Źródła refleksji filozoficznej. Irracjonalność jako podłoże racjonalności

Author(s): Jadwiga Skrzypek-Faluszczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2016

Nowadays, there is no doubt that philosophy is a great benefit both as a school of thinking and scientific base. This work is an attempt to reconstruct the culture that contributed to the philosophical way of thinking. My goal is to extract two important factors: religion carrying individual experience and the importance of certain ideas which are present in that culture. Sources of philosophical thinking can be found in the structure of polis. Only on its basis could the idea of the wise man and citizen as well as religion-oriented individual experience be raised. Greek polis paves the way for a new style of thinking by creating the conditions for its citizens to follow the ideal, regardless of the position they occupy in society. Sustainability, which should be a feature of a good citizen is also the essence of society. Highly positioned wisdom as moral reflection tinged with religiosity allows thinking according to the laws of logos. Finally, the experience offered by the mystery cults leads to the transformation of their own existence and the emergence of a different way than before recognition of reality. Undeniably all of my elements related to structure policies with its ideals contribute to the emergence of a new way of thinking in the form of philosophy. You could say that the philosophical objectivity is preceded subjectivity and rationality of its roots dating back to irrationality.

HEGEL I XXI VEK

Author(s): Nikola Kajtez / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 426/2003

Istorija metafizike je već od Ničeovog vremena pokazala ne samo da je neopravdana bezgranična vera u otkrivanje istine bića kroz pojmove mreže koje stvara svemogući um več da takva vera može da bude štetna po razvoj ljudskog duha.

Aksjologia stosowana Bohdana Dziemidoka

Author(s): Paulina Tendera / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2013

ЭДМУНД ГУССЕРЛЬ О ГОРИЗОНТНОЙ СТРУКТУРЕ ОПЫТА. ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ К ПЕРЕВОДУ 8 ПАРАГРАФА КНИГИ ЭДМУНДА ГУССЕРЛЯ «ОПЫТ И СУЖДЕНИЕ»

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

We present here a Russian translation of the 8th paragraph of Husserl’s book “Experience andJudgment” (1939). The paragraph includes a systematic outline of the phenomenological conceptionof horizonedness, while in no other Husserl’s book — from “Ideas I” to “Crisis” — we can finda fragment dealing with the idea of horizon elaborated so deep. The idea however is a substantialelement of Husserl’s conceptualization of experience as an open, indefinite process. In the7th paragraph of “Experience and Judgment” the world is conceived as a universal “ground ofcertainty”, upon which all our experience is based, and in the 8th paragraph the intentional structureof experience (mostly as perception) is explicated. That structure is characterized as horizontal. Thecrucial difference here is between the “inner horizon” and the “outer horizon” of an object. The outerhorizon stretches finally into the “world-horizon” — the ultimate, universal horizon comprising allpartial horizons and perspectives. In its turn, typization functions here as a way of representation ofobjects laying beyond the field of what is given. Typization also covers latent aspects of present objectsand concerns even their patent aspects. The most general type, according to Husserl, is “object assuch” — a basic category of formal ontology. The idea of horizon has been a fundamental principleof classical phenomenology. Nowadays it provokes hot discussions among such authors as Jean-Luc Marion, Emmanuel Levinas, and Jacques Derrida. The discussions relate to the very essence ofphenomenology. That’s why we find publication of the fragment to be important.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “PHENOMENOLOGY AND PRACTICE: THE 2ND CONFERENCE ON TRADITIONS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MOVEMENT IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE” (SEPTEMBER 8–10, 2016, GDAŃSK, POLAND)

Author(s): Jakub Buźniak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The report presents an overview of the International Conference on “Phenomenology and Practice:The 2nd Conference on Traditions and Perspectives of the Phenomenological Movement In Centraland Eastern Europe” that took place on September 8–10, 2016 at the Institute of Philosophy,Sociology and Journalism, University of Gdansk, Poland. The report characterizes the structureof the conference, presents the conference attendees and introduces the main ideas of key lecturesgiven by the guests.

ЭДМУНД ГУССЕРЛЬ ОПЫТ И СУЖДЕНИЕ § 8. ГОРИЗОНТНАЯ СТРУКТУРА ОПЫТА. ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТИПИЧЕСКАЯ ИЗВЕСТНОСТЬ КАЖДОГО ОТДЕЛЬНОГО ПРЕДМЕТА ОПЫТА

Author(s): Alexander Frolov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

Однако тот факт, что всякое схватывание отдельного предмета, как и всякая дальнейшая деятельность познания, происходит на почве мира, означает нечто большее, чем просто зависимость познавательной деятельности от сферы предданного в пассивной достоверности. Познавательный акт никогда не осуществляется в отношении индивидуальных предметов опыта таким образом, как если бы они впервые были предданными лишь в каче- стве совершенно неопределенных субстратов. Мир для нас всегда уже таков, что познание в нем самым различным образом уже проделало свою работу; поэтому, несомненно, нет никакого опыта в элементарном, первичном смысле (im erstlich-schlichten Sinne) — как опыта вещи, в котором, впервые схваты- вая некоторую вещь, знакомясь с ней (zur Kenntnis nehmend) мы бы уже не «знали» о ней больше, чем «схватили». Любой опыт, что бы в нем ни было дано в собственном смысле, как само предстающее взору, eo ipso необходимо имеет знание и сопутствующее знание (Wissen und Mitwissen) относительно данной вещи, а именно, о тех ее свойствах, которые еще не проявились, не вышли на свет.

