Norma komunikativne zajednice

Author(s): Miroslav Prokopijević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 297-298/1983

Filozofska pitanja nisu nešto što se konstituiše nezavisno od »duhovne situacije vremena«. Naše doba obeležava golemi rast znanstveno-instrumentalnog delanja s jedne strane, što očito nije u funkciji dominium hominis na Zemlji, kao i odnosi dominacije, represije i spoticanja. U skladu s tim osnovno pitanje vidim u očuvanju bitno Ijudskog i njegovim mogućnostima otpora i kontrole procesa instrumentalno-strategijskog delanja. Retorički, to pitanje ima oblik: kako je moguće očuvanje Ijudskosti u uslovima tehnički razvijenog sveta i političke dominacije?

PEVANJE I UMIRANJE

Author(s): Bojan Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 436/2005

Izloženo uticaju suprotnih sila čije pojedinačno i povremeno preovladavanje prethodi njihovom međusobnom usaglašavanju i harmonizovanju, naše postojanje je zavisno od sposobnosti da održimo životnu ravnotežu u sebi i u svojoj okolini. Smenjivanjem radosti i tuge, sre}e i nesreće, u`ivanja i patnje prelazimo s jedne na drugu obalu različitih doživljaja i iskustava dok izme|u njih prirodno protiče život. Osetiti taj protok u njegovoj neprolaznosti kao večno u trenutku znači uvideti dublje značenje i smisao suprotnih damara.

Materializm historyczny jako teoria realizacji wolności

Author(s): Tomasz Rafał Wiśniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2012

The main aim of the text is to prove, how the Marxian effort to defi ne the idea of a historical progress within the frames of Marx’ concept of materialism leads to the necessity of putting on the agenda the question of universal liberation of the human subject. The general standpoint is, that Marx’ historiosophical apparatus, generally defi ned as “historical materialism” leads with immanent necessity from one side – to the equation of the question about the essence of history with the question about its subject, from the other – as Marx leaves Hegelian “Kingdom of Spirit” and engages himself in the issues of material reproduction of human life, to the situation, when the problem of a real content of human emancipation situates itself in the centre of the scope. Presenting historical materialism as a theory of a real social revolution, the text stresses also the problems connected with the idea of “realization” of philosophy and its historical determinants, which make it the same time a theoretical achievement and a problematic program of real social movement; the history and the present day of this movement has for sure its foundations deeply rooted in the space of the debate, which was the fi rst effort of summing up the experience of the Enlightenment.

Regresy podobieństwa. Podwójny relacyjny argument przeciw nominalizmowi tropowemu

Author(s): Paweł Rojek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (102)/2018

Trope nominalists claim that resemblance is a primitive relation. There are two well-known arguments that aim to prove that such resemblance leads to a vicious regress. On the one hand, Bertrand Russell famously argued that resemblance relations imply an infinite series of resemblances holding between them. On the other hand, less famously, Edmund Husserl claimed that resemblance must be grounded in identity, for otherwise it falls into a vicious regress. In this paper, I argue that these arguments are intimately connected and, in fact, form a single complex case against nominalism. The point is that the standard solution to the Russell regress, which takes resemblance to be an internal relation, leads to the Husserl regress, and vice versa: a solution to the Husserl regress is possible when resemblance is taken to be an external relation, which immediately leads to the Russell regress.

Theoretical Aspects of Globalization Philosophy

Author(s): Tudorita Rabigan,Dana Stana / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Globalization, as a multidimensional process, raises interest through its scope, in terms of both the topicality of the phenomenon, and the content dimension. The literature in the field reveals contradictory opinions of that manifestation, yet one thing is certain, as far as the effects of globalization are concerned, i.e. once the phenomenon becomes chronic, there appear both winners and losers.The views and opinions of number of specialists can produce clear arguments relating to the perception of globalization. The present study textually analyzes a few points of view held by the specialists in the domain of globalization and world economy, whishing assert, in this manner, the critical thinking concerning the phenomenon of globalization.

