok framework for communication, which John Deely places as “postmodern,” is premised upon what he designates as the suprasubjective nature of sign relations and their equally suprasubjective function. Thus, Sebeok’s Modeling Theory together with Peirce’s doctrine on the nature and behavior of signs can be used to direct the generation as well as the interpretation of language systems in accordance with the ultimate norm of communication, that is, to reflect truth as an icon of reality.

La originalidad de la ontología tomista y su giro en torno al ser

Author(s): Claudio Marenghi / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2018

The article attempts to delineate the core of the metaphysical thought of Thomas Aquinas consisting in overcoming Platonism and Aristotelianism. By following the teaching of great European Thomists of the 20th century, Etienne Gilson and Cornelio Fabro, the author tries to summarize that which, according to him, seems to constitute the core content of Thomistic metaphysics, especially its turn to the theme of being. He also refers to selected critical texts of more recent Anglo-Saxon Thomists, such as Lawrence Dewan and Stephen Brock, who call for more attention to the subject of essence. By doing so, the author considers the notion of being consisted of essence and existence, the questions of ontological difference and real distinction, the relationship between the finite and the infinite, and also the linkage between causality and participation.

Проблематика культурної еліти в історії філософської думки

Author(s): Ruslana Bezugla / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2011

In this topic we research and analyzes the theoretical and methodological aspects of development and cultural elite as a leading social group.

Historia filozofii jako historia problemu poznania – propozycja Ernsta Cassirera

Author(s): Przemysław Parszutowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2009

The goal of the essay History of Philosophy as History of the Problem of Knowledge is to show how the history of philosophy was practiced in neokantian School in Marburg (notably by Ernst Cassirer). Their method was based on the historical and genetic analysis. As a result of that analysis every particular philosophical conception, both historical and contemporary, is discussed as articulation and reiterated attempt to solve some of the perennial philosophical problems. The purpose of such reformulation, however, is not another description of particular epistemological standpoints. Is seeks – according to chief principals of the critical philosophy – the ultimate base for the possibility of their variety and thus apportion of the main function of the evolution of the epistemological issues.

Henryka Kamieńskiego pytanie o Rosję: między filozofią dziejów a filozofią społeczną

Author(s): Krzysztof Wołodźko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 52/2007

The aim of this article is to present the thought of Henry Kamieński (1813-1865), the author of „Russia and Europe. Poland. The Introduction to the Research into Russia and Russians”; the work is regarded as the most important and original analysis of Russian Empire, that was written in the 19th century by a Pole. Kamieński, the philosopher, the sociologist and economist tried to inform compatriots and international opinion about the complexity of Polish-Russian relationship, described in the wide social, economic and geopolitical background. As a participant of November Uprising (1830), the theorist of democratic movement and the Siberian exile, he regarded Russian issues as important not only from Polish point of view but also the European one. He pointed to civilization thre¬ats, that could result from the lack of understanding of Empire of Tsars. Russian Empi¬re, the state without history, institutions, law and without freedom, that indicated the co¬urse of history of Western Europe, can become the reason of the decline of civilization. What is more, the submission of West Europe to Moscow, an underestimating of its po¬wer and the lack of cultural initiative and ethic elements in international politics result in the fact that Europe continuously loses its significance with Moscow profiting from it. Therefore, if Poland does not find support in the West, it can be forced to make an allian¬ce with Russia, thus marking the beginning of the Slavic Empire, the seed of new Euro¬pe.

Zaman Üzerine Bir Sınıflama Denemesi

Author(s): Feyza Ceyhan Çoştu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2015

Objective and subjective time are the most discussed fundamental differentiations about time. Apart from these two fundamental differentiations, it is seen that philosophers had focused on time from various aspects. In this study, it is sought to determine the number of various ways that philosophers had related time since Archaic Age. Therefore the issue of time is discussed under four main titles; objective and subjective time, linear and cyclical time, metaphysical time and time for the mankind, and lastly time from an analytical perspective. These four titles do not indicate a sharp differentiation about time. The aim of the study is not to classify the philosophers talked about time, but to determine the perspectives on time which had developed analytically. Each classification is approached within the framework of philosophers who had the most significant tendency to mentioned category.

