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Learning a foreign language is a process that demands a lot of efforts which should be supported by something that can help to achieve goals of learning. Motivation is responsible for most of our thoughts and deeds. Human motivation is extremely complex both to account for and understand. This paper explores the significance of motivation as a contributing factor in foreign language acquisition. Motivation is the learner’s orientation with regard to the goal of learning a foreign language. Motivation is divided into several types: intrinsic, extrinsic, instrumental, integrative, achievement motivation. The aim of this paper is to try to get an insight into motivating factors of EFL students at the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences.
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The subject of fasl and wasl is an important part of the al-maʿāni field of Balagha, which deals with the connecting styles of sentences in relation to the reference subject of nahw. On this subject, a group of concepts and the basis for the conjunction of sentences have been formed with regard to the meaning relations between sentences. The sentences addressed by this subject are not sentences that have cause-effect, contrast, comparison etc. relations between each other, but they are sentences which come consecutively and contribute to the formation of a paragraph. These sentences are ordered with the conjunction waw which has no meaning but only functions as a conjunction, or with-out any conjunctions. In the modern period, punctuation marks are used be tween sentences that are ordered without any conjunctions. The subject of wasl and fasl explains the connection of sentences and the basis of conjunc-tions within its own concepts and systematic. However, the equivalents of such sentences and of the case of conjunction between these sentences in Turkish grammar have not been discussed. In a part of the study, Turkish conceptual equivalent of this subject is theoretically discussed and it is deter-mined that they are coordinating conjunction clauses. In the other part of the study, the sentences mentioned in the fasl-wasl subject are addressed with a new perspective moving from the Turkish grammar. Since the coordinating conjunction clauses are related to punctuation marks, the relation between the sentences in the subject of fasl-wasl and these marks is elucidated.
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Wine is dealt with by scientific disciplines, trade and gastronomy experts, as well as people in their daily lives, but also by poets adoring and/or telling about wine. The attitude of speakers to wine is therefore completely different. Depending on the communication situation and the speaker´s intention, emotions play a very important role. This paper aims to show the extent of emotionality with which the text producers express themselves in various communication areas / situations on wine and also which persuasive language means they use to describe wine in accompanying and advertising texts.
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La présente étude est une approche aux pratiques de l’humour, teinté d’un aspect rebelle et transgresseur, dans quelques romans de l’écrivain cubain anticastriste Reinaldo Arenas qui s’opposait à se soumettre aux directives du parti communiste au pouvoir. Les œuvres du corpus s’adaptent parfaitement à la thématique de l’humour irrévérencieux. Le monde hallucinant retrace, de manière complètement fantastique et hyperbolique, l’histoire de Fray José Servando Teresa de Mier, un prédicateur qui revendique l’indépendance du Mexique. Dans La Colline de l’ange, Reinaldo Arenas parodie sans vergogne le roman anti-esclavagiste de Cirilo Villaverde. Le Portier décrit avec une aigreur réjouissante quelques spécimens de la société américaine vus à travers les yeux d’un jeune Cubain exilé, contraint de côtoyer cet univers impitoyable. L’humour dans les œuvres de Arenas apparaît sous différentes formes. Les notes ironiques, la satire acerbe, la caricature, le comique, le sarcasme, l’hyperbole... participent à la création des scènes burlesques et grotesques, l’objectif principal étant de remuer les consciences, de souligner les tares de la société et de les dénoncer, de démythifier des icônes sacrées et de lancer un cri contre l’injustice, la cruauté et la répression dans un régime totalitaire, ou simplement de défier sa réalité cruelle afin de toucher à la liberté.
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To answer to the expectations of their recipients, the producers of political or journalistic discourse can manipulate a set of brief and striking formulas, commonplaces, overthought images and stereotypical concatenations. The use and handling of stereotypical elements contributes to the installation of a certain “ideological coherence” (Imbert, 1989) leading itself to influence the convictions of the receivers. It is in this context that we choose to study this “manipulation” of fixed formulas and their perpetual contribution to the establishment of the different features of wooden tongue within a textual genre presumed to be moving and evolving.