A világ mint igazság

Author(s): Miklós Vassányi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2010

MODEL PODOBIEŃSTWA DLA TEORII PRZESTRZENI POJĘCIOWYCH - STUDIUM EMPIRYCZNE

Author(s): Aleksander Gemel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2019

This paper is devoted to the empirical evaluation of the extension of the Gärdenfors’ similarity model. His proposition insufficiently emphasizes the asymmetry of the modeled relationship of similarity. The proposed modification allows one to include the asymmetry of similarity and significantly sensitize the model to any contextual nuances. The model was compared with other theoretical proposals of geometrical modeling of similarity, including two asymmetric models and one symmetrical. The empirical evaluation of the model took place in two series of experiments. The obtained statistical data were compared with results inferred by tested models. The evaluation was based on iterative procedure designed to minimize the error generated by all compared models.

Myśląc o wiekach średnich: historia zgodna z nauką Kościoła, filozofia chrześcijańska i metafizyka bytu według Étienne Gilsona

Author(s): Olivier Boulnois / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2018

The author points out that Gilson’s interpretation reveals the depth of problems, which have a triple topicality. – For metaphysics: is onto-theology, as Gilson puts it, “a necessity for thinking”? In this respect, Gilson believes that he defeated Heidegger because he repeats him in a completely different sense. – For theology: how can theology, necessarily through its biblical sources, become a discourse about God without changing its subject, without reducing itself to an ontological growth? – For a historian of medieval philosophy: how to understand the autonomy of philosophy in a situation where – as Gilson emphasizes – religious and ecclesiastical authority exercises control functions concerning its functioning. The author tries to answer these important questions. They allow us to describe the last thirty years of French philosophy as, without a doubt, post-Gilson years.

Elementy myśli konserwatywnej w filozofii społecznej o. Jacka Woronieckiego

Author(s): Tomasz Mitraszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2018

Jacek Woroniecki considers the problem of conservatism in two related, philosophical and historical-social orders. The philosophical order is of a more general nature and depends on the qualities of the eternal doctrine of conservatism. Woroniecki’s conservative doctrine grows out of the classic concept of Aristotle’s and Saint Thomas Aquinas philosophy, from which emerges both a view of realistic and variable reality, and above all constitutes understanding a man as a person – a rational human being, gifted with freedom and the ability to perform moral acts. A man is endowed with a developmental potentiality that he can fully realize in social life. As long as social life is organized due to a conservative rules, provides to a community proper values of common good as well as encourages social harmony and justice. Such a philosophical workshop allowed Woroniecki to define conservatism as a dynamic and fully functional idea. The age-old conservative doctrine thus understood is incorrectly identified with opportunistic self-preservation reflexes, for which the term conservatism became fixed in the nineteenth century. Roots of this situation Woroniecki (also other thinkers, like E. Burke) identifies with French revolution ideas, which are directly responsible for liberal doctrine damaging social life of sound community.

Piotr Skarga SJ (1536-1612)

Author(s): Iwona Brzozowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2018

The article presents a biography of Father P. Skarga. The following facts concerning his life are discussed: his nobility and education, his writings, teaching, joining the Jesuit Order, social activity, appointment as the first rector of the Vilnius Academy, charitable activity and preaching. P. Skarga joined the Jesuit Order in 1569 and from then on devoted himself to missionary work in defense of the Catholic faith. He founded charity institutions in various cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: The Brotherhood of Mercy, the Brotherhood of St. Lazarus, known as the Brotherhood of Bethany, as well as the Box of St. Nicholas and the Bank of Devotion. Father Skarga was also a pioneer of banking in Poland. He was a promoter of the unity of Christians – Brest Union signed in 1596.

Materializm Typu-B i Treść Pojęć Fenomenalnych (Type-B Materialism and the Content of Phenomenal Concepts)

Author(s): Karol Polcyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2019

According to type-B materialism, the corresponding phenomenal and physical concepts are distinct concepts of the same properties. This view is very controversial because of the fact that phenomenal concepts, along with physical concepts, refer non contingently. I discuss three main arguments to the effect that phenomenal concepts cannot refer to physical properties non contingently. I argue that the most challenging is the modal argument. According to this argument, the idea that phenomenal concepts refer to physical properties non contingently is unacceptable, because it leads to the unacceptable view that psychophysical identity statements are both true a posteriori and primarily necessary. I argue that we do not have a satisfactory response to that argument.

