CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Czy pluralizm logiczny jest zabobonem? Na marginesie Józefa Marii Bocheńskiego uwag o zabobonach w logice

Author(s): Bożena Czarnecka-Rej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The aim of the article is to analyse Joseph M. Bochenski’s superstitions in logic with reference to issues of pluralism in logic, which is widely discussed in the contemporary philosophy of logic. I concentrate on a superstition known as “relativity in logic”. It emerged contemporarily with the construction of non-classical logical calculi. I make an attempt at considering logical pluralism in the sense of co-existence of infinitely numerous logical systems as ruling out the unity of logic and negating its normative nature. I also try to determine if it is possible to deduct relativity in logic from the fact of logical systems pluralism.

More...

Kryteria „logiczności” logiki w ujęciu Susan Haack

Author(s): Bożena Czernecka-Rej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2012

In the philosophy of logic the following questions are discussed: What is logic? Which formal systems are systems of logic? What does make them systems of logic? The paper presents and analyses the answers to these questions given by Susan Haack. She adopted the strategy, called the “hospitable policy”, giving the criterion in which formalism is a logical one. In the article I discuss whether the validity of her solutions is correct.

More...

A Heuristic Approach to Possibilistic Clustering for Fuzzy Data

Author(s): Dmitri A. Viattchenin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2008

The paper deals with the problem of the fuzzy data clustering. In other words, objects attributes can be represented by fuzzy numbers or fuzzy intervals. A direct algorithm of possibilistic clustering is the basis of an approach to the fuzzy data clustering. The paper provides the basic ideas of the method of clustering and a plan of the direct possibilistic clustering algorithm. Definitions of fuzzy intervals and fuzzy numbers are presented and distances for fuzzy numbers are considered. A concept of a vector of fuzzy numbers is introduced and the fuzzy data preprocessing methodology for constructing of a fuzzy tolerance matrix is described. A numerical example is given and results of application of the direct possibilistic clustering algorithm to a set of vectors of triangular fuzzy numbers are considered in the example. Some preliminary conclusions are stated.

More...

A Look at Informal Logic

Author(s): Iryna Khomenko / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2018

The challenges of the global time require new solutions and up-to-date ways of thinking and communication. These challenges call for the ability to use critical thinking to face the ever-changing world and the ability to maintain a dialog based on the effective skills of communication. Studies in the fields of logic and argumentation theory are of particular importance in this regard. Nowadays they can be presented as a mix of theoretical and practical approaches.In this paper, I will present my reflections on informal logic, which was formed in the late 1970s. Unfortunately, in spite of numerous papers, books, and text-books published over the last forty years,consensus on many issues in this field has not been achieved so far. Therefore, it is difficult to treat informal logic as one of the well-defined approaches to argumentation. The goal of this paper is to take a look at the place of informal logic in state-of-the art study of argumentation by clarifying its subject matter and figuring out the realm to which informal logic belongs

More...

Tichý and Fictional Names

Author(s): Daniela Glavaničová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The paper examines two possible analyses of fictional names within Pavel Tichý’s Transparent Intensional Logic. The first of them is the analysis actually proposed by Tichý in his (1988) book The Foundations of Frege’s Logic. He analysed fictional names in terms of free variables. I will introduce, explain, and assess this analysis. Subsequently, I will explain Tichý’s notion of individual role (office, thing-to-be). On the basis of this notion, I will outline and defend the second analysis of fictional names. This analysis is close to the approach known in the literature as role realism (the most prominent advocates of this position are Nicholas Wolterstorff, Gregory Currie, and Peter Lamarque).

More...

The Role of Disjunction in Some Alleged Non-Monotonic Inferences

Author(s): Miguel López-Astorga / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Lukowski has argued that, if it is the case that there are actual non-monotonic inferences, they are very hard to find. In this paper, a representative kind of inference that is often considered to be non-monotonic is addressed. Likewise, certain arguments provided by Lukowski to demonstrate that that type of inference is not really non-monotonic are reviewed too. Finally, I propose an explanation of why, despite the fact that the arguments given by him seem to be convincing, it is usually thought that those inferences are not monotonic. In this way, I also try to account for the role that disjunction has in this issue and argue in favor of the idea that we can continue to suppose that the human mind does not ignore the essential requirements of classical logic.

More...

A Valid Rule of β-conversion for the Logic of Partial Functions

Author(s): Marie Duží,Miloš Kosterec / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The goal of this paper is to examine the conditions of validity for the rule of β-conversion in TIL, which is a hyperintensional, typed λ-calculus of partial functions. The rule of β-reduction is a fundamental computational rule of the λ-calculi and functional programming languages. However, it is a well-known fact that the specification of this rule is ambiguous (see, e.g., Plotkin 1975 or Chang & Felleisen 2012). There are two procedurally non-equivalent ways of executing the rule, namely β-conversion ‘by name’ and β-conversion ‘by value’. In the λ-calculi conversion by name is usually applied, though it is known that such a conversion is not unconditionally valid when partial functions are involved. If a procedure that is typed to produce an argument value is improper by failing to produce one, conversion by name cannot be validly applied. On the other hand, conversion by value is valid even in the case of improperness. Moreover, we show that in a typed λ-calculus the specification of λ-closure is also not unambiguous. There is an interpretation of this specification under which β-reduction by name is not valid even when the argument procedure does not fail to produce a value. As a result, we present a universally valid rule of β-reduction by value.

