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Uzbuđenje u ljudskom vrtu

Author(s): Aleksandra Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 57.3/2000

Peter Sloterdajk je sredinom jula prošle godine na jednom filozofskom seminaru u Bavarskoj, posvećenom Hajdegeru, održao predavanje sa naslovom "Pravila za ljudski vrt". A onda se dogodio skandal - "spor oko Sloterdajka". Jedno filozofsko predavanje, održano pred malim brojem stručnjaka (doduše ne samo filozofa, već i teologa i istoričara) izazvalo je neobično živu polemiku u javnosti. Sloterdajk je sa svojim oponentima razmenjivao žustre, pa i uvredljive novinske napise. Uskoro je, na sreću, objavljen i sam tekst predavanja, a javilo se mnogo njih koji su osetili kako su pozvani da se uključe ili daju svoj komentar. [...]

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Kam zmizli futbalisti?

Author(s): Silvia Gáliková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2010

Vo svojom príspevku budem reagovať na niektoré úvahy zo state Jozefa Bugára (2008) zameranej na kritické preskúmanie materializmu v súčasnom filozofovaní o povahe mysle. Materialisticky orientovaným koncepciám vytýka slabú explanačnú silu pri vysvetľovaní mentálneho života ľudských bytostí, t. j. vedomia, spánku, nevedomia, smrti. S Bugárom sa zhodnem v tom, že „akceptovanie súvislostí medzi prežívaním a stavmi mozgu nemusí nevyhnutne znamenať akceptovanie ich identity (s. 463), a takisto, že „materializmus nie je jedinou možnosťou, ako chápať vedomie“ (s. 471).

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Strawson on the Notion of the First Person

Author(s): Manidipa Sen / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2009

The paper is an attempt to understand Strawson’s notion of the first person in the context of his general theory of a person. More specifically it will relook into the idea that the concept of a person is ‘primitive’, and see how Strawson’s idea of primitiveness of the concept of a person can be extended to his notion of the first person. One way of cashing out the notion of primitiveness in the context of the first person is in terms of the way the pronoun “I” functions in self ascription, like “I am feeling terrible”. As Strawson himself points out, ‘use of “I” is guaranteed against two kinds of failure to which the uses of some other definite referring expressions are sometimes exposed: it is guaranteed against lack of reference, and it is guaranteed against mistaken or incorrect reference.’ (1994, 215) Does this way of understanding the primitiveness of first person work? If it does what kind of a notion of first person and authoritative self-knowledge may be derived from it? Another related issue that will be dealt with in the paper is how can one construe the relationship between the first person and the world on the one hand and the first person and ‘the other’ on the other hand within the Strawsonian framework.

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Strawson and Kant on Being ‘I’

Author(s): Jan Kuneš / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2009

Strawson developed his descriptive metaphysics in close relation to Kant’s metaphysics of experience which can be understood as a particular version of descriptive metaphysics. At the same time, Strawson rejects the foundations of Kant’s version of descriptive metaphysics which, according to him, is a species of psychology. His argument against Kant’s conception of subject, or of the ‘I’, can be found in his conception of person. A closer scrutiny of this conception of Strawson can, however, reveal that it is not comprehensive enough compared with that of Kant. Speaking with Kant, Strawson understands the part of being ‘I’ which can be known via self-knowledge but he fails to appreciate the second part of being ‘I’, namely self-consciousness. A comparison of Strawson’s conception with Kant’s conception of being ‘I’ reveals its systematic shortcomings that rather support, against Strawson’s purpose, Kant’s version of descriptive metaphysics as a theory of subjectivity.

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Struktury rozhodování

Author(s): Ladislav Tondl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2009

The study expresses some personal experiences based on long collaborations and contacts with specialists in engineering or design spheres during more than two decades. These specialists had mostly bad experiences with some opinions or standpoints carried out by the decisions called as political or in the public interests or, as it was usually denoted, in the people’s interests. It was A.M. Weinberg (former US presidents’ scientific adviser and director of great laboratories) who emphasized that the public frequently cannot know what the best is. The public meannig could be manipulated by means of simple slogans, emotional elements or simplified conceptions concerning the sphere and level of risks.

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Carnap and Newton: Two Approaches to the Method of Theory Construction (Part I)

Author(s): Igor Hanzel / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

The paper compares Carnap’s and Hempel’s Standard Conception of Scientific Theories with Newton’s method of theory construction as applied in his Principia. It is shown that the latter is built, contrary to Carnap’s and Hempel’s views, by a cyclical method.

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Metafyzické a morální předpoklady debaty o interupci

Author(s): Radim Bělohrad / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2009

The work analyzes two competing arguments in the issue of abortion and shows that each requires a different theory of personal identity. Further, I analyze those theories and show what moral premises they are compatible with and what implications there are for the abortion debate.