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The paper describes linguistic and cultural-linguistic difficulties that one has to overcome when learning a foreign language. These difficulties arise not just from the differences in phonetics, grammar or syntax, but also from the differences in culture, history and the way of life between the native speakers and the student. Some difficulties are obvious, others are not. But the key to mastering a foreign language is diligent studying not just the language itself, but also all aspects of culture and history of the people speaking it on the basis of a good knowledge of one’s own language and culture.
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Introduction. The goal of this study is to propose a typology of sense levels of a prosaic text that can be used productively in the framework of pedagogical hermeneutics, i.e. in the process of teaching interpretation of literary works at all steps of philological education.According to the research hypothesis, there is a definite correlation between the levels of understanding of a text and the levels of meaning. Text concept is the mediator between the text and its sense.In distinguishing between the levels of understanding of a text, the author follows the hermeneutic (G.I. Bogin) and didactic tradition (M.P. Voyushina). For comparison, the works of the cognitive line of research are used (Van Dijk, Kintsch, Zwaan, Kneepkens). Their authors consider the understanding of a text a process of building a multi-level mental representation. In the process of constructing a sense model of the text, the author investigates the main ideas of the theory of meaning by A.I. Novikov and the structure of the text category of informativeness emerging in the works of I.R. Halperin.Empirical data and research design. The object of the research was the story of the famous children’s writer, V. Dragunsky, The Red Ball in the Blue Sky. The input material of the study was 30 interpretations of the story provided by students (future primary school teachers). The author performed a review of the submitted interpretations. During the interpretation, the keyword technique, the “close reading” method, and the interpretation protocol methodology were used.Key findings and conclusions. Sense is repeatedly encoded in texts by means of text codes (language, subject, spatial, figurative, communicative, etc.). The process of decoding meaning consists in understanding the relationship between the units of these codes and discovering shared components of sense. The whole sense is the result of understanding of the text. Therefore, it is possible to establish a correlation between the levels of sense and the levels of understanding. We have established the following correspondence chains: plot meaning – ascertaining the level of understanding – metapropositional model of representation; psychological sense – understanding at the main character level – situational model of representation; existential sense – understanding at the level of the author’s idea – a pragmatic model of representation.The correlation between the structure of sense and the structure of text is possible owing to a text concept – a discrete model of meaning as a holistic entity.A multi-level concept (namely, the concept of freedom represented at different levels in V. Dragunsky’s story) reflects a multi-level sense of the text. Therefore, the sense levels of the story are the levels of freedom: the plot sense corresponds to the mundane (conditional) level of freedom: to give freedom – to leave, to let go, not to hold; psychological sense (understanding at the main character level) – the psychological level of freedom which requires respect for the feelings and desires of others; cultural-historical sense – at the level of (possible) subtext, it corresponds to the idea of political freedom; existential sense (at the level of ideas) – the philosophical meaning of freedom as the highest human value and a manifestation of the spiritual essence of the person.Not all aspects of textual sense are relevant for the modern reader. The spiritual dimension of freedom, irrelevant for readers, is not subtracted from the text, and in most works understanding remains at the level of psychological sense. The universality of freedom as an existential category is noted in only three works. The social aspects of sense were not indicated by anyone.Thus, the part which is reflected in the basic concept (motive) of the text should be considered the invariant part of sense. This is the most general idea statement. Variant components of sense should be recognized as those that specify the general sense at different levels, taking account of projections on the reader’s personal experience: psychological, social, existential, spiritual.The degree of variability of the wording of this meaning can vary: it depends on the conceptual system of the reader, his/her life (including social experience, age, etc.)
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This paper aims to advance a comprehensive theory of binding, which can account for all binding patterns found in Polish, some of which are particularly puzzling for traditional and novel formulations of Binding Theory. Namely, Polish reflexive pronouns/possessives are typically (nominative) subject oriented but they can also have dative Object Experiencers, OEs, as antecedents. Yet, OEs are also appropriate local antecedents for pronominal possessives. Our analysis explains the complementarity of pronouns and reflexives and lack thereof by assuming that the Spell-out form of the reflexive/pronoun is determined by its covert movement, while a binding dependency is established via Agree for [var(iable):_] feature.
