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Ukrajinistika na Masarykově univerzitě

Author(s): Halina Myronova / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Je známo, že ukrajinistika v české kultuře má dlouhou, skoro dvousetletou tradici, jejíž počátky jsou spojeny zejména s reakcí řady významných představitelů českého národa na ukrajinské obrozenecké hnutí (např. F. Palacký, P. J. Šafařík, K. Havlíček Borovský aj.). Začátek minulého století se v tehdejším společném státě Čechů a Slováků vyznačoval prohloubeným vědeckým zájmem o studium ukrajinského jazyka, což souviselo s připojením Podkarpatské Rusi k Československu. Především za podpory prezidenta T. G. Masaryka byl v roce 1922 založen Slovanský ústav, jehož jedna komise měla za cíl studium jazyka, kultury a ekonomiky Slovenska a Podkarpatské Rusi.

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Summary - Department of Slavonic Studies. Starting Points and Perspectives

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This volume has its roots in the brochure published on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the Department of Slavonic Studies (2005)1 summarizing its previous development. The department came into being in 1995 though its predecessors under various names, e. g. Slavonic Seminar or partial departments or sections belonging to wider entities dealing with individual Slavonic languages and literatures, have never ceased to exist since 1919.

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Jméno Jan v průběhu 12.–21. století na území dnešní České republiky

Author(s): Jana Pleskalová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The author investigates the first name Jan (John), its modifications and usage on the territory of today’s Czech Republic. On the basis of rich anthroponymic sources she has proved that the name Jan has belonged among the most frequently used names in the Czech lands since the 12th century and has kept this status to the present day. Numerous hypocoristic modifications of this name have served the purpose of distinguishing individuals bearing the same official name. Today, they still exist as both surnames (Janáček, Janda) and hypocoristic forms of first names (Jenda, Honzík) used in informal contexts.

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Morava jako multietnický organismus: problémy jazyka a identity v letech 1848–1918

Author(s): Jiří Malíř / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The study deals with the development of linguistic, ethnic and international relationships in Moravia in 1848–1918 and their specific features. The focus is mainly on the complex relationships between Czech-speaking and German-speaking inhabitants of Moravia and the aspects that played a key role in them. These included a complicated settlement situation given by the mixing of Czech and German inhabitants (the numerous ‘German linguistic islands’), the economic influence of Jewish inhabitants on international relations in linguistically diverse cities, the impact of social and economic status of various groups of inhabitants on their voting and political participation, the unevenness in the promotion of national identity and the effects of Czech-German international compromise of 1905. The application of the principle of personal autonomy led to alleviation of international tensions as well as an increased demand for legal determination of nationality.

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THE LEGAL TEXT: CONSTITUTION, CONCEPTS, CHARACTERISTICS

Author(s): Nicoleta Baghici / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

According to the constructive interdisciplinarity, the text draws attention of the theorists for several decades. In the new approaches, the text calls for complex research, including research centered on determining the mechanisms of producing and meaning understanding. A legal text is very different from ordinary speech. The concept of text is not identical at all authors, and sometimes it does not even have the same acceptance for one and the same author. However the legal text is based on the use of language, which is more than a stock of words, it is an instrument and an image, an object of power that seeks to be captured.The legal text reflects the terms and expressions of a legal system. In the legal text, language is a means of expression and texts constitute the main object of study. It is indisputable that law could not exist without a means of expression. The legal texts are very different depending on the type of legal act and its transmitters, are not uniform, as the legislator issues law, the judges speak it, the jurists comment on it, and the practitioners apply it. The style of law will differ from the style of a court order or a regulation. The proper drafting of the various types of texts is very important if we want the legal rules to be effective, that the judgments have exactly the same value that the judges impose on them, that the intention of the parties to a bilateral act to be expressed in the proper way. From this perspective, legal texts need to be coherent, drafted in impeccable style with the clearv use of terminology.