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Indivíduá a ich individuátory

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2009

Diskusia o holých indivíduách a individuátoroch, ktoré sa s nimi buď stotožňujú, alebo od nich odlišujú, trvá v českej a slovenskej analytickej filozofii už takmer desať rokov. Prvým autorom, ktorý sa tejto problematiky u nás dotkol, bol pravdepodobne P. Kolář. Uviedol ju v podkapitole s titulom Individua v monografii Kolář (1999, 105 – 122). Na Kolářa čiastočne nadviazal S. Sousedík (2000), ktorý sa v článku o aristotelovskom chápaní indivíduí okrem iného zaoberal aj základnými pojmami súčasných teórií nahých substrátov, čiže holých indivíduí. Neskôr sa o túto problematiku začali intenzívne zaujímať priaznivci transparentnej intenzionálnej logiky (TIL-ky), ktorí sa vo svojej diskusii zamerali najmä na chápanie holých indivíduí v prácach autora tejto logiky – Pavla Tichého.

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Zuzana Parusniková: Rozum – kritika – otevřenost. Živý odkaz filosofie K. R. Poppera

Author(s): Jozef Katina / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2009

Review of: Zuzana Parusniková: Rozum – kritika – otevřenost. Živý odkaz filosofie K. R. Poppera Praha, Filosofia 2007, 336 s.

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Miller’s and Taliga’s Fallacies about Verisimilitude Counting

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2008

The present paper is a reply to Miller – Taliga (2008); reference to their points is made by §n), which is a criticism of Raclavský (2008).1 1. Although the problem of verisimilitude is a problem about scientific theories, Miller’s argument utilizes semantic notions such as language and inter-language translation, thus it is in fact about semantic problems (pace §8); when solving a semantic problem, the use of clear semantic notions is not, pace §8, an ‘obfuscating rhetoric’.

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Scientific Laws and Scientific Explanations: A Differentiated Typology

Author(s): Igor Hanzel / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2008

The paper tries to provide an alternative to C. G. Hempel’s approach to scientific laws and scientific explanation as given in his D-N model. It starts with a brief exposition of the main characteristics of Hempel’s approach to deductive explanations based on universal scientific laws and analyzes the problems and paradoxes inherent in this approach. By way of solution, it analyzes the scientific laws and explanations in classical mechanics and then reconstructs the corresponding models of explanation, as well as the types of scientific laws appearing in it. The paper makes an attempt to provide a new approach to scientific laws and scientific explanations. Based on my paper Hanzel (2007) I give a brief overview of Hempel’s approach to scientific laws and scientific explanation, as well as of its failures and paradoxes. As a way out, I analyze the scientific laws and explanations in classical mechanics and then reconstruct the corresponding models of explanation, as well as the types of scientific laws appearing in it. Finally, I provide a differentiated typology of scientific laws and scientific explanations.

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CO VYSVĚTLUJE ZPĚTNÁ KAUZALITA

Author(s): Zdeňka Jastrzembská / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2008

The paper deals with some questions that are closely related to the problem of backward causation according to which an effect precedes its cause in time. It focuses on two main points: Firstly, the paper shows that the crucial argument against backward causation is underlied by certain assumptions that are hard to reject. Secondly, the explanatory power of backward causation is discussed in the paper.

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JE ARISTOTELES REÁLNOU ALTERNATÍVOU?

Author(s): Ladislav Kvasz / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2008

V treťom čísle 14. ročníka časopisu Organon F bola uverejnená stať Mariána Kunu Hume on the limits of reason in the realm of the practical: some Aristotelian observations (Kuna 2007). Stať je súčasťou autorovho širšie koncipovaného projektu oživenia aristotelovských motívov v oblasti morálnej filozofie (pozri Kuna 2005a). Niet pochýb o tom, že tento projekt má macIntyrovské inšpirácie (pozri Kuna 2005b; Kuna 2008) a zapadá do prúdu oživeného záujmu o aristotelovskú a tomistickú filozofiu, ktorého prejavom je napríklad aj nový časopis Studia Neoaristotelica. Napriek viacerým podnetným momentom state a vlastne aj celého súčasného neoaristotelovského prúdu však spôsob, akým Kuna vnáša Aristotelove myšlienky do hry, vzbudzuje zásadné pochybnosti.

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Theory-Laden Observation and Incommensurability

Author(s): Mehmet Elgin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

In this paper, I investigate the logical relation between two claims: (1) observations are theory-laden1 and (2) there is no empirical common ground upon which to evaluate successive scientific theories that belong to different paradigms. I, first, construct an argument where (1) is the main premise and (2) is the conclusion. I argue that the term „theory-laden” has three distinct senses: semantic, psychological and epistemic. If ‘theory-laden’ is understood in either epistemic or psychological senses, then the conclusion becomes a claim about people. If incommensurability is to be a claim about theories, then ‘theory-laden’ in the main premise should be understood in the semantic sense. I, then, argue that there is a further distinction to be drawn between the absolute and relative senses of theory-laden. The relative sense of theory-laden allows observations that are relatively neutral between the theories under examination. I then conclude that the argument from theory-ladenness only shows that foundational empiricism is not a tenable philosophical position, but it fails to show that no empirical test can decide between successive theories that belong to different paradigms.

