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Disentangling the roles of phonological well-formedness and lexical attestedness in phonotactic processing has proven challenging. In this study, we present results from a passive listening ERP study showing that English speakers exhibit distinct neural responses to CCVC nonce words according to the phonological well-formedness and attestedness (in English) of the onset cluster. Clusters with poor sonority sequencing evoked an N400 effect compared to those without poor sonority sequencing, regardless of whether the well-formed clusters were attested in English. In contrast, unattested clusters, regardless of whether they were well-formed or ill-formed in terms of sonority sequencing, evoked a late positivity compared to attested clusters. The results suggest that listeners first perform a phonological analysis on potential words before submitting them to a lexical search.
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This study reexamines the assignment of stress in the Paiwan language spoken in several central Paiwan villages, which differs from the other communalects in treating the central vowel, schwa /ə/, as a weak element with regards to the syllable and stress. Contrary to previous quality-sensitive analyses, this paper explores new data and argues for a quantity-sensitive account based on a variable weight system for closed syllables. It is shown that the inherently non-moraic coda consonants gain weight only to satisfy the requirement for an appropriate foot head. The special behavior of schwa in stress assignment also parallels to other phonological evidence in Paiwan such as its distributional restriction.
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Assuming that tones are not phonological primitives but have a complex internal featural structure predicts that the same surface tone can have different phonological representations in one language. I argue in this paper that this assumption of sub-tonal features allows a straightforward analysis for different patterns of apparently exceptional or asymmetric behaviour of floating tones. This paper hence argues for the importance of (abstract) underlying representations that allow purely phonological accounts of apparent lexical idiosyncrasies. In addition, it adds to the growing body of evidence for sub-tonal features.
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Marián Sloboda – Petteri Laihonen – Anastassia Zabrodskaja (eds): Sociolinguistic Transition in Former Eastern Bloc Countries (Two Decades after the Regime Change). Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang Edition, 2016. 494 oldal.
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The paper presents a hitherto unanalysed copy of the Old Bulgarian translation of the Commentary on the Psalms by Theodoret of Cyrrhus (CPG 6202). The manuscript originated in the Russian region of Pskov and dates back to the third quarter of the 15th century. This copy is the only one to preserve the full text, whereas the others break off abruptly at Ps. 144 and compensate the gap by using the translation of the Brief Commentary on the Psalms by PseudoHesychius (CPG 6553). Besides, it includes a brief praise to Theodoret of unclear provenance. The analysis of the text demonstrates that the text of the manuscript ultimately goes back to a hyparchetype close to the 11thcentury Old Russian Čudov Psalter. The supplement contains the hitherto unknown text preserved in the manuscript.
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The article is dedicated to the treatise On the Twelve Stones (Περι των δωδεκα λιθων, De duodecim gemmis, CPG 3748) of Epiphanius of Salamis and studies the paths of its penetration, acceptance and distribution in medieval Slavic literature. The text of the treatise is based on the description of the ritual dress of the Jewish High Priest in the Book Exodus (Ex 28:17–21) and is essentially the first work on gemology in Christian literature. The study examines the overall history of the text, the peculiarities of the original Slavonic translation and the specific way, in which the certain parts of the treatise found reception among Eastern Orthodox literary communities. The focus lies on a new, previously unexplored direction of entry of the text into Slavonic culture ‒ as an integral part of the Apocalypse with the commentaries of Andrew of Caesarea, which was spread among the Southern Slavs. Today, two copies are known, each with its own specific textual features. For the first time, the work of Epiphanius is published according to its copy in the Miscellany No. 46 of the Plevlja collection, dated around the end of the 15th c. and kept at the National Library of Serbia in Belgrade.
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The texts of the Knjažij Izbornik and the Izbornik of John the Sinner (of 1076) are transmitted in at least 12 witnesses, which contain 7 different versions of them. Mušinskaja 2015 has postulated filial relationships among them. A comprehensive analysis of chapter 9 (Collection of Many Fathers) tests this premise. It shows the versions to be independent not only in structure (by addition, rearrangement and selection), but also in the use of sources: they show no trace of dependence from one another, only filiation from the core (k) of the fullest version m; they are siblings, belonging to a single generation (non excepting version m, which has independently expanded the inventory). Their genesis must be sought in an ordered stack of records and attributed to a well-appointed library, where sources and complementary texts were retrievable; it must be dated before 971.
