"Wtedy zaczął się mój upadek...". Egzystencjalne dylematy bohaterów Józefa Conrada i Alberta Camusa

Author(s): Irena Jokiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2014

The article uses the notion of 'border' in the interpretation of psychological and ethical themes in "Lord Jim" by J. Conrad and "The Fall" by A. Camus. The heroes of these novels realise that they had made bad use of their freedom , and the moment in which this happened had marked their lives irrevocably, and divided it into zones of rise and fall. After this moment nothing would be as it used to. Throughout the centuries literature has developed language to express the fundamental experience of this kind; it tells the stories of people experiencing the traumatic force of a demarcation moment, which after passing, leaves no posibility of returning to the life before; it creates alternative worlds inhabited by people who seek the truth about their "I", it constructs situations that embodies our anxiety resulting from the fact that man is not "redy and finished", and in the flowing "here and now" he does deeds which shape his destiny. "The Fall" indirectly includes the question of attitude of modern world towards Condrad's ethos.

Antyutopia i utopia. Granice w powieści "Mięso" Martina Harníčka

Author(s): Aleksandra Paluch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2014

The novel “Meat” by Martin Harníček is thought provoking. It calls the reader to reflections on consumption which has been reduced to the factor determining our survival. Anti-utopian surrounding called “a city” does not consist of many elements. It is rather a picture of self-destruction. The only thing its citizens want is to survive. It can be ensured by the title “meat”. Limits in the novel are related to topography which divides good from evil. What is more, they are based on human psychic. There is a certain dependence on rules, orders and prohibitions, beliefs, and also instincts that were inculcated in an individual. The main character of the novel keeps crossing the limits and, as a result, he must bear responsibility for that.

Koncepcja woli według św. Augustyna – perspektywa antropologiczna

Author(s): Martyna Koszkało / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The subject matter of this article is the concept of free will presented in some of Saint Augustine’s works. In the first part, I present Augustine’s view about the structure of the human soul. I emphasize that, according to Augustine, our free will is both distinct from reason and memory, and identical to the soul and the moral agent. In the second part, I provide an overview of the selected features that are connected with human will and freedom, for example: (1) wanting, (2) being an agent, (3) responsibility, (4) auto-determination. Next, I investigate two interpretations of Augustine’s concept of the original sin (by W.S. Babcock and by Scott C. MacDonald). I try to demonstrate that the first one assumed a too strong concept of the continuity between the dispositions, intentions of the agent and his/her acts of will, while the second one treated freedom in a too intellectualistic manner. Eventually, I discuss the voluntaristic components of Augustine’s theory of happiness.

„Kim przez swe życie stajemy się dla innych”. Myślenie i miłość, filozofia i polityka w życiu Hannah Arendt i Martina Heideggera

Author(s): Jacek Grzybowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article presents the biographies and philosophical views of two German thinkers of the twentieth century—Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger. Two world wars during the lifetime of one generation, not crowned neither with the final triumph of peace nor respite, formed, but in a very different way, these two philosophers. Hence the philosophy and politics influenced their life path, choices, decisions and pains. How did it happen, however, that Hannah Arendt came the way from theoretical to political philosophy, becoming one of the most important voices of political philosophy in the twentieth century, while Martin Heidegger, although made a dramatic attempt to create in his philosophy the foundations for a policy stuck in his hermetic language, unable (and after the war, not having had validation of life) to analyze on the basis of philosophy the political issues? Taken reflection is an attempt to answer the question of why the Jewish thinker became a philosopher of politics, and the German philosopher, although he wanted the metaphysics as a historical metapolitics of the nation has never had the right to do it. What was the source of the variability of these two thinkers? Was it only a difference of characters? Or maybe somewhere at the roots of their life choices lied the ideas they have lived and preached? Maybe that's why Heidegger after the war, chose the escape, unwilling or unable to deal with who Adolf Hitler turned out to be, what was the final solution, Auschwitz, genocide, while Arendt remained faithful to thinking and love showing people of twentieth century the origins of totalitarianism.

Umysł a kosmos

Author(s): Thomas Nagel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The essay outlines the main argument of Thomas Nagel’s influential book Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature is Almost Certainly False (Oxford University Press 2012). According to the argument the physical sciences in their present form cannot adequately account for our conscious life and are thus incomplete. This should not lead us to accept some form of theism, however, but to a search for a broader, more adequate conception of nature.