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INTERPRETACE, ROZUMĚNÍ, GRAMATIKA: ODPOVĚĎ DEZIDERU KAMHALOVI

Author(s): Petr Koťátko / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2008

Pokud jsem něco nepřehlédl, inteligentní kritika je to jediné zadostiučinění, ve které může doufat autor filosofické knihy. V posledním čísle Organonu mi tuto satisfakci poskytl Dezider Kamhal:1 po Mariánu Zouharovi a Petru Stojanovi mi tak nabídl další příležitost k přehodnocení, nebo alespoň k důkladnějšímu zdůvodnění a pečlivější formulaci mých stanovisek. Jak je zřejmé z Kamhalových publikací a jak potvrzuje i jeho recenze mé knihy, naše filosofické zájmy se v některých podstatných ohledech překrývají, a nejen to: v rámci tohoto průniku sledujeme (do jisté míry) stejné priority a snažíme se vystříhat stejných chyb. To je nejlepší východisko ke kritické konfrontaci.

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Hempelove kritériá explanácie v kontexte modelu historickej explanácie

Author(s): Lukáš Bielik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2007

The so-called „Covering Law Model“ of explanation proposed by C. Hempel and R. Oppenheim was claimed to have been applied as an explanatory model in natural sciences as well as in humanities. Several objections were raised against this explanatory model during the second half of 20th century. This article considers the proposed criteria of adequacy of scientific explanation and, in particular, the possibilities and limitations connected with the idea of its applicability in the process of logical reconstruction of historical explanations. In the final part of the paper I introduce some remarks concerning the „methodological“ relation of dependence between the explanandum and the explanans which could also illuminate the proper role of this explanatory model in history.

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Poznámky k interakcii troch svetov v teórii K. R. Poppera

Author(s): Michal Šedík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2007

V tomto texte by som rád kriticky reagoval na text Jiřího Raclavského O vlivu světa 3 na svět 2 na příkladu hudby a vědecké teorie (Raclavský 2004). K reakcii ma primäli na jednej strane nepresnosti pri interpretácii Popperovej teórie troch svetov (TTS) a na strane druhej argumentácia založená na príklade z oblasti umenia. V prvej časti stručne zhrniem spôsob argumentácie J. Raclavského a následne poukážem na nepresnosti pri interpretácii a aplikácii Popperovej TTS. V druhej časti sa sústredím na dôsledky, ktoré z toho plynú pre ontológiu umeleckých diel a vedeckých teórií.

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Anti-Individualism, Materialism, Naturalism

Author(s): Tomáš Hříbek / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2007

This paper starts from the familiar premise that psychological anti-individualism is incompatible with materialism. It attempts to state more clearly what this incompatibility consists in, and—rather than arguing in detail for any particular resolution—to inquire whether this incompatibility admits any resolution. However, the paper does offer a conditional argument concerning the possibility that the incompatibility is genuine and cannot be resolved. Provided that anti-individualism and materialism cannot be squared, and anti-individualism is correct, it follows that materialism has to be abandoned. If so, the situation is not as disastrous as it might at first seem. We need not, in consequence of our inability to construe a coherent metaphysics of mind, give up on intentional vocabulary any more than we must stop, in consequence of our inability to make sense of induction, anticipating the future.

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K Šebelovej kritike jednej kritiky antiesencializmu

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2007

Na Palackého univerzite v Olomouci vyšla minulého roku útla, 104 stránková knižka Filozofie logiky Pavla Tichého, v ktorej sa jej autor Karel Šebela zaoberá filozofickými problémami transparentnej intenzionálnej logiky (TIL-ky). Treba oceniť a pri hodnotení jeho práce vziať do úvahy okolnosť, že Šebela napísal prvú väčšiu štúdiu zameranú na filozofické otázky Tichého logiky. Hlavnou ambíciou Šebelovej publikácie, ktorá vznikla, ako píše v úvode, „na základě [jeho] stejnojmenné dizertační práce“, je rekonštrukcia Tichého názorov na tieto problémy a „pokus o obhajobu filozofie logiky TILu“.

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Jak snadno vyvrátit karikaturu realismu

Author(s): Pavel Materna / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2007

Dr. Radim Šíp (dále jen Šíp) uveřejnil stať1, kterou pokládá za pragmatickou kritiku realismu ve filosofii. Mohl bych se opřít o shora uvedené motto a konstatovat prostě, že pro Šípa inferenční praxe je svatosvatá (jako pro všechny neopragmatiky) a že mu alternativa uvedená shora vůbec nepřišla na mysl. Mohl bych konstatovat, že ve stati není nic, co by již nebylo mnohokrát řečeno a co by šlo nad starou otázku, jak objasnit korespondenci myšlenek s realitou. Také bych ještě mohl podotknout, že autor má Jamese a Rortyho přečtené, ale že by se mohl zamyslet i nad jinou literaturou (pokud jde o antirealisty, je jistě např. Dummett na nesrovnatelně vyšší úrovni než populární provokatér Rorty, a pokud jde o Šípovy protivníky, tj. realisty, stačilo by zamyšlení nad argumentací starého Bolzana, aby polemický ráz stati byl podstatně oslaben).

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