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This paper sheds light on the treatment of initial gemination in Qassimi Arabic (QA), a Najdi dialect spoken in the Al-Qassim region in central Saudi Arabia, within the framework of Parallelism, an Optimality Theory (OT) model. The study concludes that initial geminates, which are non-actual surface forms in QA, result from the assimilation of the prefix /t-/ to stem-initial consonants of Arabic verb forms II and III, as well as hollow verbs, to avoid violation of the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP). On the other hand, initial semisyllables, as moraic consonants, originate from initial gemination and consequently motivate prosthesis; that is, the purpose of prosthesis is to affiliate a semisyllable to the syllable node without causing violation of the Strict Layer Hypothesis (SLH). Sequences of assimilation of prefix /t-/ plus prosthesis do not occur simultaneously, whereas regressive assimilation feeds the prosthetic vowel [i], which, in turn, feeds the prosthetic glottal stop [ʔ] to concur with the Onset Principle. These sequences thus indicate transparent rule interactions, that is, feeding. Parallel OT is then successfully utilized to account for this type of phonological derivation
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This article argues that unlike the previous generations of African writers, the new generation is dominated by African women writers whose narratives are interwoven around empowered and dynamic female characters. Apprehending these writers as major voices in the new trend of African literature and as spokespersons of their societies, it studies novels by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Akachi Adimora Ezeigbo as typical narratives of the last decades. Encompassing fictional characters, historical figures and political leaders, it assesses the validity of female writer’s representation of strong female characters successfully struggling and upholding patriarchal roots in contemporary Africa. The analysis proves first that the narratives of female writers stem from a feminist consciousness and then that these narratives draw inspiration from historical and contemporary African realities.
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Building on collaborative work with Stefan Baums, Ching Chao-jung, Hannes Fellner and Georges-Jean Pinault during a workshop at Leiden University in September 2019, tentative readings are presented from a manuscript folio (T II T 48) from the Northern Tarim Basin in Northwest China written in the thus far undeciphered Formal Kharoṣṭhī script. Unlike earlier scholarly proposals, the language of this folio cannot be Tocharian, nor can it be Sanskrit or Middle Indic (Gāndhārī). Instead, it is proposed that the folio is written in an Iranian language of the Khotanese-Tumšuqese type. Several readings are proposed, but a full transcription, let alone a full translation, is not possible at this point, and the results must consequently remain provisional.
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The present paper represents the first attempt to expand Dou Huaiyong’s recent contributions to the field of the Chinese name-taboo practice or bihui 避諱. Exclusively dealing with gaixing 改形 (modify the shape), a taboo method recognized only by Dou Huaiyong, the paper delves into his use of the term gaixing and a group of orthographies that might overthrow the recognition. Although it abandons the term gaixing and promotes a new phrase gaijian 改件 (modify the components), the paper finds Dou Houiyong’s core conclusion agreeable, taking gaijian as a taboo method that appeared in the year 658 by analyzing 500 stones carved between 618 and 663. While doing so, this paper introduces for the first time gaijian to the English scholarship, proposing to re-examine how the Chinese name-taboo practice developed in the early Tang dynasty.
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While it has long been noted that Chinese Buddhist translations contain many new lexical and syntactic elements that were created due to the contact between Indic and Chinese languages during the translation process, few attempts have been made to systematically explore the major mechanisms of such contact-induced creations. This paper examines six mechanisms of contact-induced lexical creations and three mechanisms of contact-induced syntactic creations in Chinese Buddhist translations. All of these mechanisms have parallels in non-Sinitic language contacts. The parallels demonstrate that Chinese Buddhist translations and non-Sinitic language contacts show striking similarities in the ways in which they brought about new lexical and syntactic elements.
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