Znaczenie koncepcji tożsamości narracyjnej na tle Jürgena Habermasa tezy o kolonizacji świata życia przez system (Identity Problem and the Loss of the Communication Skills)

Author(s): Wojciech Torzewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2019

The aim of the article is to show the meaning of the narrative identity concept that becames visible in the light Habermas’ social philosophy, and in particular of the thesis about the colonization of the world of life by the system. In this perspective, pluralism itself, the multiplication of discourses in the modern and post-modern world does not pose a threat to identity. Destructive for the constitution of personal identity is rather a special kind of unification of the sphere of communication, and thus weakening the narrative skills necessary for the formation of the subject.

Neutralność państwa wobec religii w świetle Charlesa Taylora koncepcji sekularyzacji

Author(s): Wojciech Torzewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2019

In the contemporary philosophy secularism is broadly discussed. However, the problem is far more complex than it may seem at the first glance. For secularism is not only state’s separation from religion, but also a number of other postulates and presumptions which are often forgotten. Charles Taylor presents his theory of secularism in the book Secularism and Freedom of Conscience where he distinguishes two groups of postulates of secularism. In this article I will focus myself on five matters concerning the postulate of neutrality towards religion, which arises on the grounds of Taylor concept, but also transcend it. Reflections on the state’s neutrality towards religion also constitute a ground to ask about the sense of secularism and its real application in public life.

O etyce niezależnej Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego

Author(s): Halina Šimo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2019

The aim of the article is to analyze the ethical system of Tadeusz Kotarbiński. In the reporting part of the article, the main theses of the system and additional remarks (which are present in Kotarbiński’s writings, but rarely cited in the studies on the Kotarbiński concept) are presented. I consider normative statements of the system (ethics of a reliable guardian), as well as metaethical assumptions (independent ethics).In the evaluative part of the paper, Kotarbiński’s normative proposal is evaluated as a good proposition of a secular counterpart of Christian ethics in its minimal version. The proposition is realistic and useful for those above all who are reluctant towards religious discourse. Analyzing the concept of independence of ethics, I emphasize the impact of reism on Kotarbiński’s ethical views, the inadequacy of his evaluation of religiosity and the overestimation of the role of empiricism in ethical cognition. I also discuss the educational dimension of the postulate of independence.

Aristotle’s Principles for Modern Economic Science

Author(s): Ricardo F. Crespo / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

This paper is an attempt to illuminate today’s economic science with the light of Aristotle’s philosophy of economics. The author first describes Aristotle’s thoughts about the economy. Then, he distinguishes and discusses three Aristotelian principles: (a) economics should be a classical practical or moral science, (b) economics should not look for an unlimited wealth, but for the wealth necessary for the good life, and (c) economics should be aimed at the common good.

Eine hermeneutische Untersuchung der sprachlich-historischen Apriorität

Author(s): Miloš Jovanović / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2019

Die vorliegende Arbeit berücksichtigt die Philosophie und Poetik der Geschichte und der Sprache a priori im poetischen und literarischen Werk von Peter Handke, in seinem poetologischen Essay Ich bin ein Bewohner des Elfenbeinturms und seinem Drama Die Fahrt im Einbaum oder das Stück zum Film vom Krieg, und zwar im Ausgang von der kantianischen Idee der Apriorität der Geschichte. Die Geschichte a priori ist, laut Kant, möglich, „wenn der Wahrsager die Begebenheiten selber macht und veranstaltet, die er zum voraus verkündigt“. Die identische Idee vom Subjekt, das vor der Geschichte besteht, finden wir auch im poetischen Werk von Peter Handke, sowohl in seinen poetologischen Schriften, als auch in seinem dichterischen Werk. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist, durch eine immanente, phänomenologisch-hermeneutische Deutung der Werke des Philosophen und des Schriftstellers die unumstrittene enge Beziehung zwischen ihren geschichtsphilosophischen, bzw. – poetologischen Ideen aufzuweisen und einen allgemeinen philosophisch-dichterischen Rahmen für die Erklärung aller Geschichtsphilosophien ohne Ausnahmen zu geben.

