Die Nietzscherezeption bei Ernst Troeltsch

Author(s): Daniel Mourkojannis / Language(s): German Issue: 9/2015

Friedrich Nietzsche’s (1844-1900) legacy in the texts of the prominent protestant theologian, religious and cultural philosopher Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923) could not be overlooked. Troeltsch, together with Adolf von Harnack (1851-1930) and Wilhelm Herrmann (1846-1922), belongs to the main circle of representatives of the Cultural Protestantism. In his analysis of the reasons and consequences of social and cultural changes and ruptures occurring at the beginning of the 20th century, Nietzsche’s philosophy became one of the main references to Troeltsch. Also Nietzsche’s attempts to overcome the menacing nihilism as a result of the decline of Christian faith has a strong influence on Troeltsch’s ethical studies. In its first part the article discusses the criticism of Nietzsche’s esthetical ethics performed by Troeltsch. The second part is dedicated to the concept of Troeltsch’s idea of History. The third part presents Troeltsch’s understanding of sense and senselessness.

O argumencie Corazzy przeciw pojęciu myśli zależnej od przedmiotu

Author(s): Aleksander Latkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (95)/2016

The aim of the article is to prove that the concept of an object-dependent thought withstands the critique put forward by Eros Corazza. In the first section of the article I present and elaborate on the concept of object-dependent thought, formulated for the first time by Gareth Evans. In the second section I present Corazza’s criticism of this concept and point to the fact — not emphasized enough by Corazza — that it may be understood in two different ways: methodological and ontological. In the final part of the article I defend the concept of object-dependent thoughts. I show that ontological intuitions are not a sufficient ground for the refutation of the concept, since this would mean that they need to be strengthened with methodological assumptions. Those assumptions however — in the light of my argumentation — do not seem justified.

Załóżmy, że nie jest najprościej. Polemika z Pawłem Gładziejewskim na temat psychologii potocznej

Author(s): Witold M. Hensel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (99)/2017

The paper is a polemic with Paweł Gładziejewski’s account of the relation between folk psychology and cognitive science. According to Gładziejewski, folk psychological explanations operate at a higher level than those offered by cognitive science, but cognitive science is not independent of folk psychology, as the latter provides the former with explananda. I argue that, according to Gładziejewski’s own account, folk psychology cannot provide cognitive science with explananda because it is too deflated and too narrowly construed. However, if one makes it sufficiently broad and interprets it more realistically, then it may very well be incompatible with cognitive science.

Czym są epistemiczne układy odniesienia?

Author(s): Krzysztof J. Kilian / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

This paper sets out to explain why it is that epistemic frameworks as discussed so far have never functioned in such a way as to furnish a criterion of demarcation. It also seeks to shed light on why such frameworks, though only sine qua non conditions for what may be considered scientific, nevertheless play a leading role in science. As the history of the philosophy of science shows, there are many sine qua non conditions for counting as scientific. Moreover, it should be asked whether epistemic frameworks differ significantly from other sine qua non conditions. To answer that question, two distinctions are to be introduced with respect to such conditions: between strong and weak ones, and between material and formal ones.The paper also examines the reasonableness of separating epistemic frameworks from research programs and paradigms. Initially, epistemic frameworks look like they would lend themselves to serving as components of Popperian metaphysical research programs, as well as of the hard cores of Lakatosian scientific research programs. (In the latter instance, they could play the role of strong heuristic rules guiding scientific research.) One may also try to insert them into Kuhnian disciplinary matrices, where they will function as components of values or ontological models. Even so, the best candidates as bearers of such frameworks will be Feyerabendian natural interpretations, together with Lakatosian normative basic judgments.

Ekofilozoficzna interpretacja pozytywizmu

Author(s): Anita Ganowicz-Bączyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Implementation of the idea of scientific and technological advancement is perceived as the fundamental cause of the ecological crisis. That idea was promoted among others by Auguste Comte. This article discusses positivist view on the place of human in nature and clarifies to what extent it translated into a deepening of the alienation of human from nature. The positivist position is strongly anthropocentric, which manifests in the continuation of Baconian recommendations for subordinating nature to human needs. Positivism developed a scientific method which contributed to the enormous leap of civilization, but it turned out to be a deeply crisis-generating for human relationship with nature.

