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The technocratic deformation of society

Author(s): Mihail M. Ungheanu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

In L’ilusion politique, the French sociologist Jacques Ellul describes the way the real of politicshad been transformed. Politics has become pervasive in society whereby everything becomespoliticized. On the other hand, politics in its proper function and sense disappears. It seems a paradox,but in reality, politics – like much everything else had been overtaken by the technical system, by theTechnique, instead of real political decisions, politicians make are technical ones. They seek onlyefficiency. By the same token, something else is lost freedom and humanity. The perspective of a fullytechnocratic governance has been already described by Bertrand Russell – who was convinced thatonly a global one-world technocracy can save the world – a description that is terrifying and that showsthe direction in which humanity is going these days.

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Socinianism and Free Will

Author(s): Joanna Usakiewicz,Przemysław Gut / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The present article discusses the Socinian views on free will based on fragments of Johann Völkel’s treatise, De Vera Religione Libri Quinque. Quibus praefixus est Johannis Crelli Franci Liber De Deo et Ejus Attributis ita ut unum cum illis opus constituat, published by Typis Sebas-tiani Sternacii, Raków, 1630 (bk. 5, chap. 18). This work is considered the most comprehensive systematic presentation of the Socinian doctrine. The article focuses on two questions: first, the way in which Völkel argues for the existence of free will; and second, the manner in which he disproves the arguments of his opponents who claim that man forfeited the freedom of his will as a result of the Fall of Adam.

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Attention to Oneself in an Apologetic Perspective: The Reception of Ancient Philosophical Practices in St. Basil the Great

Author(s): Ioannis Kaminis / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The purpose of this article is to present Saint Basil’s utilization of the philosophical heritage along with the ancient Greek literature for the benefit of Christianity. Saint Basil’s approach was influenced by a lineage of Christian philosophers, including the St. Justin the Philosopher, Origen, St. Gregory Thaumaturgus and his grandmother St. Macrina the Elder. Initially, early Christians like St. Justin the Philosopher and Clement of Alexandria portrayed Christianity as the true philosophy and the culmination of knowledge in antiquity. Then Origen employed more philosophical methods and practices in his Christian educational program. St. Basil followed this tradition, but infused his teaching with a holistic Christian interpretation. For instance, he emphasized attention to oneself in a Christian perspective. Additionally, his Address to the Young: On how they might derive benefit from Greek literature demonstrates Christianity’s capacity to assimilate and embrace other traditions while interpreting them in a manner that promotes virtue, the moral development of human being and devotion to Christ.

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The Concept of Untranslatability in the Translation Theory of Early Czech Structuralism: The Cases of Vladimír Procházka (1942) and Pavel Eisner (1938)

Author(s): Cristian Cámara Outes / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2024

Untranslatability, the word and the thing, appear frequently in the texts of the first period of Czech functional structuralism, from 1926 to 1948. According to the particular dynamic and systematic perspective observed by the authors of the Prague Circle, any text is always and in any case untranslatable, because it is impossible to transpose the set of functional interactions and correlations in which the original was imbricated. Indeed, untranslatability, in one way or another, has historically always haunted any theory of translation. During the classical period and also the during linguistic paradigm of the second half of the 20th century, the fact of essential inter- or intralinguistic untranslatability was either denied or tragically experienced as an irreparable loss. After the so-called cultural turn in translation studies, a shift occurred whereby untranslatability has come to be considered as a zone of emergence of creativity and generation of innovations. In this paper, I will focus on two articles written by V. Procházka and P. Eisner in order to examine how they can enrich the current conceptions of translation and evolution of literary systems.

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Концепцията за критика на Мишел Фуко

Author(s): Miroslava Hristoskova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

This paper examines Foucault’s concept of critique and points out the importance of critical attitude in his ontology of the present. Kant’s question of the Enlightenment is put in a new perspective: philosophical thought is oriented at defining the present and actual field of experience. Philosophy becomes an activity of diagnosing the present (ontology of actuality and ourselves) opposed to a search of universal structures of truth (analytics of truth). Foucault observes a relationship between Enlightenment and critique: a certain kind of attitude, a philosophical ethos that consists of critique of our historical existence. This critical attitude is understood as a philosophical ethos (critical work of thought over itself) and as a practice of freedom (a perspective of transforming oneself and creating new modalities of subjectivity).