Лукманова теорија личног идентитета

Author(s): Miloš Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

The paper deals with the presentation of Tomas Luckman's theory of personal identity. After defining the concept of personal identity and description of Luckmann's approach as an interdisciplinary and dialectic, attention is shifted to the elaboration of the influence of different levels of reality on the construction, maintainance and transformation of personal identity. The explanation starts from the given biological base and evolution of the human organism, and continues at the level of individual consciousness and intersubjective level of face-to-face relationships, where the importance of different temporal structures is especially emphasized. Finally, structural determinants of personal identity are being put under consideration. Within this last level, following Luckman, the conditions for the formation of personal identity are compared in “archaic” and modern societies, conceived as ideal types. Luckman's deliberations on personal identity in modernity are compared with Giddens' theory of personal, that is, self-identity in modernity.

INFORMAL AND FORMAL STEPS IN CONDUCTING DISCUSSIONS AND DEBATES AS WAYS OF TEACHING PHILOSOPHY

Author(s): Ivan Nikolić / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2019

The intention of the author of this text is to determine a more precise structure of conducting discussions and debates as the best ways for teaching philosophical material. The first part of the text will be depleted by trying to set a more precise connection between discussions and debates so that the platform, for which informal and formal steps are being developed for their conduct, would be clearer. Thereby, it will be shown how initiating and conducting discussions mostly bases on informal steps and conducting debates on formal. Digressing shortly, the author will try to explain the term dissociation as deeply funded in any approach to philosophical problematics, regardless of its conception as a dialogue or a monologue. For the purpose, a classroom example will be provided. In the final part of the text from the given perspective, the author will single out from a variety of steps recommended for successfully conducted classes the ones which fit the best in such a concept of selecting and conducting discussions and debates.

POLITENESS AND PIETAS AS ANNEXED TO THE VIRTUE OF JUSTICE

Author(s): T. Brian Mooney,Damini Roy / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

“Politeness” appears to be connected to a quite disparate set of related concepts, in- cluding but not limited to, “manners,” “etiquette,” “agreeableness,” “respect” and even “piety.” While in the East politeness considered as an important social virtue is present (and even central) in the theoretical and practical expressions of the Confucian, Taoist and Buddhist traditions, (indeed politeness has been viewed in these traditions as central to proper education) it has not featured prominently in philosophical discussion in the West. American presidents Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and George Washing- ton all devoted discussion to politeness within the broader ambit of manners and eti- quette, as too did Erasmus, Edmund Burke and Ralph Waldo Emerson but on the whole sustained philosophical engagement with the topic has been lacking in the West. The richest source for philosophical investigation is perhaps afforded by the centrality of the concept of respect in Immanuel Kant.However in this paper we will instead draw on the writings of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas to defend the centrality of “politeness” as an important and valuable moral virtue. Starting with an analysis of the broader Aristotelian arguments on the virtues associated with “agreeableness,” namely, friendliness, truthfulness and wit I will argue that “politeness” should be thought of as an important moral virtue attached to social intercourse (and by extension the vice of impoliteness). I then move to identify an even broader and more important account of politeness, drawing on the work of Aquinas, as intimately connected to the notion of pietas (piety) as a fundamental part of the virtue of justice.

THE PROBLEM OF THE EXTERNAL WORLD IN RENÉ DESCARTES, EDMUND HUSSERL, IMMANUEL KANT AND THE EVIL GENIUS: A PERENNIAL PROBLEM FOR PHILOSOPHERS?

Author(s): Robert Elliott Allinson / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The need to prove the existence of the external world has been a subject that has concerned the rationalist philosophers, particularly Descartes and the empiricist philos- ophers such as John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume. Taking the epoché as the key mark of the phenomenologist—the suspension of the question of the existence of the external world—the issue of the external world should not come under the do- main of the phenomenologist. Ironically, however, I would like to suggest that it could be argued that the founder of the phenomenological school of thought, Edmund Husserl, also did not avoid the question of the existence of the external world. What I would like to suggest further is that Immanuel Kant grants himself illicit access to the external world and thus illustrates that the question of the external world is vital to the argument structure of the first Critique.