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The article shows the great scientific value of the Marian Kucała’s dictionary entitled „Porownawczy słownik trzech wsi małopolskich” [“The comparative dictionary of three villages of Little Poland”] (Kucała 1957) in which the author of the dictionary presents the vocabulary of his native village Więciórka and two other villages of southern Little Poland. The author of the article particularly shows that thematic order of Kucała’s dictionarysimplifies to some extent the investigation of the dialect synonimy. For example, in this article a group of synonyms denoting the various ways of speaking is discussed, e.g. ‘bebłać’ ‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘huczeć’ ‘to speak very loudly’, ‘satrzyć’ ‘to speak quickly and indistinctly’. The author of this article chose from Kucała’s “Dictionary” eleven words of this kind and compared them with the data of „Słownik gwar polskich” [“The Dictionary of Polish Dialects”] (SGP PAN and SGP PAN kart), „Słownik gwar gorczańskich” (zagorzańskich)[“The Dictionary of the Inhabitants of Gorce Mountains”] (Kobylińska 2001) and „Słownik gwar orawskich” [“The Dictionary of the Dialects of Orawa”] (Kąś 2011). As a result of this comparison one could see which synonyms occur only in the village Więciórka, and which ones have a broader geographical extent. The article shows that Kucała’s “Dictionary” is of great scientific value, because: 1) it contains the whole dialect vocabulary which was noted and elaborated in the native village by Kucała, who was an autochthon and eminent dialectologist 2) the thematic order was applied in the “Dictionary” for the first time in Polish dialectology 3) the author of the “Dictionary” compared the vocabulary of Więciórka with the vocabularies of two other villages of southern Little Poland where he himself collected the necessary data. Owing to these qualities Kucała’s “Dictionary” became an outstanding work of Polish dialectological lexicography in the middle of the 20th century, a model of elaboration for numerous future lexicographers-dialectologists.
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The paper focuses on the part-whole type of lexical relations and the problem of part-whole (meronymic) hierarchies in the English lexicon. Taking into account the well-known statement that the classification of living beings serves as a model for all natural classifications, an attempt is made to construct and compare the hierarchies reflecting the part-whole relations between human body part, animal part and plant part terms in English. By means of the analysis of dictionary definitions 112 meronyms (nouns with the semantic component ‘part’ as the key word of the definition) have been revealed. The meronyms obtained form peculiar hierarchies with different lengths and numbers of branches. The detailed comparative analysis of the hierarchies shows that the human body is divided in the most detailed way. As for other living beings, – function and utility are the main parameters according to which animal or plant parts are marked out and labelled. The study of human, animal and plant part lexemes reveals the correlation between the specific configurations of the hierarchies they form and their semantic domain.
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The paper presents the project of research on the pragmatics of speech events. The research is carried out by the Department of Formal Linguistics (University of Warsaw). The main aim of the project is to examine various kinds of communication events performed by someone speaking. Especially, we are working to provide a detailed analysis of correlations between a speech event and a report of such an event possible to present by a Polish language user. In order to gather research material, we are constructing the multimedia corpus of Polish speech acts. It is going to include footage of all types, for example film clips, television programs,recordings of Parliament sessions, commercials. The corpus appears to be a new tool for linguists interested in pragmatics, semantics, phonetics, and other areas of language and communication analysis.
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The following paper examines the most important motifs in the last novel Cordelia by Caroline von Wolzogen. She was one of the first German women’s writers, Schillers sister-in-law, known mostly by her first novel Agnes von Lilien and Schiller’s Biography. Von Wolzogen’s last novel has so far hardly been investigated. It shows Wolzogen as an idealist and patriot (Napoleon’s time, Liberation wars) who has remained faithful to the ideals of Weimar Classicism, especially the ideas of Schiller (“beautiful soul”) and Wilhelm von Humboldt.
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The author analyses the process of transferring some proper names in the Old Polish translations of the Bible. Observation is made on 5 old translations of the Bible into Polish, originating in the 16th and 17th c. and founded on different transfer bases. Brest Bible (1563), Simon Budny Bible (1572), Gdansk Bible (1632) have been translated from the original language, while Leopolita Bible (1561) and Jacob Wujek Bible (1599) are founded on the Latin Vulgate. Several names in the 16th-century Bible translations in question are heavily influenced by the transfer basis. This relationship is particularly noticeable in the translations based on the Vulgate. Translations from the original are more conservative since they usually are playing use of the asemantic original name. However, sometimes, under the principle of the availability of a text, and caring for its understanding, the heterodox translator could use a comment in the margin as a useful philological tool. The analysis of the translated proper names can reveal preferences of individual authors, depending on the extra-linguistic elements defining the translation, such as the type of the source text, the translation method, as well as the significant religious factor.