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INTERKULTURELLE STUDIENGÄNGE AN HOCHSCHULEN IN DEUTSCHLAND UND IN DER REPUBLIK MOLDAU

Author(s): Oxana Chira / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Preserving cultural identity’ and ‘achieving social integration’ are among the few universally accepted objectives of educational policy. Therefore, we recommend to always consider each person’s individuality in intercultural situations, to suspend judgment and to find out more about possible reasons for behavior before acting. Communication on the one hand is frequently considered as being an important key competence, but on the other hand many employers think that having covered this as a subject of university studies may not count as having acquired academic expertise in a specialized field. The article will close with a short presentation of the Master’s programme in Intercultural Communication

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SEMANTIC STRUCTURE AND EVALUATING CHARACTERISTICS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH COMPONENTS DENOTING AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS

Author(s): Oksana Ponomarova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article is dedicated to the complex study of Ukrainian, English and German phraseological units with components naming people by their occupation in the agriculture-related industries. The person designations reflecting the place people occupy in social relationships network make up an important part of any language lexis, as they represent the nature of various social roles, values and views of different ethnical and social communities. The article highlights structural, semantic and stylistic features of set phrases with components denoting agricultural occupations. The role of denotation for the profession of this type in the formation of the phrase meaning is traced. Special attention is paid to evaluation of agricultural occupations, their approval or condemnation in the language society. As a result of the research, it is stated that phraseological units with components denoting agricultural occupations in Ukrainian, English and German express a wide range of meanings. In the inner structure of set phrases these professions may have direct original meanings as well as the following derivative phraseological ones: the denotation of any worker, social status, a certain type of personality. It is concluded that a positively evaluated verbal stereotype of a farmer represents the basic concepts of human activity: labour, though difficult, is considered to be the basis of a happy and prosperous life. Agricultural occupations meet all the requirements existing in public consciousness, such as benefit, creative work, physical labour, importance of a product, responsibility, quality of work and its complexity, qualifications; that is why they are highly appreciated.

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"Устройство" на славянския език

Author(s): Tanya Neycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

At the beginning of the 19th century, the “father of Slavic philology” Josef Dobrovský published his work entitled Basics of the Old Slavonic Language (1822). In doing so, he did not step on a previously untrodden ground but took as a basis the famous Slavonic Grammar (1619) by Meletius Smotritsky. The present text attempts to compare the point of view of the two authors, separated by 200 years, towards the same literary language – the Church Slavonic. It appears that while Meletius looked forward to the future, Dobrovsky looked back to the oldest state of an already classical language.

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Textsortenabhängigkeit sprachlicher Strukturen am Beispiel der Konstruktion [sich lassen + Infinitiv] in der politischen Berichterstattung in deutschen Tageszeitungen

Author(s): Zineta Lagumdžija / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Numerous linguistic researches have confirmed the dependence of the use of language structures on the communication situation and the text types. Individual language structures may have different meanings and communication functions in different text types based on their semantic potential. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the frequency and communication functions of the construction [sich lassen + Infinitive] in the text types report and commentary on the corpus of political reporting texts in selected German daily newspapers.

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(Езиковият) пейзаж на съвременнa София – увод в изследванията

Author(s): Patryk Borowiak / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with the (language) landscape of contemporary cities, taking Sofia as an example. Instead of dividing the linguistic and graphic material (collected in 2020 and 2021 in the Bulgarian capital) into the usual categories of top-down signs and bottom-up signs used in landscape-related studies, I propose a novel concept centred around design and the human senses. The two proposed categories will be described in detail and further subdivided into lexical and graphic entities in a way that would enable the adoption of a synthetic approach to studying the specifics of the Bulgarian capital through the prism of its (language) landscape. The article highlights the advantages of the collected empirical material and its systematisation as well as the prospective lines of research that could benefit from it.