Estetička i poetička misao Vujadina Jokića

Author(s): Šefket Krcić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/145/2017

Rackovićeva misao dokumentarno nas uvodi u smisao i strukturu djela Vujadina Jokića, kao Filozofa i Čovjeka, te nas upućuje na originalnu filozofsku, estetičku i poetičku misao neopravdano zapostavljena i zaboravljena mislioca. Vujadin Jokić (1928.–1986.), filozof, estetičar, kritičar i pjesnik rođen je 23. prosinca 1928. godine u Velici kod Plava (Crna Gora). Rano je ostao bez roditelja, nakon što je otac poginuo u partizanima kod Kruševca, a majka spaljena u požaru sela Velika 28. srpnja 1944. od strane njemačke divizije »Princ Eugen «. Mladog šesnaestogodišnjeg Vujadina tada je osobno spasio prevoditelj Bejto Redžepagić.2 Imao je teško djetinjstvo i mladost, slično Erazmu Roterdamskom. Nakon oslobođenja, zahvaljujući društvenoj pomoći i vlastitoj moralnoj odgovornosti, uspješno je završio najprije Gimnaziju i Učiteljsku školu u Beranama i Sarajevu, a zatim čistu filozofiju.

Nierozumienie ruchu i jego konsekwencje

Author(s): Krzysztof Ostasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIX/2017

We do not understand the movement that we experience continually. On the other hand, we understand constancy that we cannot experience. In my opinion, it is a prime reason for apparent and unsolvable philosophical problems. Language cannot describe empirical experience adequately. This gap between rational thinking and sensual data can be bridged with the help of metaphor.

O niemożliwości ontologicznego argumentu na istnienie Boga

Author(s): Imanuel Kant / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIX/2017

ІСТОРИЧНІ ТИПИ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ ТА ФІЛОСОФСЬКОЇ ЛЕГІТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЕТИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ

Author(s): Olena Anatoliyivna Stepanova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2018

The purpose of the article is to identify the main paradigms of cultural and philosophical legitimation of ethical systems in the European tradition, confirmation of the essential unity of deontology and aretology. The methodology of the study is to use methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, as well as phenomenological and hermeneutical approaches. Scientific novelty consists in understanding ethics as a holistic system of ethics of values, ethics of prescriptions, ethics of virtues and communicative ethics, because only in the unity of these disciplines ethics can exist as a coherent theory and correspond to the practical needs of the affirmation of humanity in the postmodern times. Conclusions. It has been proved that in the history of morality and ethics in the European tradition there have been progressive changes in the objective, subjective and intersubjective paradigms of cultural and philosophical legitimation of ethical systems. It is proved that the shift of these paradigms is determined by the general cultural transformations from the traditional to the modern, and then postmodern society. The critical analysis of contemporary absolutism of the value of the ethics of virtues (on the example of A. MacIntyre’s concept) proved that the aretology is inseparable from deontology, and both of these disciplines are rooted in the ethics of values. It has been established that not only the return to ethics of virtues but also the cultivation of moral sensitivity to another, are critically important. It is proved that the roots of such tendencies are connected not only with medieval ethics but also with ethical practices and theories of the modern era.

The Genesis of General Relativity: An Inter-Theoretical Context

Author(s): Rinat M. Nugayev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The aim of the paper is to amend the received view on the genesis and approval of general relativity (GR) owing to the common scientific practice of its functioning, the history of science data and the philosophy of science reasons. The genesis of GR is elucidated as an instance of an epistemological model of a mature theory change that hinges upon ‘old’ mature theories’ encounter and interaction. The arguments are strengthened in favour of the tenet that the dynamic creation of the GR had been continually governed by strong internal tensions between two research traditions, that of special relativity and Newton’s gravity. The 1907 encounter of the traditions, their deep interpenetration and subtle intertwinement entailed construction of a vast hybrid domain, at first with an irregular set of theoretical models. Step by step, on consecutive eliminating of the contradictions between the contrived models, the hybrid set was put into order by dint of the ‘principle of equivalence’. It is contended that one of the reasons for the GR victory over the ingenious rival programmes of Abraham and Nordström was the synthetic character of Einstein’s research programme. As a result of reconciling and amalgamating the ‘physical’ and ‘mathematical’ approaches, embodied in Abraham, Einstein and Nordström’s crossbred theoretical models, Einstein was able to explain the anomalous motion of Mercury.

