Epigenetyka: w kierunku nowej polityki zdrowotnej?

Author(s): Caroline Guibet Lafaye / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2014

Niektórzy badacze zainteresowani zagadnieniami profilaktyki chcieliby propagować politykę zdrowotną o oparciu o najnowsze odkrycia z dziedziny epigenetyki. W niniejszej pracy rozważymy znaczenie bezpośredniego stosowania epigenetyki w zakresie polityki zdrowia publicznego. Następnie przeprowadzimy analizę możliwości jej zastosowania, biorąc pod uwagę argumentację wynikającą z ostrożności. Na zakończenie zbadamy to zagadnienie z perspektywy ochrony ludności. Zwrócimy również uwagę na proaktywne tendencje w epigenetyce. Wykażemy, że wyniki badań epigenetycznych podnoszą głównie kwestię odpowiedzialności politycznej, a mniej kwestię odpowiedzialności indywidualnej, przy czym ta pierwsza w mniejszym stopniu angażowała programy ukierunkowane na konkretne grupy społeczne wchodzące w skład społeczeństwa, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nierównego podziału obciążeń socjalnych.

TOWARD A CRITICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE ARISTOTELIAN AND CONFUCIAN DOCTRINES OF THE MEAN

Author(s): Kevin M. Brien / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper is the second phase of a project that was begun more than three years ago. The first phase culminated in the publication of a paper working toward a critical appropriation of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. Therein Aristotle famously argues that human wellbeing (eudaimonia) is constituted by “activity of the soul in accordance with moral and intellectual virtue.”2 This earlier paper brought into focus all the main lines of Aristotle’s theoretical web in the N. Ethics: including the nature of the soul, intellectual virtue, moral virtue, etc. That paper went on to give a developed critique of Aristotle’s theoretical web, and against that background it argued for a very different way of thinking about intellectual virtue, and it prepared the ground for different ways of thinking about moral virtue. This current paper explores the various conceptual un- derstandings of “the mean” in Aristotelian and in Confucian thought. It begins with an explanatory sketch of “the mean” as understood in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, and then in a second section goes on to explore “the mean” as presented in classical Confu- cianism. The third section of this paper offers some reflections oriented toward a tenta- tive formulation of a modified conception of “the mean” as it might be construed from a humanistic Marxist perspective.

Koncepcja harmoniki Arystoksenosa z Tarentu

Author(s): Anna Maria Laskowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 64/2019

Aristoxenus of Tarentum in his treatise Elementa harmonica created his own philosophical system in the field of sound research, which differed from the concept of harmonics proposed by the Pythagoreans. The fundamental difference concerned primarily the methodology of research. Aristoxenus considered the careful observation of acoustic phenomena as the starting point for all research, and thus as a fundamental criterion of truth. According to him, only perception could verify the state of things as being consistent with reality. The neglect of the hearing testimony, as was the case with Pythagoreans, was unacceptable to Aristoxenos, and he considered it to be a significant methodological error. The harmonikos had to be an attentive observer of acoustic phenomena, with additionally trained musical ear.

Od imago do suity – zmiana paradygmatu filozoficznego w myśli antycznej Grecji

Author(s): Małgorzata Kwietniewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 64/2019

In this article, I pay attention to a sentence by Mousaios, which appears in the Orphic literature. It is the main motif of the cosmogenic myths, whose content is surprisingly close to that of Old Indian literature, for example in the Vedic notion of Tad Ekam. In the Orphic mythology a theoretical aspect of the one-multiple relationship is embodied by Zeus, while a practical one by his son Zagreus. This uncoincidental coincidence can be proven by means of analysing the formal structure of the respective sentences which appear in the above mentioned literature: they always consist of two coordinating parts, with the present tense, linked by the “and” conjunction. Analogical sentences can be found in the Presocratics, the only difference being that the latter try to determine the meaning of the one as water, air, fire, etc. This fact is noted by Aristotle. Therefore, the author of Metaphysics corrects the Presocratics by adding to their sentences certain prepositions of time. This is by no means a stylistic device. The reason lies in the fact that the Presocratic vision of the world referred to a paradigm which could be called imago. Aristotle, however, used a paradigm which could be compared to a musical work, e.g. a suite, all parts of which are consecutive. This cognitive paradigm promotes discursive thinking devoid of contradictions. Certain contemporary philosophers, who are called “the philosophers of difference”, claim that this is the case, and purposely return to the world of imago.