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The aim of this study is to analyze the main tendencies prevailing in the orthographic, phonological, morphological as well as semantic adaptation of loanwords of English origin that entered the Russian language in the past two and a half decades, i.e. between the mid-1980s and now. Fully adapted English borrowings are excluded from the analysis, the aim of which is to give a detailed account of the dynamics of the borrowing process and ways in which borrowing mechanisms work. In addition to the linguistic description of the data, it is essential to discuss the role of monolingual and bilingual speakers in borrowing (the social background that initiates and determines the adoption of English loanwords), along with the sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects of the process. The latter include the description of motivations (i.e. which non-linguistic factors affect and explain the influx of elements of English origin). The main emphasis of the paper is on the linguistic analysis of English borrowings in a contact linguistic and lexicological framework.
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One of the crucial points in the history of the Ukrainian language (especially in Galicia) is the second half of the nineteenth century. While until the 1860s a conservative group has been dominant in the Galician-Ukrainian society, from this time on the so-called Narodovtsi emerged and step by step took over the leading position. Referring to the works of the Rus’ka Trijcja, Fedor Zarevyč, Volodymyr Šaškevyč and Ksenofont Klymkovyč tried to popularize a literary language on the basis of the spoken idioms. Beyond that, and here lies the main point of their work, they tried to unify the different parts of the Ukrainian territories, not only through literature, but as well as through a new concept of language, that clearly favoured Eastern Ukrainian dialects. Compared to many of his successors, Klymkovyč avoided most of the characteristic West-Ukrainian language features.
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In this discussion article we have analyzed the hypotheses proposed in the paper by V. V. Ponaryadov about the connection that ы / э-vowels of the suffixes in the Udmurt language have with Proto Finno-Ugric stems, from the perspective of diachronic typology. We have also checked Ponaryadov’s rule on the material of other Udmurt sources from different periods (archival and field data).
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Visual perception is one of the most significant and basic concepts of human cognition. Slavic languages, as other languages, possess verbal lexical units which verbalize various types of visuoperceptual acts. Most of the verbs pertaining to visual perception are inherited from the oldest stratum of Common Slavic lexicon; examples being: *vidëti, *gl%dëti/*gl%dati, *zъrëti, *baciti, *motriti etc. Regarding the Vojvodina Ruthenian language, until now, verbs of visual perception have not been studied in the framework of Ruthenian linguistics, nor in the framework of Slavic etymology. This paper examines the semantic state of verbs of visual perception in Vojvodina Ruthenian, with particular focus on their etymology. Great attention is paid to semantic state in other Slavic languages as well as in other literary variants of Ruthenian language. Our research aims to provide a systematic description of semantic features of the Vojvodina Ruthenian verbs in question.
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Despite urbanization, education, communication and the frequency of people etc., varieties in the framework of a language, don't get smaller or don't disappear, but usually happens the opposite, they wake up and develope (e.x: the standard variety of the "european" and "american" english, the variety of standrad deutch of "germans" and "austrians", the variety of standard spanish of the "Nothern America" and "Southern America". The impact of relationships between a standard language and dialect, is two sided, their relations are mutual, the standard language through the educational system, information tools etc., contributes on elemination of dialectal differences, and dialects from the other side, again support and help on setting new forms of stratification of the language, respectively help the standard language. In some cases where there exists two or more versions of the standard language can happen that new versions may come out. From this aspect the linguistic version, also the dialects, should be treated as a sociolinguistic occurance, and not as a clear linguistic occurance. In todays conditions, when it is required to use one common language in the albanian regions, like Kosovo, Albania and Macedonia., the standard rate shows a different situation of the sociolinguistics of albanian language. It happens that the same rate is used in some different socio-cultural areas, with a social formations and different economic and political systems., for undergoing phonetical, morphological, lescival and syntatic changes.
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The Bucharest Bible, printed in 1688 and also known as the "Serban Cantacuzino Bible", is a unique book in Romanian culture. Editing the Bible from 1688 was a complicated process that had to solve church terminology not previously encountered. Six years before the group of scholars responsible for writing the Bible in Romanian began to form. By having a broadcasting area covering practically all the territories inhabited by Romanians, and that its text was taken up in a very short time in the cult of the Church, each new translation of the Bible into Romanian directly influenced the evolution of spirituality, the language and, last but not least, even the Romanian artistic expression. The Bible appears in history as a symbol of national unity, because its intense circulation and the effort made to print it contributed to preserving the Romanian unity of language.
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In the article, the author discusses the reasons and processes of adaptation of borrowings, paying special attention to the last decade of the 20th century and the beginnings of the 21st century which are characterized by a significant amount of borrowings from Western languages and this process is often carried out through the Russian language. The analysis has showed that the abbreviations, though unexplored and unstructured, name new phenomena of reality and function actively in Belarusian technolects.