Европа на университетите

Author(s): Arnauld Leclerc / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ PER GENUS PROXIMUM ET DIFFERENTIAM SPECIFICAM И ЮРИДИЧЕСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Author(s): Vitaly Ogleznev,Valery Surovtsev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

This essay is concerned with the applicability in modern conceptual jurisprudence of a particular methodology for defining concepts, namely, per genus proximum et differentiam specificam. We explicate the origin of this method and how it was applied by Aristotle, Porphyry, and Boethius, arguing that H. L. A. Hart’s views about the “open texture” of language, which is context-sensitive, call into question the applicability of this methodology in modern conceptual jurisprudence.

ПОНЯТИЯ NATURA NATURANS И NATURA NATURATA В ФИЛОСОФИИ СПИНОЗЫ КАК ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ КОРРЕЛЯТЫ ДВУХ ЕВРЕЙСКИХ ТЕРМИНОВ ДЛЯ ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ «ПРИРОДЫ»: TÔLEḎEṮ / TÔLĀḎĀH И ṬEḆAʿ

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The author assumes that Spinoza correlated his notion Natura naturans with Hebrew term tôleḏeṯ / tôlāḏāh (var.: tôlāḏ), i.e., according to its root, the “Nature as begetting”; as for his notion Natura naturata, he could correlate it with the Hebrew term ṭeḇaʿ, i.e., according to its root, the “Nature as imprint”.

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ЦИЦЕРОНА О ЛЮБВИ

Author(s): Svetlana Demina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

This article investigates Cicero’s thoughts about love. According to this Roman philosopher a disposition to love is given to people by nature. He defines love (amor) as recognition of importance of another person per se and an aspiration to do anything good for him unselfishly. Love as a philosophical category allows Cicero to explain a person’s behavior, to disclose importance of a person for another person, to display a moral similarity of both loving persons as well as to explain unification of people in associations of different levels (matrimonial and family relations, friendship, neighborhood, citizenship, nationality, humankind). In Cicero’s opinion, the widespread understanding of love as a passion is erroneous and leads to violation of moral and legal norms, therefore Cicero’s attitude to this passion is extremely negative.

ТЕОФРАСТ. О ПЕРВЫХ НАЧАЛАХ

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

Cicero (De natura deorum 1.13.35), Clement of Alexandria (Protrepticus 5.58) as well as Proclus (In Timaeus 35А) inform us that Theophrastus [372–287 BCE] inclined to identify the god and the sky (the stars are animated therefore divine). In the article we will see that, indeed, the student of Aristotle frequently professes ideas that would surprise the philosopher of Stagira. For instance, he frequently insists that the kosmos is a living and ordered universe (the whole), and its innate movement is something which cannot be explained with the help of hand-made teleological constructions, such as the first mover. The analysis of the Metaphysics is supplemented in the paper by observations based on Theophrastus’ (Syriac) Meteorology and a selection of the fragments of his lost scientific works. The Metaphysics is translated into Russian for the first time. The reader is also adviced to consult Aristotelian Movement of Animals, a Russian translation of which immediately follows this publication.

«УЧЁНЫЕ ЗАПИСКИ КАЗАНСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА» ДОРЕВОЛЮЦИОННОГО ПЕРИОДА КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ КАЗАНСКОЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ

Author(s): Fanil Fagimovich Serebryakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

The article deals with the question of whether, in what sense and to which extent the journal Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta is an indicator of formation of Kazan university philosophy, allowing for the fact that it was in this periodical where some significant works of its many representatives in the pre-revolutionary period were first published. A list of works by the professors and privat-docents of the Kazan University Philosophy Department is presented. Though there are no grounds to speak about the existence of Kazan philosophical school, the list may be regarded as an expression of the breadth of Kazan philosophers’ scientific interests, and as an evidence that philosophical thought at Kazan University reached professional maturity rather quickly and rose to the European level in the best works.

КОНЦЕПЦИИ СУБЪЕКТИВНОСТИ У КАЗАНСКИХ ФИЛОСОФОВ КОНЦА XIX – НАЧАЛА XX в.