W sprawie środowiskowej ochrony człowieczeństwa człowieka

Author(s): Zbigniew Łepko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The title of this study contains an appeal for the environmental protection of man’s humanity. It is based on the results of ethological research on civilized humanity and the reflection of practical philosophers of nature. Its main thesis about nature in man and man in nature points both to the nature of man himself and to man’s relationship with nature. According to this approach, man who in his entirety originates from nature, is associated with it to the most subtle layers of his being. This connection is subtly complicated and it reveals itself on the level of the human body, the human psyche and the human spirit. These levels of human existence are, therefore, directly affected by the ongoing destruction, i.e. loss of the natural environment of human life. Its accumulation leads to the phenomenon that ethologists defined as “regression of humanity”.

ДЕНИ ДИДРО, ПРЕТЕЧА МОДЕРНЕ МИСЛИ

Author(s): Jelena Novaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2013

Dans cet article l’auteur examine trois aspects de la creation de Denis Diderot, philosophique, litteraire et artistique, pour decouvrir les caracteristiques de cet auteur frangais du XVIIIe siecle qui annoncent les courants modernes dans la pensee philosophique, litteraire et artistique et la culture en general (aspects contradictoires de l’homme, relativisation de la morale, affirmation de la liberte, hybridation des genres, mis en question du roman).

The Philosophy of Unity and Development of Harmony as a Variant of the Anthropocosmic World View

Author(s): Halyna Berehova / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2017

The article touches upon the actual problem of integrity of the human being and space from the position of modern civilized aspects and noosphere vector of generating the mankind. Anthropocosmism is presented as an integral vision of the human being that embraces the natural-scientific direction of cosmism and noospherism and also defines the role and place of such philosophical categories as the unity and development of harmony in a new, planetary-cosmic world view of the individual. Comprehension of anthropocosmism significantly expands the consciousness capacity of the contemporary individual by means of realizing the functional and structural unity of the universe and the human performing the humanity’s space mission, striving for the world order and accepting the individual as the single whole.

Nauka krytycznego myślenia w herezji, czyli o pożytkach ukrytych w heretyckich poglądach

Author(s): Joanna Hańderek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

W niniejszym artykule zostanie omówiona herezja jako fenomen kulturowy zakorzeniony w tradycji myśli i filozofii europejskiej od czasów starożytności. Herezja potraktowana będzie jako kulturotwórcze zjawisko wyrażające zdolność do krytycznego myślenia oraz podejmowania namysłu wbrew ogólnym tendencjom danej epoki. Jako sprzeciw staje się manifestem niezależności samej filozofii, pozwalając na rozwijanie własnych doktryn i założeń myślenia. W artykule poruszone też będzie zagadnienie przeciwstawienia się herezji i problem: dlaczego herezję uznawano za przejaw wrogości i tego co negatywne nie tylko poznawczo, ale i moralnie. Ukazana też zostanie ważna rola herezji jako sposobu myślenia sceptycznego, rozwijającego filozoficzny namysł, jak również samą kulturę, dająca jej kontrapunkt tak potrzebny do rozwoju i myślenia.

Wzrokowy układ poznawczy jako spektrometr

Author(s): Mirosław Zbigniew Harciarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

W pracy zaproponowano rozumienie wzrokowego układu poznawczego w oparciu o model spektrometru, który pozwala zrozumieć: obiektywizowanie percepcji, wybór informacji ze środowiska oraz rolę zjawiska powidoku w spostrzeganiu. Przedstawiony model ma charakter dwuaspektowy i wyróżnia spostrzeżenia oraz wewnętrzne wrażenia doświadczane jako efekty następcze. Pierwowzorem opisu układu wzrokowego jako spektrometru jest teoria wypływu Helmholtza, która wyjaśnia problem stabilizacji obrazu świata mimo poruszania oczami oraz opisuje związek percepcji z motoryką, współcześnie określany jako tzw. poznanie ucieleśnione. Cały układ wzrokowy to system sprzężenia zwrotnego, w którym zgodnie z koncepcją Helmholtza powidok jest sygnałem sterującym percepcją i przejawem intencjonalności poznawczej. W artykule przedstawiono szereg argumentów, które przemawiają za rozumieniem układu wzrokowego jako spektrometru, a najważniejszym jest percypowanie figury jako jaśniejszejniż tło, na co zwrócili uwagę już psychologowie postaci. W opisie układu wzrokowego jako spektrometru uwzględniono dwa układy wzrokowe opisane przez Milnera i Goodale’a. W zakończeniu pracy przedstawiono propozycje wykorzystania modelu spektrometru do badania procesów poznawczych, podkreślając znaczenie zjawiska powidoku jako przejawu przetwarzania informacji wzrokowych.