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За някои недостатъчно изследвани области на българо-полската съпоставителна лексикология

Author(s): Petar Sotirov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The subject of discussion are some areas of Bulgarian-Polish comparative lexicology, which are insufficiently studied and represent a field for the implementation of interesting research projects. The aim is to describe the state of research in these areas and to present ideas for their expansion. The focus is on two areas – the comparative study of archaization and the colloquialization of vocabulary in both languages. With regard to archaization, examples are given of asymmetries in the field of vocabulary extinction, which present cases in which tokens from one language are obsolete and in another language are in active function. The author assumes that the factors that provide this “second life” of outdated vocabulary outside the territory of the national language are primarily non-linguistic in nature and their comparative study is interesting. The paper also touches on the state of comparative Bulgarian-Polish research in the field of colloquial vocabulary, the more in-depth study of which is necessary due to the current trend towards colloquialization of the language.

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Болгарские острова на лингвистической карте Юговосточной Европы

Author(s): Elena Uzeneva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article presents an ethnolinguistic analysis of the vocabulary of calendar rituals as part of the lexicon of the traditional folk culture of the Gorani, Islamized Bulgarians. They form one of the Slavic enclaves in Albania. By professing Islam, the Gorani retain the old Christian calendar, which, however, has been rethought in view of agricultural tasks and general well-being. The dominant part of the ritual terminology is of domestic origin (Stredzima, Korezelyanitsi, Blagoets), with the exception of the names of the Muslim rites (Kurban Bayram, Ramadan Bayram, Nevruz). There are cases of the folk etymology among the chrononyms.

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Екзистенциални и модални предикати и онтология на състоянията

Author(s): Anton Zimmerling / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

I discuss holistic and partial predicate ontologies, with focus on the realization of static spatiotemporal predicates in Russian and Bulgarian. I follow the distribution of three constructions with dative case marking on the semantic subject. Modern Bulgarian and Modern Russian share only one of them – dative-predicative structures (DPS), while Russian and Old Slavic languages also use dative-infinitive structures (DIS) as the main cue of expressing the meaning of external modality. The third type – hybrid predicates headed by a negative existential – is a bridge construction between DIS and DPS. Hybrid predicates like негде спать (no place to sleep), некого винить (no one to blame) originated in Old Russian as embedded DIS sentences, but drifted towards DPS. They are partly integrated in the ontology of the Modern Russian DPS construction and behave as modal predicatives with a number of deviating features.

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Определено количество

Author(s): Stoyan Burov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents a detailed review of Bulgarian grammar works (19th c. – 21st c.) on the so-called numerical form of non-person plural masculine nouns. To this end, the content of the object quantity relations and their expression in language have been reconsidered. The distinction between definite quantity and indefinite quantity has been introduced, definite quantity being further subdivided into exact definite quantity and approximate definite quantity. It is suggested that the term numerical form (broyna forma) should be replaced by the more appropriate term definite quantity form (forma za opredeleno kolichestvo). The paper also focuses on the status, meaning and use of masculine-person numerals.

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За граматическия статус на композитумите от типа „който ще да е“

Author(s): Krasimira Aleksova,Petya Osenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents initial observations on the status of the composite type ‘koyto shte da e’. For this purpose, extensive illustrative material was extracted and considered from Bulgarian corpora and from Internet. The usages of this composite as indefinite pronoun were described as well as its usages as weak subordinator. Due to the weakened subordinator nature, the composite has been interpreted rather as a separate predicative unit in speech. In the first case the composite is a synonym of the pronouns of type ‘(to) i da e’ while in the second case it is synonymous to the expression ‘no matter who’. Attention has been paid also to the contexts, in which the pronoun and predicative usages compete. In both realizations however ‘koyto shte da e’ has been marked with the feature [+absolute arbitrariness of choice] and it expresses higher degrees of emphasis. We suppose that these characteristics of the composite are due to the inclusion of the modal formant ‘shte’. It has been shown that in the process of grammaticalization from the concessive subordinators to indefinite pronouns there exist various transitional stages between the predicative nature and the nominal one.