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In this study, I tried to make some determinations on Ibn Hibban’s exegetic conception in the framework of his monumental work Sahih which is on the science of Hadith. The author had tried much to understand hadiths. He tried to expose the meanings of hadith which are seen as contradictory with the rational and logical interpretations and sometimes with some verses. Ibn Hibban had tried also to interpret some verses which are mentioned in his work. Through the examination of his methods we can be able to reach some remarks regarding his exegetic conception. Ibn Hibban added to his book the reports related to the sabab an-nuzûl and the Prophet’s explanations of verses but he never commented on them. This indicates to his eager of giving much importance to reports and sunnah in interpreting the verses. His comments on the understanding the verses have been scrutinized under an independent sub-title. He studied numerous verses in a multi-dimensional way concerning the words lexicon meaning and Arabic linguistical style. Moreover, he referred to the methods of interpreting the verses with verses and sunnah. Ibn Hibban, has tried to interpret the verses related to the separate subjects such as relation between the Prophet and his companions, fitrat, sifat Allah, ru’yat Allah, Muslim and non-Muslim relations. He also tried to interpret some verses which have legal content of Qur’ān. Consequently, although in his exegetic conception the method of report (riwayat) is dominant but he also referred to the method of dirayat.
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The paper analyses the poems of the cycle The Days of Childhood by Dragutin Tadijanović, separately published in 1937. In the vivid evocation of childhood, the infant voice of the lyrical subject can be discerned, but also his adult voice, who dresses his existential cognitions into children’s language. The analysis of the paper follows the motives of peasant daily life, shaped from the children’s perspective, and then the boy’s awareness of the poverty of some peers and social inequality, already present from school age. The cycle ends with poems that mention wounded people, the departure of the boy’s father to war, and the boy’s letter to his father on the battlefield. Three main tones, most often intertwined, shape Tadijanović’s poems about childhood: idyllic-humorous, naive-religious, and social. People and natural phenomena are depicted in motion, and the situation to which a particular poem is dedicated is expressed in medias res. The lyrical subject speaks in the present tense, using many elliptical, interrogative and exclamatory sentences, so his memories seem to have been drawn to synchrony. The adult lyrical subject distances himself from the former self and explains his poetic return to childhood through opposing children’s serenity to war, killing and death.
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This article focuses on the absolute synonyms (doublets) used in the Catechism of Merkelis Petkevičius of 1598 (CP), where one element is of foreign origin, whereas the other word is an indigenous one. The language of this Catechism is thought to be rather poor and its translation is regarded mainly as literary one. Therefore, an attempt is made to identify whether the absolute synonyms used in the Catechism constituted a typical part of lexis in the 16th–17th centuries and what could have determined the use of rarer doublets found in the CP only. In pursuit of this goal, all the pairs of systemic synonyms were picked out from the text and absolute synonyms were singled out from them afterwards. Then the Lithuanian text of CP was compared to the Polish source of translation. The meanings of the synonyms were looked up in the electronic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, but they are first presented following the Catechism of Petkevičius.
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The article attempts to show how the proverb Gdzie diabeł nie może, tam babę pośle, lit. ‘Where the devil does not dare, he’ll send a woman’ [When the going gets tough, the tough get going], functions in the intertextual space of contemporary Polish public discourse. The history of the proverb is presented, along with its explanations and the stereotypes of the devil and the woman. It is then shown what modal formulae and genological qualifiers are used with the proverb in order to increase its persuasive potential, what position it holds when it is used in argumentation, in implication or in opposition. Conclusions are more general: the functioning of the proverb in discourse illustrates the distancing of paremic derivatives from their bases, as a result of which they lose their constitutive paremic features and turn into examples. The case on hand also involves axiological conversion: the woman in the proverb was first evaluated negatively (she is worse than the devil in her harmful actions), now her image is positive (she does something good against the devil). The proverb functions as praise of someone who has defeated the devil in overcoming difficulties.
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The present work analyses the diachronic corpora of Spanish available to date, paying especial attention to the scarce representation of the spoken language in them. Although it is true that the creation of diachronic corpora of Spanish has progressed significantly over the last forty years, there is still room for improvement, especially as regards peninsular Spanish, as well as the inclusion of documents that allow diatopic, diaphasic and diastratic analyses from the diachronic perspective. This piece of research provides data from three English diachronic corpora along these lines, which might be taken as a point of departure for the creation of similar tools in Spanish.
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The paper discusses phraseological units that are used as euphemisms when describing bribery in the Russian and Arabic languages. The contextual use shows that the euphemistic meaning of the set phraseological expressions under study is justified. Their functional and pragmatic potential has been considered taking into account the national and cultural specifics. The linguistic and cultural analysis of these units has been performed: the cultural interpretation of their word components that acquire an appraisal value on the basis of associative symbols, models, and perception stereotypes that exist in the general world image of the two societies has been carried out. The analysis of the phraseological euphemisms in the Russian and Arabic languages has demonstrated that the spiritual and moral motives of human experience are reflected in the language and determine the ethical view and the phenomena of life. Idiomatic and stable expressions successfully function in the contexts with implicit information about negative, socially condemned, phenomena of reality. The semantics and pragmatics of the phraseological euphemisms is defined by both the linguistic and social and cultural background, all playing an important role in revaluating the phenomenon of bribery.
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