РУКОПИСИ ВАСИЛИЯ СЕЗЕМАНА В ВИЛЬНЮСЕ И В УЛАН-УДЭ. ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ К ПУБЛИКАЦИИ РУКОПИСЕЙ ВАСИЛИЯ СЕЗЕМАНА — ШЕЛЕР, ЛОССКИЙ, БЕРГСОН (1950–1955 гг.)

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

Данная публикация представляет три рукописи известного русско-литовского философа Василия Сеземана. Предлагаемые публикации о Шелере, Лосском и Бергсоне — это тексты из рукописного фонда Сеземана, который находится в Вильнюсском университете (F122– 104, F122–105, F122–106). Эта группа очерков составляет единое целое. Во всех трех очер- ках так или иначе затрагивается проблема философского понимания интуиции, которую Сеземан обсуждал во всех своих основных сочинениях. Очерки посвящены трем фило- софам, которые в том или ином ключе повлияли на самого автора. Время написания этих текстов — 1950–1955 гг. Они написаны во время пребывания Сеземана в лагере в Тайшете (Иркутская область).

ВАСИЛИЙ СЕЗЕМАН РУКОПИСИ ШЕЛЕР, ЛОССКИЙ, БЕРГСОН (1950–1955)

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

Главные сочинения: «Феноменология чувств симпатии», «Формализм этики Канта и материальная этика ценностей», «Социология знания», «О вечном в человеке»; сборник статей «К низвержению ценностей». Шелер принад-лежит к старшему поколению учеников Гуссерля, развивавших дальше установленный Гуссерлем феноменологический метод философского познания.

Pedagogiczne aspekty filozofii personalistycznej Edyty Stein i Józefa Tischnera

Author(s): Martyna Strembska-Kozieł / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

The article talks about looking for the pedagogical aspects of thought phenomenologists - Edith Stein and Joseph Tischner. Their philosophical studies open modern pedagogy, not only on the knowledge of man, but also a new perspectives of thinking about his upbringing in the way phenomenological reduction. Each of these authors begins their searches with a fundamental questions - about the nature and essence of the human being, would then be able to perceive inherent in a man the internal dynamism, so important for a personal development and improvement.

Kto się boi Alkestis czyli Eurypidesa „kobieta bez złudzeń”

Author(s): Agnieszka Kotlińska-Toma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (40)/2016

The aim of this paper is to present ancient and modern interpretations of the character of Alcestis in Euripides’ play. The analysis focuses on the understanding of family duties and the consequences of respecting or violating philia in the Greek oikos. A detailed examination of the demeanour of both Admetus and Alcestis shows how the family relationships are being gradually and irremediably destroyed. The Euripidean version of the myth ends, in my opinion, in the tragic collapse of the House of Admetus, and the presumed laetus exitus is a way of avoiding the final presentation of the real (and obvious for the audience) repercussions of Alcestis’s death and return.

Kobieta a nowołacińskie teksty medyczne (przykłady śląskie i inne)

Author(s): Irena Kosiorowska-Majka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (40)/2016

The author discusses several portraits of women in neo-Latin texts. iFabrica corporis humani, written at the turn of the 17th century, describes women across history from the scientific point of view. The work, started by A. Spigelius and completed by D. Bucretius, does justice to women in the medical profession. In his epic poem Fata Hygeae crescentis Johannes Burg emphasizes the relation between the Greek and Roman mythologies and Christianity. The work mentions deities personifying health as well as details of human anatomy, illnesses and proposed treatment. F. Hoffmann’s Clavis Pharmaceutica Schröederiana, the original inspiration for Burg’s work, is given much attention here. The author talks about female roles in early modern Silesia: as mothers, activists, artists, and scientists. L. Scholtz’s medical aphorisms are mentioned as evidence of a gradual change in the perception of female patients in the 17th and 18th centuries. The author shows the evolution of the role of a woman in Silesian society from a mother figure to a scientist.

Zapomniany światopogląd tragiczny

Author(s): Katarzyna Szkaradnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2017

This paper aims to comprehensively describe the category of tragic, which is dislodgedfrom the mind of present western world’s human. The authoress analyses thatodium’s causes, but first of all, with regard to various thinkers, she tries to bring outthe essence of tragic viewpoint, often represented in a simplified way as a synonymof pessimism and martyrdom. In the article problems of the tragic are considered incontext of the tragedy as dramatic species, human relation to the fate, characteristicsZapomniany światopogląd tragiczny. Próba apologii pewnej postawy 23of the tragic hero, the issue of human finiteness, rationalism’s limitations, the matterof transcendence and self-transcendence. Lastly, it is demonstrated that despite theaccentuation of individual experience and coping with fate, the tragic viewpointhas the community potential. In conclusion, the openness to “tragic knowledge” isshown as a chance to reinterpret contemporary culture as well as a chance of theintegral experience.