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Модификатори прилагателни имена, които се съчетават с лексемите толерантност и търпимост – съпоставително корпусно изследване

Author(s): Bilyana Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to check the topicality of the dictionary definitions of the synonyms ‘tolerantnost’ and ‘tarpimost’ in contemporary media speech according to corpus data. For this reason, the study investigates the use of the words in Bulgarian Web 2012 with the help of Sketch Engine. The research includes their frequency in the corpus and their collocation with the adjectives as modifiers. The hypothesis is that the lexeme ‘tolerantnost’ is more typical for the official discourse and it is linked with group rights and liberties whereas the lexeme ‘tarpimost’ is connected to the interpersonal communication. The data reveals that the modifiers with the highest frequency of both lexemes collocate with each of them. At the same time, ‘tolerantnost’ and ‘tarpimost’ are often used together in one phrase and therefore, their meaning is not completely the same. The conclusion is that additional research of their collocations and of the contexts they are used is needed so as to reveal the difference in their meanings.

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Същността на категорията лице при местоименията

Author(s): Milena Vidralska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article reveals linguists` different understandings of the person in pronouns and verbs. Our position is that these are two different grammatical categories. The interrelation between these two linguistic realities is an indisputable fact and an extremely important feature related to the grammatical category of personality in the modern Bulgarian language.

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Интонационни и прозодични особености на простото двусъставно изречение в българския език

Author(s): Hristiana Krasteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research is focused on comparison of the prosodic characteristics of simple sentences (positive statements) in Bulgarian. The main goal is to compare the prosodic features of positive statements focusing on the prosodic grouping. The experimental protocol consists of processing the sentences, gathered in a corpus for the aims of the project “Rhythm and Intonation in Bulgarian Sentences” (МУ21-ФлФ-013) with Speech Anlyzer 3.1 and analysis of their melodic graphs and spectrograms with focus on the prosodic grouping of the phrases.

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Амбивалентни оценки в комуникативния процес, отразени в българските фразеологизми, пословици и поговорки

Author(s): Teodora Rabovyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The object of the paper are 45 double-natured phrases which rely on context and situation. They may depend on the desire to speak only the truth, but to conserve one’s feelings. Phraseological units that change their value about positive or negative evaluation. Often the context specifies the positive or the negative mark of the construction. There is opposition between the past and the present, accompanied by changing the assessments (+ → – and vice versa). For example, phrases with stylistic note ʽrebelliousnessʼ are positively marked (i duma da ne stava = I will not hear of it; vikam s palen glas; na visok glas = in a loud voice; pravo, kume, v ochi = straight out, without mincing the matter; flat and plain; dumata mu na dve ne stave = his word is law; ne tsepya basma = not mince one’s words). They oppose to ʽobedienceʼ (stiga da reche „kuku“; ne karsha prikazkata / dumata na dve; zhenata me vodi za ezika) and ʽmasking the truthʼ (edno mu e na sartseto, drugo mu e na ustata = he wears his heart upon his sleeve; s okolni dumi; shlevya se kato zhaba; imam prikazka za nyakogo; kazvam dve dumi; Ne go usukvaj kilifarski! Usukvam go po kilifarski = don’t beat about the bush, get to the point). Another opposition is built about the silence as ʽpreserving a secretʼ and ʽbreaking one’s promice / wordʼ (compare the semantic and the etymology of the expression izplyuvam kamacheto = spill the beans). We also look at the stylistics of double-natured phraseological units (in comparison with artistic devices, used in negatively and positively charged expressions) to explain their power of expression and aesthetic effect in speech.

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Речникът в сборника Български притчи или пословици и характерни думи на П. Р. Славейков

Author(s): Tsvetelina Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article presents one of the so-called intext dictionaries with a specific title: Dictionary of little-known words and expressions. It is without authorship and is published in the collection Bulgarian Proverbs or Proverbs and Characteristic Words by P. R. Slaveykov, published in 1954. The dictionary is interesting with a view to the reader‘s perception and the history of Bulgarian lexicography. It is established that for 60 years there have been serious changes in the lexical system of the Bulgarian language.

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