Petrarch’s Ascent of Mont Ventoux and Philosophy

Author(s): Tomáš Nejeschleba / Language(s): English Issue: 64/2019

The aim of the paper is to determine the philosophical meaning of Francesco Petrarch’s famous letter addressed to Dionigi da Borgo San Sepolcro, dated in the year 1336. The letter, which describes Petrarch’s ascent of Mont Ventoux and his experience on the summit allows for multiple interpretations. Similarly to the interpretation of Petrarch’s entire work, the literary context has been emphasized and the philosophical meaning of the letter has been somewhat neglected. Different philosophical interpretations are discussed in the paper. Petrarch’s catch-phrase “desire to see” as the poet’s motivation of the venture is the starting point for the most. Apart from the popular alpinist context, which is doubtful, the letter was considered as the beginning of the aestetisation of the landscape or as the emergence of the subject-object philosophical paradigm. The symbolic and metaphoric understanding of physical and spiritual ways is another interpretation level of the letter. Finally, the letter can be viewed as an expression of a general philosophical attitude to the world.

Between Phenomenology and Semantics: Charles S. Peirce’s Conception of Categories Revisited

Author(s): Anna Michalska / Language(s): English Issue: 64/2019

Underlying the famous Peirce’s theory of signs is a much less frequently examined conception of phenomenological categories, first laid out in the article On A New List of Categories. Whereas the theory of signs, developed, modified, and refined over many years, is immensely complex, and thus open to many interpretations and applications, Peircean categorical system is relatively simple and straightforward, and, as such, provides a stable frame of reference for the discussions about intelligibility and meaning. My main aim in this paper is to show the utility of Peircean conception of categories in overcoming the difficulties associated with two approaches to the problem of meaning and reference, which, for the sake of argument, I will refer to as realism and conceptualism. To this end, I will explicate the difference between the said categories by means of a distinction between perceptual gestalts, emotional feelings (affects), and non­emotional feelings.

Generic Concept of Meaning and Hermeneutical Logic by Hans Lipps

Author(s): Krzysztof Sołoducha / Language(s): English Issue: 64/2019

The linguistic turn in philosophy of the 19th and 20th century added to the classical question about the constitution of being, the question of language and its role in this process. It also posed a new metaphilosophical question concerning the very status of philosophy and the results of its deliberations, facing the discovery that the linguistic nature of knowledge is its basic exoteric property. In Hans Lipps’ philosophy there is a characteristic and symptomatic connection between the conclusions drawn from the linguistic revolution in philosophy, and anthropological, biological and pragmatic threads. The task of this paper, referring to Lipps’ considerations, will be to indicate the programme and consequences of such an approach to the theory of language. According to Lipps the judgement is not an exemplification of the state of things. It is the states of things, their properties and their relations that are the product of self-explanatory existence which builds their meanings, thanks to the power of language manifesting itself in the “Konzeption” – the teleological power of language.

Metoda transcendentalna i jej ostateczne ugruntowanie w świetle dyskusji Paula Natorpa z Hermannem Cohenem

Author(s): Wojciech Hanuszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 64/2019

The aim of this paper is to analyse the differences in an approach to the issue of transcendental method, which can be found in the neokantian thought of Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp. The author of the paper argues that the basic difference lies in a different way of determining the boundaries of transcendental deduction. Cohen sees this boundary in the absolute impossibility of ultimate justification of thinking, while Natorp subordinates his investigations to the ideal of ultimate justification (letzte Begründung).

Hans Jonas’ Ethik der Verantwortung

Author(s): Robert Theis / Language(s): German Issue: 64/2019

The Principle of Responsibility, which appeared 40 years ago, attempts to providean ethical basis for our technological civilization. The following article reconstructs thesystematic interconnections of this ethical basis. Jonas formulates a new ethical principle, i.e.that we should act so that the effects of our behaviour are compatible with the permanencyof true life on earth. In the reception of this work, it is particularly the idea of responsibilityfor the existence of future generations and thus the preservation of nature or creation, whichhas attracted attention. This basic idea has its roots in ontology, which studies the questionwhy human beings should exist at all. Jonas considers that justifying “ought” for a given “is”can only be done with the help of metaphysics; i.e. answering the fundamental question why“is” is of more value than “is not”.