Author(s): Olga Yuryevna Poroshenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

The article investigates the concepts of "metaphysical individualism" (E. Bobrov), “alive subjectivity” (V. Nesmelov), and “being beyond experience” (K. Sotonin), which represent an attempt to integrate the traditions of transcendental and existential philosophy. The analysis of E. Bobrov, V. Nesmelov and K. Sotonin’s “non-classical” views allows us to embed these philosophers in the Russian tradition, which was historically represented in Kazan by N. Lobachevsky, N. Vasiliev, and V. Khlebnikov.

Z dziejów synkretyzmu filozoficznego w epoce renesansu – Jana Grotowskiego

Author(s): Agnieszka Raubo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2011

The article discusses the philosophical syncretism of the Renaissance time period in a lesser known sixteenth century text of Jan Grotowski Ai.e. Socrates, Diogenes and Themistocles. The description of the interlocutors refers both to their antique and Renaissance descriptions. In addition, the issue of nobleness that comes from birth and the one that comes from living a good life is discussed. The notion of virtue as it was presented in Grotowski’s work is outlined, as well as the relations between the body, soul and the spirit included in it that influence the interpretation of the notion “nobleness”.

Przyjaźń podług Lucjusza Anneusza Seneki. Kilka spostrzeżeń

Author(s): Elżbieta Wesołowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

This article attempts to examine the problem of friendship as it was understood by Seneca in his letters sent to Lucillus. The author scrutinizes the main items in the philosopher’s autobiography to investigate the influence of the events from Seneca’s biography in the shaping of the opinions of the thinker. Lucillus, the addressee of the letters, was actually Seneca’s long-time friend and confidant. The issue of friendship has a long and rich tradition of its own in the antique times. This particular relationship between human beings was of much interest to Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, Cicero and many others. Seneca does not venture into an attempt at creating a vision for coherent science related to friendship. What he does though is to furnish a vast array of thoughts concerning such questions as: who is worthy of friendship, why is it worth having a friend and what forms the basis for friendship? Strangely enough, these establishments made by Seneca somehow seem to be more close to us than those in which the philosopher constructs the image of a superhuman wise man, a stoic.

Opresyjna lub porządkująca funkcja prawa. Karla Poppera i Erica Voegelina interpretacja Platońskiego projektu polis

Author(s): Marcin Sobczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38/2016

According to Karl Popper, Plato’s project of an „ideal” organization polis is anti-democratic, totalitarian and racist, and the law on which it is based, is inherently tyrannical, oppressive and diminishing the dignity and freedom of the citizens. On the other hand, according to Eric Voegelin, the same project is therapeutic in its nature – it is an upbringing measure, which aims to restore order, the spiritual unity of polis and provide the citizens with happiness. In my paper, I draw attention to the facts that allow to compare the proposals of both researchers: first of all that both find in the philosophy of Plato the „diagnostic” dimension and that they also see the need for therapy. Basically, however, they differ when it comes to its concretization. In the further part of the article I am pointing to the presumptions, the adoption of which led to the formulation of such extreme opinions. Therefore, I show the assumptions that influenced the fact that Popper saw in Plato tyrannical legislator and Voegelin someone who heals the spiritual condition of polis.

Śladami Fajdrosa

Author(s): Ewa Osek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2016

The paper concerns the dramatic setting and scenery of Plato’s Phaedrus, and especially the route of Phaedrus’ and Socrates’ philosophical walk along the river Ilisus and the southern suburbs of Athens. It discusses the topographic details mentioned or suggested in the dialogue, namely the Morychian house, the Ilisus valley, the Callirrhoe spring, the district of Agra, the plants growing there, and the cave of Pan.

The hermeneutics of conversation: Silence, epiphany and the irreducibility of conversion

Author(s): Małgorzata Hołda / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2016

The article focuses on the hermeneutics of conversation. Its aim is to demonstrate the nature of a hermeneutic conversation as triggering a true possibility of understanding. I propose to see silence, epiphany and conversion, with its irreducible character, as significant components of a hermeneutic conversation. Thus conceived conversation leads to an unveiling of the unknown and generates a genuine possibility of an encounter between the self and the Other. The encounter rests on two indispensable attributes: reciprocity and trust. A genuine conversation in the hermeneutic sense, propelled by these two constituents, exerts a cathartic, transformative and formative power. Not only does it lead to understanding in which the speaking partners are involved, but it entails a potent unearthing of the self, a discovery of one’s identity. This study is based on Hans-Georg Gadamer’s premise of the universal character of understanding. Gadamer’s hermeneutics regards understanding as the fundamental category of our being- in-the-world. The article illustrates the workings of the hermeneutic conversation with an analysis of J. Joyce’s “The Dead.”