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Linguistic rules established on historic, logical and etymological criteria are sometimes broken in usage, which is guided by the need for expressiveness, the law of the least effort, or analogy. The use of certain words, grammatical forms and constructions that deviate from the linguistic system makes the object of corrective grammars, which flourished in France, during the XIXth century. The language and expression guides and the dictionaries of misused phrases contain lists of barbarisms, solecisms already pointed out by the grammarians of the previous centuries, as well as grammatical innovations and new lexical meanings rejected by the etymologists of the time. Besides listing linguistic “bad usages”, the authors of these guides explain the source of errors, comment on the words and phrases condemned by the rules and, eventually, propose forms and constructions considered to be correct. Some of these corrections are taken into account by users and their expression is improved. Some other condemned usages prove themselves more influential than the grammarians’ recommendations: they are generally adopted and manage to change the system. So they appear in the dictionaries of the XXth and XXIst centuries, which testifies to their survival. Some of these (mis)usages are no longer registered as “criticized”. They have even managed to evict from language the constructions formerly recommended as correct. Our research is going to deal with these “misusages” having triumphed over their criticisms.
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The procedural text is a type of text remarkable for its clear textual organization, reflecting an underlying structure which works as a source and a core for the surface text. Each of its genres presents a specific textual structuring that results from an evolutionary process and a long writing/decoding tradition. Practical experience in the field, as well as repeated contact with the same type of text, leads the receiver to forge a mental pattern, or a decoding model. This model makes it possible to give up the redundant, predictable and already known elements and to take into account new and variable information. In our paper, we will analyse the ellipses due to the structuring of the text on several levels: lexical and syntactic (lack of correlative instruments, objectification of expression, omission of explanations, repetitions, etc.), semiotics (the role of images and symbols that accompany the text or replace it), structural (non-linguistic elements that mark the modular structure of the text).
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The article deals with metaphorical usage of the Russian verbs with semantics ‘the destruction of the subject’ such as cherstvet’ (‘get stale’), plesnevet’ (‘grow mouldy’), kisnut’ (‘turn sour’), rzhavet’ (‘become rusty’) and their aspectual pairs. Changes in the inner world of man are understood as changes that occur with objects in the outside world. The process of transforming the state of the object corresponds with the human life. Material for the study consists of examples from contemporary literary and media texts from the National corpus of the Russian language.
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The Grammars of the nineteenth century are an under-studied topic, although they bridge a gap between the much better-known grammar writing practices of the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. The present article looks specifically at how conditionals were approached in the nineteenth-century grammars of English, namely, at what conditional markers were recognized at the time, whether inversion was remarked upon, and what verb phrase combinations were registered in conditional protases and apodoses. Comparing the information provided in the grammars with contemporary research on nineteenth-century English, it was found that they were rather limited in scope. However, the results suggest a continuity of discourse between nineteenth-century grammars of English and ELT materials produced today, which may have been rooted in their common teaching goals.
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A complex combination of British and American features in Canadian English, as well as long-lasting contact with French and otherlanguages was the reason why Canadian stress was first studied by tracing British and American patterns in its stock. The search for its national identity resulted in finding a certain share of both major English sources and a few others which are not to be found in either of them. The goal of the present study is to test the lexicon included into the British and Canadian dictionaries for the frequency of the accentual models in English, previously found on the basis of British-American differences in word stress. In particular, we were interested in the occurrence of Canadian nationally specific features of pre-tonic and especially post-tonic rhythmical stresses.The results of the research in the lexicographic sources verified the basic findings of the previous works by giving evidence of posttonic pattern prevalence in Canadian English as opposed to the British pre-tonic one. Alongside with it, new data on the frequencies of syllabic word structures which facilitate the use of certain accentual patterns throw new light on the constraints and their actual spread in the Canadian English lexicon.