Erroneous Paths of the Human Subject in René Girard’s Thought

Author(s): Katarzyna Kremplewska / Language(s): English Issue: 64/2019

In his anthropology René Girard focuses on human collectivities. His main concern are – as the French thinker declares – human relations, which are subject to a deep crisis related to the cultural changes of late modernity. In his last major work, Battling to the End, Girard foretells an apocalyptic conclusion of the (failed) process of hominization. Meanwhile, the status of human individuality and autonomy in his thought is, to say the least, problematic. Th e essay puts under scrutiny Girard’s radical skepticism in this respect, as well as his sweeping critique of individualism, without losing sight of his insistence on Christian Revelation – as an anti-myth, disclosing the truth about victimary mechanisms – being the only possible source of the conversion of humans.

FILOSOFSKA KONJUKTURA TEORIJE ODRAZA

Author(s): Obrad Savić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 258-259/1980

Veljakova studija Marksizam i teorija odraza predstavlja pretežno teorijski usmereno istraživanje filosofskog statusa teorije odraza. Cilj autorovog programa je da ukine iluziju filosofske autonomnosti teorije odraza, rastvarajući njene korene u društveni plan.

GRADNJA STANOVANJE MIŠLJENJE

Author(s): Martin Heidegger / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 253/1980

U onom što sledi, pokušavamo misliti o stanovanju i gradnji. Ovo mišljenje o gradnji ne prisvaja da nađe gradivne elemente ili čak da gradnji daje pravila. Ovaj misaoni pokušaj ne predstavlja gradnju sa strane umetnosti gradnje ili tehnike, već on ide za tim da gradnju vrati u ono područje čemu svaka pripada — što jest.

Struktura pytań

Author(s): Adam Jonkisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (109)/2020

By drawing on the results presented in (Jonkisz 2019), this paper formulates a general schema of questions. The schema is then applied to specific kinds of questions (with examples). The paper defines some auxiliary concepts, including a broader notion of negation, which are then employed in the analysis of the structure of questions. The accuracy of the proposed schemata has been checked in the case of some examples regarded in the literature as difficult to analyze and classify.

CATHARSIS IN PHAEDO AND REPUBLIC OF PLATO

Author(s): Kazimierz Pawłowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The article takes up the topic of mystical motif of catharsis present in Plato’s dialogues Phaedo and Republic as well as their links with the mysticism of the Ancient Greek mysteries. The philosophical catharsis is a result of touching the divine, transcendent Truth.

Perspektywy rozwoju filozofii tomistycznej na podstawie sytuacji w Polsce

Author(s): Kazimierz Mikucki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

This article discusses the perspectives for the development and thus the future of Thomistic philosophy in Poland. This issue is considered with respect to specific studies outside the main object of interest of general metaphysics, and which take the form of detailed and applied metaphysics. While the former refers to a narrow field of research, the second uses the achievements of other and more basic philosophical sciences, including general metaphysics. Metaphysics of this kind constitutes a broadly understood study of what is most fundamental not for being as such, but for all basic types of objects in the realms of nature and culture. It is not, however, alternative to general metaphysics, which explores reality in its transcendental dimension. On the contrary, by using its achievements it establishes a connection with it and constitutes its necessary complement. By developing this metaphysics, this article illustrates the philosophy of nature, philosophical anthropology and two forms of the philosophy of human action, namely, religion and morality. Some of the topics they suggest have already been taken up by many representatives of Thomist thought in Poland, while others can be the object of future research. The realization of these forms of metaphysics corresponds not only to the structure of a pluralistic reality and an interrelated series of dependencies, but also highlights current and new problems that require a thorough and comprehensive approach, which can only be provided by a metaphysical perspective within Thomistic philosophy.