Czy sens życia jest tym samym co cel życia?

Author(s): Antoni Płoszczyniec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2017

The aim of this text is to consider whether the meaning of life and purpose of life isthe same. These philosophical investigations assume axiological objectivism, whichclaims two things: 1) values are a characters or qualities of objects, 2) phrases like‘X is good’ are sentences in logical sense. As the main methods used in investigationswas conceptual and linguistic analysis, which have been used to characterizethe notion of ‘life’ and ‘meaning’. This step allowed to precise notion of ‘meaningof life’ and allowed to consider the titled question. Result is negative: meaning oflife is based on values, and not on arbitrarily taking purposes. If meaning of lifeis a some kind of essential good, then purposes cannot make life meaningful, ifthemselves are not valuable.

Wdzięczność w przestrzeni znaków. Dialog z dialogiem Bubera i Levinasa

Author(s): Paweł Szypowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2017

I stand for a philosophical writing engaged in an ethical relation with discussedauthors. The relation despite its obvious immeasurable value is based on a concretecontext of the encounter, performed by a signifier. Gratitude is the phenomenon,which describes properly the ethical relation, for it at once opens the absolute dimensionof an unique other and expresses some onthical content of gestures, giftsand signs, which Myself receives from the others. The article criticises Buber’stheory, due to its ignorance of difference, corporeality, linguistic sign, passivity, etc.For that reason I use Derridian concepts, that enhance (but consequently deconstruct)Levinasian principles.

Czy monady mają części? Witkiewicz i jego krytyka mereologii jako ontologii

Author(s): Artur Szachniewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2017

This paper reconstructs Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz’s understanding of logic,accentuating the differences in his evaluation of logic and systems of ‘logistics’.Leśniewski’s theory of collective sets (mereology) exemplifies logistics as understoodby Witkiewicz. I present an outline of Leśniewski’s nominalism, whichentails a belief in a non-abstract nature of sets. I focus on these features of mereologythat could have led Witkiewicz to interpreting it as an ontological system.Witkacy (Witkiewicz’s penname) was skeptical of the usefulness of formal systems(or logistics), and of mereology in particular, for the purposes of designing a unifiedontological system describing essential properties of objects (the world). Accordingto Witkiewicz, such formal systems assumed the role of ontology but severelylacked in philosophical justification. I argue that regardless of his nominalism andcorporeal conception of individuals, mereology cannot be considered a formal theoryof Witkiewicz’s monads.

Nowe spory o religię Bóg umarł, papieże uciekają...

Author(s): Jerzy Kochan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2012

The main goal of the paper is to show which way developed by György Lukács theory of deontologisation in contemporary philosophy and in social science may be useful in reflection on changes in today’s religion, which, how it is described, can exist not only without angels, heaven, devils but even without any gods.

Kategoria własności siły roboczej w kontekście indywidualnego wkładu pracownika w procesie tworzenia bogactwa

Author(s): Ariel Modrzyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2012

The text refers to category of property of labor power. Based on qualitative analyses of job advertisements author singles out four components of labor power: basic components of labor power, mental components of labor power, physical components of labor power and cultural elements of labor power. This division is preliminary effort to operationalize and adopt category of labor force or ergodynamis, which is synonymous, to new contemporary socio-economical phenomenon. In the second part of the text author underlines selected processes of creation of surplus value in order to show explanatory usefulness of category of ergodynamis.

Has Albert Camus got the right to smile?

Author(s): Joanna Roś / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Filozoficzno-egzystencjalna anatomia choroby, cierpienia i śmierci

Author(s): Piotr Mrzygłód / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Despite the fact that there exists a substantial amount of scientific works dedicated to various aspects of illness, suffering, dying and death - all the research still appears to be incomplete. Very often they offer only one point of view, are very limited or not coherent. One can't help but doubt, if it is possible at all to write a fully objective and "to the point", short philosophical essay about the complicated "world of illness", human suffering, dying and death.That problem seems being increased by the fact, that every time the words in those dramatic matters are spoken, there is no empirical verification of the thesis or any proof for the truthfulness of the established results. It is set on theoretical analysis of what best describes the unfathomable "mystery". That's why it looks as if only philosophy is a knowledge domain competent enough to, by "asking about the human being", show his living status, destiny and cause. The most suitable area of research is the metaphysical fragility of the human's life, which includes the suffering, pain, illness and death. And all of them are what the human nature (spiritual and carnal) is composed of.

Piękno jako szczyt natury oraz kultury – filozoficzno-teologiczne ujęcie piękna

Author(s): Grzegorz Sobczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The beauty revealded oneself in two spheres of the one reality: in nature and in culture – but as trancendentalium, beauty as exeeding beryond this reality. This way temporary beauty which is present in nature and culture is leading to Absolute Beauty. Article is presenting specifity of the beauty for nature and culture. So article is presenting the natural, craft and artistic dimension of the beauty in nature and culture, which entails philosophical dimension whom identtyfiting beauty with being and theological dimension which suiting Divine element for the Beauty.