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Rehabilitace láskyplnosti v psychoterapii: 34. česko-slovenská psychoterapeutická konference s hlavním tématem: Naděje a lidskost v psychoterapii

Author(s): Jan Poněšický / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The conference discussesd the rehabilitation of love and empathy in psychotherapy, emphasizing the importance of a compassionate and emotionally open therapist. It contrasts this approach with a more detached, professional interest in patients. The text references Erich Fromm's ideas on biofilic orientation and the healing power of loving participation. It highlights the therapeutic benefits of empathy, such as improved post-operative healing and reduced arterial sclerosis. The document also critiques orthodox psychoanalysis for its emphasis on standard techniques over empathetic engagement. It advocates for a shift towards a more humanistic and loving approach in psychotherapy, aligning with the original, untainted perception of the world by a newborn child. The text concludes by discussing the challenges and importance of maintaining an empathetic stance in therapeutic practice.

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Uwagi na temat starożytnych źródeł i przesłanek teorii Mikołaja Kopernika

Author(s): Konrad Dydak Rycyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2024

De revolutionibus [orbium coelestium] by Nicolaus Copernicus was a groundbreaking work for 16th-century Europe. Copernicus’s cosmological thesis was in some opposition to Ptolemy’s thesis and therefore opinio communis, not without some error, called it the heliocentric theory. It seems that the cosmological thesis should not be understood only as a simple negation of the earlier theory and Copernicus’s good knowledge of Greek metaphysics and cosmology also played its part. So, what were the grounds upon which Copernicus’s philosophy was founded? Can these premises be found in the analyses of the Pythagoreans and Greek mathematicians Aristarchus and Eudoxus? Are such premises provided only by Plato and Aristotle? Is it possible to indicate other Greek sources of Copernicus’s theory? If so, do they really support the claim that the Copernican theory is in fact a forgotten ancient theory?An attempt to answer these questions is as follows: after a brief presentation of the historical background of the appearance of Copernicus’s theory and its main early theses (Commentariolus), geocentric positions and views in the Middle Ages and their Greek sources will be presented. Next, going back in history, views and positions which underlie the non-geocentric cosmology will be presented, also those that were recalled and recorded by Copernicus in his treatises. Finally, there will be presented and analyzed — though probably unknown to Copernicus — philosophical and cosmological positions and views, which in Greek thinking, even at its beginnings, may constitute loci philosophici, the premises and sources of non-geocentric cosmology.

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Сенчестата страна на полуцивилизования човек: бележки из архива на холандския философ на историята Йохан Хьойзинха

Author(s): Asya Sokratova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2024

The article is intended to highlight little-known aspects of the activities of the Dutch philosopher of history Johan Huizinga, who, in the period before and during the Second World War, as rector of Leiden University was subject to anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi pressure. The study is centered on his correspondence and articles, including his speeches at the conferences of the International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations organized at the time when Hitler came to power. A focus is then placed on Huizinga‘s last book, written while he was a prisoner of the Nazis and published posthumously. With it, the famous intellectual academic brings attention to the emergence of the „semi-civilized man“. Why and to what extent this new phenomenon is the main challenge for the future of Europe is one of the questions this article tries to answer.

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Par-delà Nietzsche

Author(s): Victor Kocay / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

This article presents Nietzsche's notion of the Übermensch (le surhomme in French) as a development of romanticism conceived of as a quest to reveal the sentiment that defines or characterizes each individual as an individual. This approach reveals the affinities between Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, notably with respect to Schopenhauer's notion of Will that Nietzsche transforms into that of the Will to power, thereby underscoring what can be considered as Nietzsche's individualism. We argue that as a romantic notion, the notion of Übermensch fashions an ideal of what life could be but overlooks the importance of otherness and the role that otherness plays in defining the individual. Going beyond Nietzsche implies that the Übermensch, as a logical construct neglects the desire to please that constitutes an important part of an individual's relation with otherness.

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Sortir du nihilisme: Nietzsche, Mill et l’individualité comme clé de transformation morale et civilisationnelle

Author(s): Camille Dejardin / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

Nietzsche’s criticism of the masses could have looked hackneyed at the end of the XIXth century, had it not the originality of moving onto psychological and biological levels what others previously elaborated only at a social scale: a "herd instinct" explaining both the lack of social cohesion and the loss of possible individual affirmation in democratic and egalitarian ages. As he sees the utilitarian promotion of happiness and empathy as part of the problem, he fiercely condemns John Stewart Mill’s philosophy – as he understands it. Our point is to throw into relief that Mill’s theory of individuality is but closer to Nietzsche’s views for regenerating life against the spreading of democratic "nihilism". Our cross-reading of Mill and Nietzsche therefore aims at offering a reassessment of their antagonism and at highlighting ways of overcoming "nihilism" via culture and cultivation of the "character" and the individual surpassing of oneself.