Darwin i naturalizm

Author(s): Elliott Sober / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

Darwin’s theory of evolution is usually thought to conform to the requirements of methodological naturalism, but how can this be reconciled with the fact that Darwin talks about God more than a few times in the Origin of Species? Answering this question involves clarifying what methodological naturalism means. In the process, I consider whether propositions about supernatural beings are ever empirically testable and whether science would come to a halt if methodological naturalism were abandoned. Another question is whether Darwin’s theory and its modern successors are incompatible with isolated acts of divine intervention. And if numbers are understood Platonistically (as existing outside of space and time), does the modern mathematical theory of evolution thereby violate methodological naturalism?

Filozoficzne wady naturalizmu metodologicznego i perspektywy na przyszłość

Author(s): Jonathan Bartlett / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

Methodological naturalism, when used to enforce an exclusive view of scientific investigation, is based on three problematic streams of philosophy: mechanical philosophy, positivistic epistemology, and divine incomprehensibility. Each of these philosophies has inherent flaws that prevent them from being usable across the entirety of causal relationships that science attempts to investigate. However, even in the face of such criticisms, methodological naturalism as a methodology does have some positive features that should be retained even if methodological naturalism itself is not.

Naturalizm metodologiczny, teizm metodologiczny i regularyzm

Author(s): Tom Gilson / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

Scientists typically justify methodological naturalism on grounds that the supernatural (or extra-natural) is not testable, that admitting the supernatural (or extra-natural) into science would undermine scientific methodology and reasoning processes, and that methodological naturalism has been demonstrated to be effective. These admitted virtues of methodological naturalism are strongly associated, however, with unscientific metaphysical assumptions which tend to dominate scientific thinking even if they do not follow necessarily from methodological naturalism’s assumptions. For that reason a metaphysically neutral alternative is called for, one that retains methodological naturalism’s virtues while discarding its associated unscientific assumptions. Regularism, defined merely (and intentionally quite simply) as „the methodological expectation of reliable regularity of cause and effect in nature”, fits these criteria, and is recommended as a superior alternative to methodological naturalism.

Związek między Baconem, teleologią i analogią a doktryną naturalizmu metodologicznego

Author(s): James C. LeMaster / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

Francis Bacon divided natural science into physics and metaphysics. He claimed that of Aristotle’s four causes, only material and efficient causes belong to the realm of physics, and that final causes, or teleological claims, belong to the realm of metaphysics. Bacon objected to including teleology in physics because in his experience teleological claims tended to discourage the search for efficient causes for natural phenomena. Because Bacon relegated teleology to metaphysics science largely followed his lead, evolving over the next four hundred years a growing distaste for including any teleological implications in scientific explanations. Bacon claimed that human nature, “will yet invent parallels and conjugates and relatives, where no such thing is”.Yet, as the material and efficient causal discoveries by science have progressed since Bacon’s time, they have in turn revealed more legitimate parallels and conjugates and relatives than perhaps he could have ever imagined. Stated succinctly, the process of exploring material and efficient causes in nature has also given breathtaking justification for also inferring final causes as well. As such, inferences to teleology in science should be allowed where they are warranted by the empirical evidence.The tool for determining whether a teleological inference is warranted is analogy. Bacon could have helped science avoid its gradual but inexorable drift into methodological naturalism if he had emphasized how analogy, used as an analytical tool in the process of induction, legitimately leads to reasonable inferences of teleology in nature.