СИМВОЛИТЕ НА МЪДРОСТТА ВЪВ ВИШНУ ПУРАНА И „ТРИМАТА БРАТЯ И ЗЛАТНАТА ЯБЪЛКА“ – ЗА НЯКОИ ОБЩИ ФИЛОСОФСКИ АСПЕКТИ В БЪЛГАРСКАТА ВЪЛШЕБНА ПРИКАЗКА И ВТОРА ГЛАВА НА ВИШНУ ПУРАНА

Author(s): Anna Kaltseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article draws parallels between the Bulgarian fairytale “The Three Brothers and the Golden Apple” and the second chapter of Vishnu Purana. The general philosophical aspects of these texts, which serve as a basis for the proposed hypothesis, are discussed. These are narratives of wisdom as a basis for the creation, development, existence of life, and human civilization. The gold thread in Vishnu Purana and the golden apple in the Bulgarian magic fairytale are symbols of knowledge and wisdom, with the power of which the visible world and the human society were created. If in Vishnu Purana this symbol is wrapped in a philosophical narrative about the creation of life, in “The Three Brothers and the Golden Apple” philosophy is hidden behind the seemingly concrete images and characters of the fairytale. In “The Three Brothers and the Golden Apple”, the tree with golden fruits symbolizes the tree of knowledge - an image that is present in all the sacred texts of the religions around the world. The tale is a story of the trials that one goes through in order to overcome one’s weaknesses, to know oneself, to understand the spiritual possibilities and qualities that make a person close and equal to God. The third brother continues his journey in the world, having a faithful companion - his intuition, symbolized by the most beautiful and intelligent princess. The third brother, or the symbol of the man who has overcome his weaknesses, can always benefit from the eternal Divine wisdom, symbolized by the golden apple.

Religion and Individualism in Modernity. Reflections on the Occasion of a Pandemic.

Author(s): José María Vázquez García-Peñuela / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2020

Modernity in the West had, among other things, the effect of encouraging people to distance themselves, especially from the more cultivated classes, from ecclesiastical structures, at first, and then from the Christian religion itself. This distancing had incidence on individualism, which also led to a modern vision of man and society. This paper discusses the main philosophical, political and cultural motives that directly influenced, especially after the French Revolution, the accelerated process of secularization. This process led to the skeptical and post-metaphysical attitude of the post-modernity of the 20th century. Unlike previous ones, it was a century in which atheism was not an attitude of few individuals among the intellectuals but it spread also to large groups of citizens. However, since the last two decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st, some changes can be perceived that could indicate a return of interest towards religion in the West.

Transcendental Philosophy, The History of Psychology Kant and Freud.

Author(s): Michael R.D. James / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2020

Kant is not generally recognised to be an Aristotelian hylomorphic Philosopher becauseof his extension of logic into Philosophical Psychology in the form of TranscendentalLogic. This extension is a natural articulation of hylomorphic metaphysics. Aristotle’s4 kinds of change, 3 principles, and 4 “causes” are all transformed into the Kantiansystem of categories of judgement and also transposed into the faculties of sensibility,understanding, and reason. The principles of noncontradiction and sufficient reasonobviously have origins in Aristotelian logic and Metaphysics. Freud claims that he iswriting the Psychology that Kant would have written had he written subsequent tothe “divorce” between Philosophy and Psychology in 1870 but it is clear that Freudtoo must be considered a hylomorphic Psychologist. This latter claim must be trueif it is the case that Kant can be regarded, a hylomorphic Philosopher. Freud regardsConsciousness and psychological residues (rituals) that we find in institutions asvicissitudes of Instinct. Instinct is here of course a philosophical concept possessingan aim, an object, a bodily source and a demand for motor activity. Early vicissitudesof instincts are narcissistically based and give rise the genesis of a strong ego underfavourable circumstances. Freudian theory correctly interpreted ought to give rise toethical theory of the type we find in Kant. This is a requirement for theories that wefind in the arena of transcendental psychology.

НА ПУТУ КА ЖИВОТНОМ ДЈЕЛУ – ИЗМЕЂУ ТЕОРИЈСКОГ OPUS-A И ДЈЕЛОВАЊА: ЗАПАЖАЊА УЗ СПИСЕ МИЛАНА БРДАРА

Author(s): Časlav D. Koprivica / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 174/2020

In this article we want to highlight some of the most important moments in the work of Serbian philosopher Milan Brdar so far, as well as to highlight, at least partially, of what is important for his biography of an intellectual and publicly engaged person. In addition to dealing with sociological topics, in many monographs, he faces a number of important themes in the history of philosophy, so that his topic-related engagement with the philosophical tradition, from a later perspective, can also be viewed as an involuntary engagement with the history of philosophy. The results of his theoretical encounters made peculiar and important place in the Serbian philosophy of last decades.

БИБЛИОГРАФСКИ УКАЗАТЕЛ на сп. „Български философски преглед”

Author(s): Dobrin Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 10/2020