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Progress and Criticism of Progress as a Characteristic of Modern Civilizations in the Work of Friedrich Nietzsche and Ludwig Wittgenstein

Author(s): Ulrich Arnswald / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Superficially, the proximity of Wittgenstein's work and its undisputed influence by Friedrich Nietzsche's ideas and concepts suggests that there are also overlaps in the large and in Nietzsche's work decisive field of progress and criticism of progress. The article tries to show that this is not the case. Despite all the overlaps that may exist between Friedrich Nietzsche and Ludwig Wittgenstein, these do not come to light in the concept of progress and the critique of progress. Both thinkers pursue a very different movement of thought; Wittgenstein sees Nietzsche's focus on the "idea of great progress" as a "delusion", which he does not consider to be expedient. Ludwig Wittgenstein explicitly distances himself here from the spirit that defined the prevailing European and American civilization in the 1930s. He does not succumb to the delusions of grandeur of new, higher-level civilization, but leaves progress as the constantly progressing background noise of any civilization.

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Blood on the Leaves / Blood on the Roots: Nietzsche, Schürmann, and Wynter on Ressentiment, Bad Conscience, Double Consciousness, and Metaphysics at the Birth of the Human Being as Praxis at the End of Metaphysics

Author(s): Brendan Brown / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This paper sets out to investigate the Nietzschean connection between Sylvia Wynter and Reiner Schürmann through a reading of Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals. Nietzsche’s account of ‘bad conscience’ is read through the Wynterian and Fanonian concept of ‘sociogeny’ to demonstrate its necessity to Nietzsche’s project of the Great Redeemer. This paper, then, demonstrates a previously undiagnosed influence of Nietzsche on Wynter and the role that anarchy plays in her construction of the ‘human being as praxis’. The essay concludes with an amelioration of Schürmann’s epochal genealogy to account for a racialized lacunae present in his Western genealogy of thought. It is by bringing all three together that we understand anarchy as being firmly committed to anti-racist and antianti-Black enactments. It concludes by highlighting the possibility of metaphysics after the withering of epochal archē in what this paper calls ‘the multitude of metaphysics’.

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Polifem między nomos oraz physis. Homer, Sofiści i „prawa ludzkiej miary” w dramacie satyrowym "Cyklop" Eurypidesa

Author(s): Jan Skarbek-Kazanecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

At the height of their development and popularization, the Odyssey and the Iliad were part of a rich tradition of oral epic poetry. And while the transmission of Homer’s epics was facilitated by a Panhellenic framework, these works themselves became catalysts for the consolidation and unification of Greek culture; they shaped a shared Greek identity and a common value system. Particularly significant in this regard is the episode from Book IX of the Odyssey, namely the scene of the Odysseus-Polyphemos encounter. The island of the Cyclopes, as I argue in this article, represents a structural inversion of a civilized and orderly human community; the image of Polyphemos embodies “wildness” and delineates (or redefines) the boundaries of discourse on civilization, culture, and community. This motif anticipates, thus, the debate on nomos (“law”) and physis (“nature”) that engaged the intellectual elite of Athens, known as the sophists, around the turn of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.This article traces the reception of the Polyphemos motif within this sophistic discourse of that period. Euripides’ satyr play Cyclops, filled with allusions to the sophists who were keenly interested in the Homeric motif of the island of the one-eyed monsters, serves as the focal point for this analysis. Furthermore, I will show that Euripides uses the dramaturgical framework inspired by Homer’s epic to confront two worldviews: on the one hand, respect for tradition and values associated with ancient poetry (the attitude represented by Odysseus), and on the other, the rationalism, radicalism, and tradition-directed criticism that characterized Euripides’ contemporary political thinkers and philosophers (represented by Polyphemos).

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Въпросът за трансцендентността и иманентността на Бога в мрежите на византийската философия

Author(s): Milan Đorđević / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 30/2024

In Byzantine thought, theology is understood primarily in two senses: first, as the direct experience of knowing God and engaging in immediate communion with Him; and second, as the conceptual articulation of this experience through various forms of discourse–ranging from philosophy and rhetoric to art and music. These two senses are deeply interrelated and mutually conditioning. However, this paper will not explore their historical development, interconnections, or evolution. Instead, we will focus on a central question underlying both senses of theology: the belief that God can be known and that such knowledge can be expressed discursively. To address this, we will examine the question of God’s transcendence and immanence and how these concepts are approached within the Byzantine theological-philosophical tradition. Our analysis will consider three foundational discourses through which Christianity addresses this question: the biblical, the liturgical-homiletic, and the philosophical discourse.

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Pochwała człowieka poszukującego w monografii D. Kuboka pt. "Krytycyzm, sceptycyzm i zetetycyzm we wczesnej filozofii greckiej", Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice 2021.

Author(s): Zbigniew Nerczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

D. Kubok’s monograph entitled Krytycyzm, sceptycyzm i zetetycyzm we wczesnej filozofii greckiej (Criticism, Skepticism and Zeteticism in Early Greek Philosophy) addresses the issue of critical themes in early Greek thought. The work aims not to discuss skeptical antecedents but to find critical attitudes and motives in Greek literature (from Homer to the Sophists) using the author’s understanding and typology of criticism, skepticism and zeteticism.