Fasada i matrioszka

Author(s): Jacek Sobota / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

Nowa interpretacja wybranych pism George’a Berkeleya

Author(s): Marta Szymańska-Lewoszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

W obronie absolutności prawdy

Author(s): Katarzyna Ossowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

Problem istnienia w filozofii greckiej (ujęcie Charlesa H. Kahna)

Author(s): Damian Kokoć / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

Scholars agree that question of existence was ignored by the ancient Greeks. The main cause of such a state was the way that the ancients perceived the world. We can found this imgage not only in their mythology, but also in their philosophy. Jacek Wojtysiak claims, for antic Hellenes the world was relatively contingent, which means that for them anything that was, was not something necessary, because the whole reality was constantly changing. Therefore, the universe and its laws could receive different form that they have now. But the ancients didn’t perceived reality as radically contingent, which means that they received the universe as eternal and it was impossible that it would not exist. This is the way Greeks concentrated on the question of nature of the reality, what was it Basic substance, and what decide that the universe was what it was. Charles H. Kahn’s considerations are important in the study of the ancient conception of being and existence. Basing on the analysis of language of ancient Greeks, he answers the question why they didn’t considered the question of existence. Kahn claims that for ancients the main issue in Greek’s theory of being was not the question of the existence, but truthfulness meaning of the verb einai. This linguistic investigations are useful because, as he claims, the way how we are perceiving the reality depends on language we use. It also applied to ontological consideration.

Anthony Kenny: Stručné dejiny západní filosofie

Author(s): Marek Tomeček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2004

Review of: Anthony Kenny: Stručné dejiny západní filosofie, Volvox Globator, Praha 2000, 515 s

Prvorazredni filozofski događaj

Author(s): Adam Ninković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 03+04/1984

Review of: Branislav Petronijević: ISTORIJA NOVIJE FILOZOFIJE, »Nolit«, Beograd, 1982.

Rectene Isocrates sophistis nonnumquam adnumeretur

Author(s): Zbigniew Danek / Language(s): Latin Issue: 2/2017

The article addresses the question whether it is a proper opinion to consider Isocrates a sophist as manycommentators claim. In his analysis the author refers to the passages in which the rhetor expresses his negativejudgments about the opinions and actions performed by the sophists. The author examines also the circumstancesin which Isocrates defends the members of this movement, as he finds it a beneficial way to protect also himselffrom many false and malicious statements. In conclusion, Isocrates is considered to have a unique status asa sophist and to be a philosopher who aspires to the role of the spiritual leader of the Greeks of that time.

Antygona Hegla i nowoczesny podmiot kobiecy

Author(s): Bartosz Wójcik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2017

The article contains an analysis of George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s interpretation of Antigone by Sophocles contained in The Phenomenology of Spirit. The philosopher develops his concept of a tragic confl ict occurring in the world of the Greek antiquity – a conflict between man’s law (a state representing generality) and underground law (a family representing individuality). The laws are embodied by Kreon and Antigone, respectively. Hegel’s interpretation indicates the privileged position of Antigone. The author argues that the heroine of the tragedy is the anticipation of modern subjectivity: Antigone is killed because there is no place for an acting woman in ancient ethics. Hegel’s fascination with Antigone as a manifestation of feminine subjectivity therefore undermines stereotypical allegations about the philosopher’s sexism and patriarchalism.

Pośrednie

Author(s): Piotr Graczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2017

Starting from the performative vision of culture as a spectacle, which is based on a desire that is not determined by natural dispositions and creates unstable and social worlds lined with identity panic and threatened with mimetic rivalry leading to uncontrollable outbursts of violence, Judith Butler and René Girard come, despite their different sensitivities, to similar and sometimes complementary conclusions. While Butler somehow sympathises with collective acts of disobedience and Girard primarily fears massive outbursts of aggression, they both praise the intermediate. ‘The intermediate’ can be understood as social infrastructure (in a broad sense), which allows the establishment of individuality as a certain space for maneuver, an open field of interpretation within institutions guaranteeing its relative mental and physical security.

Richard Wagner nyílt levele Friedrich Nietzschéhez – fordítás bevezetővel

Author(s): József Fülöp / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018