Geneza idei epistemicznych układów odniesienia i ich odmiany

Author(s): Krzysztof J. Kilian / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

The term “epistemic framework” was coined by Kazimierz Jodkowski in 2004. That expression, together with the notion of epistemic frameworks, is the outcome of his prior analyses of the evolution-creation controversy.Epistemic frameworks are small, two- or three-element sets of the most general, historically changeable assumptions. These assumptions determine sine qua non conditions of scientific practice. Nowadays, two epistemic frameworks based on methodological naturalism are in competition with the epistemic frameworks of supernaturalism and artificialism.The epistemic framework of antisupernaturalistic naturalism adheres to the precept of accepting only naturalistic explanations for facts and processes. That precept is correlated with a proscription on accepting antinaturalistic explanations, construed in turn as a proscription on referring to supernatural causes.The epistemic framework of supernaturalism follows the precept of accepting not only naturalistic explanations for facts and processes, but also supernaturalistic ones — interventions by a divine being, namely God.The epistemic framework of anti-artificialistic naturalism observes the precept of accepting only naturalistic explanations for facts and processes. That precept is correlated with a proscription on accepting antinaturalistic explanations, construed in turn as a proscription on referring to artificial (intelligent) causes.The epistemic framework of artificialism embraces the precept of accepting, in the context of scientific research, not only natural causes, but artificial (intelligent) ones as well.

Refleksja nad początkami wszechświata w traktacie Be-reszit Raba

Author(s): Mirosław Rucki,Michał Prończuk / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

From the perspective of today’s scientific methodology, the Bible does not count as a scientific source, at least as far as the natural sciences are concerned. However, for many centuries biblical texts have inspired reflections — including those of a philosophical kind — on the beginning of the existence of all things. The treatise Midrash Rabbah, with its commentary on the Book of Genesis, is an example of such reflections. In spite of the fact that rabbinic interpretation focuses on practical aspects of the Mosaic Law, it often raises philosophical and existential questions, especially in the context of those discussions that involve the gentile philosophers referred to in the treatise. The analysis undertaken here seeks to highlight those rabbinic reflections that appear reasonable even from the perspective of modern science aimed at describing the world and its origin — even though the rabbis were not themselves engaged in any form of the natural sciences and based their reflections exclusively on biblical texts.

Wokół problematyki genezy w Czekając na Godota Samuela Becketta

Author(s): Piotr Pałac / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

This sketch focuses on the problem of genesis as it figures in the play Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett.The first part presents the notion of genesis in formal terms, listing the factors that had an influence on the emergence of the tragicomic in Beckett. These consist of a biographical aspect relating to his stay in the south of France during the Second World War, and some cultural inspirations of a philosophical, religious and literary sort. Beckett’s fascination with a phrase deriving from the Confessions of Saint Augustine influenced the work from the point of view of its formal concerns, and acting under its influence, he sought to create a unity of form and content.In the next part of the sketch, the issue of the genesis of mankind is raised. Humankind, afflicted by loneliness since the dawn of time, has sought to reverse this fate — by conceiving Reason and Intellect, and by starting a dialogue aimed at eliminating that very loneliness and despair. Yet this did not bring the expected results, so in response the idea of a transcendent being was created. Ever since that moment, humanity has found itself waiting for the latter to appear, and for the reversal of its fate that this was supposed to bring.

Reason without Feelings? Emotions in the History of Western Philosophy

Author(s): Aleksej J. Kišjuhas / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The paper critically analyzes the interplay between reason and emotions in the history of Western philosophy, as an inadequately ambivalent interrelationship of contrast, control and conflict. After the analysis of the philosophies of emotions and passion amongst the most important philosophers and philosophical works of classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, the paper presents ideas on this interrelationship within the framework of modern philosophy, or during the so-called Age of Reason. Finally, the paper analyzes the character of emotions in the contemporary philosophy, while examining possibilities for the history of (philosophy of) emotions and feelings, but also the possibilities for overcoming the undue opposition of reason and emotions, which was present in the dominant Western philosophical tradition.

SPİNOZA VE LEİBNİZ METAFİZİKLERİNDE TÖZ KAVRAMI

Author(s): Ufuk Özen Baykent / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2017

Substance has been a concept of investigation in the history of philosophy until Antiquity. This concept suggesting something that lies beneath the things and that is the ground for all things, has been explained as certain types of being which provide basis for all phenomena. Apart from the various arguments about the concept of substance put forward by many philosophers in the history of philosophy, the arguments proposed by Spinoza and Leibniz about the concept sit at the heart of their metaphysics. On one hand, Spinoza argued that there is only one substance which is God, while on the other hand, Leibniz asserted that substance is monad. The present study aims to explore the concept of substance as discussed in the metaphysics of Spinoza and Leibniz and the problems evoked by their conceptualisations.