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Yet Another Episode from the Late Byzantine Reception of Thοmas Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae, IIa IIae: George Scholarios’ Critical Reception of Demetrios Cydones’ and Manuel II Palaiologos’ Views of the Fallibility of Religious Beliefs

Author(s): John A. Demetracopoulos / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2024

George Scholarios – Gennadios II, in the introduction to his work De unica via ad salutem hominis (1455/56), acknowledges that “in this life, one person believes that the path to salvation he has chosen is the right one, while another believes a different path is correct, and a third believes in yet another. Each thinks that he alone is truly on the way to salvation, while all the others are mistaken or ignorant. However, it will be the future day that reveals the truth to all”. This scepticism derives from a similar position held by the Muslim interlocutor of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, as recorded in his work Dialogue with a Persian Muterizes, as well as from the views of Thomas Aquinas and Demetrios Cydones regarding the limits of human cognitive capacity, especially in the postlapsarian state. Manuel II, while drastically disagreeing with the position of Muterizes, accepts the limits of human cognitive power concerning the problems of Christian theology. Demetrios Cydones is considerably more optimistic than Manuel II about the power of lumen rationis to discover both dogmatic and religious truth, while Scholarios also holds an optimist view regarding the matter of dogmatic truth, provided that the theologian receives divine illumination. A common element in the views of these three Late Byzantine thinkers is that, in one way or another, they accept the fallibility of religious and dogmatic beliefs.

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Dedication to the Truth: Newman’s Philosophy and Theology of Education

Author(s): Tim Quinlan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The main thesis of this article is that Newman’s philosophy of education can only be understood within his Christian vision of the nature and vocation of humankind. That vision included a deep appreciation for real dialogue and human encounter at the very heart of education as well as an equally profound understanding of the deep complexity and inter-relation of all areas of knowledge including that of theology among the many subjects taught at university. For Newman, education, like truth, must result in wisdom and positive action as well as more intellectual and theoretical advances. Real education informs the intellect as well as forming the moral heart of the person. We may learn all the knowledge available to us, but we must also be agents of that knowledge by acting morally for the wellbeing of our fellow human beings, that is, in Newman’s language, to be able to marry our doctrine (knowledge) with our devotion to action and prayer (spirituality).

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Individuation and Movements of Existence in Jan Patočka: Horizon of Education

Author(s): Lina Marcela Gil-Congote / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Jan Patočka addresses the concept of individuation in relation to the three movements of existence. This article argues that education functions as a process of individuation, requiring educators to engage with the third movement of existence in order to summon learners’ potential in their search for truth, autonomy and responsibility. The article is structured into three sections: Education in Patočka, Individuation and the movements of existence, and Pedagogical implications of the third movement, characterized by the open soul, as the horizon of education.

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Friedrich Nietzsche, "Der Meister des Verdachts". Über die Nietzsche-Lektüren von Michel Foucault und Paul Ricœur

Author(s): Yvanka Raynova / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2024

The term "masters of suspicion", which summarizes the critical views of Marx, Nie-tzsche, and Freud, has found its way into contemporary philosophy through Paul Ricœur and is considered his kind of "patent". It is less well known that Michel Foucault also wrote a text on the subject of "Nietzsche, Freud, Marx" in which he speaks of suspicion. The author therefore asks herself where this thematic agreement comes from and undertakes a comparison of Foucault's and Ricœur's readings of Nietzsche. In doing so, she puts forward two theses that she attempts to prove. The first thesis is that Ricœur actually begins where Foucault left off and leads us in a direction that is opposite to that of Foucault. The second thesis is that Foucault stays closer to Nietzsche by trying to advance his "suspicion" instead of overcoming it, as Ricœur does.

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Vliv Dostojevského na pojetí krásy Pavla Evdokimova

Author(s): Lenka Fílová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The paper examines the influence of the novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–1881) on the concept of beauty of the post-revolutionary Russian emigrant, Orthodox lay theologian living and working in France, Paul Evdokimov (1901–1970). First, Dostoyevsky is viewed in the context of Evdokimov’s education, which played a crucial part in his interpretation of Dostoyevsky’s texts. Next comes an analysis of texts on beauty from Dostoyevsky’s novels selected by Evdokimov to highlight the key themes Evdokimov chooses in relation to beauty. More specifically, the article traces both authors’ understanding of the beauty of creation. The ideas reflected by Evdokimov are then compared with his theology of beauty, as presented in his seminal book, which, in addition to the theology of beauty, deals with the art of the icon. The conclusion of the article brings an assessment of Dostoyevsky’s influence on Evdokimov’s understanding of beauty.

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