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This paper highlights three issues in the study of verb–noun compounding and shows how data from Akan (Niger-Congo, Kwa, Ghana) help answer the relevant questions for the language. The issues, which mainly concern the exocentric subtype, are: one, the syntactic category of the left-hand constituent and that of the whole compound; two, whether the formation of verb–noun compounds is a matter of syntax or morphology; and three, how to distinguish between verb–noun compounds and verb phrases, given their structural similarity. Although these issues have come up somehow in the literature on Akan verb–noun compounds, they have not been deliberately targeted for discussion. This paper fills the gap. It is shown that the left-hand constituent is definitely a verb. This raises the question of how to account for the syntactic category of the exocentric subclass of the compound, given that the compound is not a hyponym of the right-hand nominal constituent whose syntactic category may be assumed to percolate to the whole. It is also argued that, per the criteria in the literature, the formation of Akan verb–noun compounds has to be a matter of morphology and not syntax. Finally, it is shown that there are formal and semantic basis for distinguishing verb–noun compounds from verb phrases in Akan.
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This paper focusses on the conceptualising function of Scottish Gaelic preposed adjectives (i.e., AN vs. NA phrases). A combined analysis of a corpus study and interviews with native speakers was applied in the research which underlies the article. Preposed adjectives are often encountered with abstract concepts, verbal nouns, or with words with more complex semantics in general, while plain adjectives tend to qualify more tangible, countable nouns, such as people or objects, as well as pronouns. The plain adjective dona ‘bad’ often conveys criticism, and aosta/sean ‘old’ tend to refer to biological (or physical) age. The paper also addresses similarities with other languages.
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This paper analyses the case of hiatus resolution in the /e-i/ and /e-ɑ/ environments in tetrasyllabic words in Persian, within an Optimality-theoretic framework. Hiatus is avoided in Persian by the insertion of an epenthetic consonant which varies considerably depending on the morpho-phonemic environment in which hiatus occurs. It is argued that the insertion of [ɟ] as a hiatus-resolving consonant in Persian is historically driven. We follow Naderi and van Oostendorp (2011) in assuming that the hiatus-resolving [ɟ] is actually a latent segment at the end of bases ending in /e/ – in some words as a relic from the Middle (Pahlavi) Persian and in others as a matter of analogy – surfacing only in certain morpho-phonemic contexts. We argue that the two hiatus-resolving consonants realised in an /e-i/ environment in Persian – i.e., the phonetically-driven [ʔ] and the historically-driven [ɟ] – are in complementary distribution depending on the grammatical class of the output word. Within an OT framework, we aimed to achieve a unified explanation and a set order of constraints active for hiatus resolution in the /e-i/ and /e-ɑ/ environments.
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This paper investigates the hypothesis that movement to SpecFinP in Finnish is an instance of discourse neutral EPP movement that obeys a locality condition. It is proposed that the subject argument in the specifier of vP is the closest potential goal for the EPP and therefore the “default” element to move to SpecFinP. The other elements, such as the object argument, have to first reach the edge of vP in order to be available for EPP movement to higher positions. The movement of the object to the edge of vP is argued to be discourse-driven scrambling.
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In this article I discuss the various parts of the OT architecture in phonology: its basic structure as an input-output system, Gen, Con and Eval. These aspects are considered in the light of the question what is innate in language (i.e., part of Universal Grammar) and what could be based on acquisition (i.e., experience with language). We will see that all parts of OT can be related to general cognitive learning strategies, obviating the need for any assumption of innateness. It is hoped that future research in this area will bring OT closer to the field of general cognitive science.
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Casper de Groot (ed.): Uralic essive and the expression of impermanent state. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2017, pp. xix + 555.
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According to the communis opinio it is arbitrary whether a Tibetan verb takes the prefix g- or ḥ- in its present stem. This paper instead argues that ḥ- [ɣ] originated as a phonetically conditioned variant of g-; a pattern that became obscured through the coinage of denominative verbs and analogical developments.
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