PRACA JAKO NARZĘDZIE KARY I POPRAWY W MYŚLI MICHELA FOUCAULTA

Author(s): Anna Markwart / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2013

The article focuses on the problem of work in context of the thought of Michel Foucault. Initially an issue of the ambiguous character of work is addressed, mostly in context of Veblen’s and Dahrendorf’s theories. Work, from this perspective, may be, on the one hand, valuated highly, treated as a privilege and act as a tool of correction and selfdevelopment. On the other hand, lack of work can be either stigmatising (leading even to social exclusion) or being a sign of a high social status. In the latter case work is regarded as a toil and burden. Michel Foucault discussed work in context of the facilities of internment, both those that were to serve the disadvantaged people (poor, sick, mentally ill) and those that are the places of incarceration. In the great breakthrough of the 17th and 18th century many institutions and laws were, according to Foucault, designed with regard to utility. Therefore work became the tool for correction and normalisation as well as for punishment, a way to shorten the sentence, interned people were supposed to help the society, to repay for either their crimes or for the society’s help. Homo penalis was considered in terms of homo oeconomicus. The article discusses the issue of work in Foucault’s thought placing it in context of the incarceration, internment, utility and relations of power and knowledge.

Batı Anadolu Polislerinin (Kent Devletlerinin) Jeopolitiği ve Oluşumu

Author(s): Ahmet Gözlü / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 89/2017

The Aegean Basin, BC Since I millenium, police (city-states) in the historical process that can be called the first stage of political power 'basileus' called was in the hands of the king. The police, in the ancient world, western culture-specific geo-political and a social unit, BC 8. together with the century has been the model of a new political authority and society. This model was different from the system of the East. The autocratic system of the Eastern world; abstracted from public and political life of a paid army subordinate of the king of the gods and a central apparatus officers, constituted the backbone of socio-political structure.The police is beyond the exclusive properties of the implementation of direct democracy, free (Eleuthera), independent (autonomie) and self-sufficient (autherki) unit were. Western Anatolia and Greece (Hellas) in the landscape, resulting in a fragmented topography of the core structure of the police, which called on behalf of Oikos 'Family Business' was created. Relative to the police (city-states) was the product of this core structure come together in appropriate circumstances and expansion. Narrower than in Western Anatolia in Ionia with a geographical name, the police have completed basic restructuring processes, BC In the 6th century they began to experience the most advanced and mature period and a specific 'spatial patterns of socio-political' evolved into. This mold, Mesopotamia, all intellectual and cultural heritage of Anatolia and Egypt was formulated in a new philosophical and scientific level, as already established historical foundations of the modern Western mind, marital value of mainly old age, the Western Anatolia and the Aegean was moved by police .In this study, the constant as an argument to the geopolitics of the police and the police, highlighting the special geography where Western Anatolia in a natural and bears a date of their intention to shed light on the development.

Cicero’nun Eserlerinde Denizcilik Kaynaklı Eğretilemeler

Author(s): Çağatay Aşkit / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 86/2016

Metaphor is derived from the ancient Greek verb metapherein which means to carry across or to transfer. Ancient Roman authors used the word translatio derived from verb transferre. Metaphor is a word or phrase which belongs properly to one subject, but transfered to another on the grounds of similarity or comparison between them. The area from which the proper word is borrowed is denoted by source of the metaphor. Like any other literatures, metaphors are also widely used in Latin literature. The commonest metaphors of Latin poets and writers are derived from navigation and aspects of the sea, farming, breeding animals, slavery, military, fire and flame, hunting and circus games. All these sources, especially navigation and aspects of the sea, are frequently seen in works of Marcus Tullius Cicero, the most significant character of Roman rhetoric, philosophy and politics in 1st BC. In this study, the theories on the definition and purposes of metaphor in ancient rhetorical treatises will be summarized initially, then will be focused on Cicero’s works which includes his judical and deliberative speeches, philospohical treatises and his letters. The metaphors derived from navigation will be detected and categorized on the basis of borrowed words. The aim of this study is to recollect this kind of metaphors as a corpus which scattered among his works. Each category will be commented by selecting examplary phrases and the rest which bears the same meaning will be listed below. Exemplary phrases are in Latin in the main text, translations in footnotes.