More...

Toward a Demarcation of Forms of Determinism

Author(s): Vladimir Marko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In the current philosophical literature, determinism is rarely defined explicitly. This paper attempts to show that there are in fact many forms of determinism, most of which are familiar, and that these can be differentiated according to their particular components. Recognizing the composite character of determinism is thus central to demarcating its various forms.

More...

In Defence of Δ-TIL

Author(s): Daniela Glavaničová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In 2015-2016, my two papers on deontic modalities analysed in terms of Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) were published in Organon F. The first of them, Glavaničová (2015), is based on the results of my bachelor thesis. This paper stands at the beginning of my (ongoing) research into deontic logic. The second one, Glavaničová (2016), suggests a small amendment to the analysis provided in the first paper.

More...

Logic and Rational Requirements

Author(s): Diego Tajer / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

In this paper, I discuss the relation between logic and rationality. I develop (formally and conceptually) a rational requirement which can respond to the classic objections by Harman (1986). On the one hand, the requirement pays attention to the relevance of the premises and the conclusion, which is formally expressed by the notion of weak relative closure. The requirement also takes care of the complexity of the inferences. This notion of complexity is formally represented by a partially ordered scale of the difficulty of inferences, which is weaker than the notion of complexity as number of steps.

More...

Quantifier Domain Restriction, Hidden Variables and Variadic Functions

Author(s): Andrei Moldovan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

In this paper I discuss two objections raised against von Fintel’s (1994) and Stanley and Szabó’s (2000a) hidden variable approach to quantifier domain restriction (QDR). One of them concerns utterances of sentences involving quantifiers for which no contextual domain restriction is needed, and the other concerns multiple quantified contexts. I look at various ways in which the approaches could be amended to avoid these problems, and I argue that they fail. I conclude that we need a more flexible account of QDR, one that allows for the hidden variables in the LF responsible for QDR to vary in number. Recanati’s (2002; 2004) approach to QDR, which makes use of the apparatus of “variadic functions”, is flexible enough to account successfully for the two phenomena discussed. I end with a few comments on what I take to be the most promising way to construe variadic functions.

More...

What Is (Modern) Logic Taken to Be About and What It Is About

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Since Antiquity, logic has always enjoyed a status of something crucially important, because it shows us how to reason, if we are to reason correctly. Yet the twentieth century fostered an unprecedented boost in logical studies and delivered a wealth of results, most of which are not only not understandable by non-specialists, but their very connection with the original agenda of logic is far from clear. In this paper, I survey how the achievements of modern logic are construed by non-specialists and subject their construals to critical scrutiny. I argue that logic cannot be taken as a theory of the limits of our world and that its prima facie most plausible construal as a theory of reasoning is too unclear to be taken at face value. I argue that the viable construal of logic takes it to be explicative of the constitutive (rather than strategic) rules of reasoning, not of the rules that tell us how to reason, but rather of rules that make up the tools with which (or in terms of which) we reason.

More...

Between the Actual and the Trivial World

Author(s): Maciej Sendłak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The subject of this paper is the notion of similarity between the actual and impossible worlds. Many believe that this notion is governed by two rules. According to the first rule, every non-trivial world is more similar to the actual world than the trivial world is. The second rule states that every possible world is more similar to the actual world than any impossible world is. The aim of this paper is to challenge both of these rules. We argue that acceptance of the first rule leads to the claim that the rule ex contradictione sequitur quodlibet is invalid in classical logic. The second rule does not recognize the fact that objects might be similar to one another due to various features.

More...

The Narrowness of Wide-Scope Principles

Author(s): David Botting / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

In this paper I will propose that the unpalatable consequences of narrowscope principles are not avoided by altering the scope of the principle but by changing the kind of conditional. I argue that a counterfactual conditional should do the trick and that the rational requirement of modus ponens can be understood as something like a “Ramsey test” on this conditional.

More...

Logical Expressivist’s Logical Constants

Author(s): Pavel Arazim / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

I would like to show that the problem of logical constants can be helped by treating the problem of relationship between logic and human reasoning. Thus I will present some parallels between the respective dilemmas and show that choice of a proof-theoretic answer in one case induces an expressivist choice in the other and the other way round, as well. This does not mean that other options are closed, though the two selected ones are thus given a new plausibility. Furthermore, the prooftheoretical demarcations of logical constants can provide missing details into the expressivist story, as they say which constants and why can actually perform the expressivist job.

More...

Modal Fictionalism and Modal Instrumentalism

Author(s): Anthony Dardis / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

Fictionalism is a strategy for retaining a theory without committing to its truth. This paper considers two kinds of fictionalism about possible worlds: modal fictionalism or “story operator” fictionalism, and modal instrumentalism. Difficulties for modal fictionalism are used to motivate endorsing modal instrumentalism.

More...

Did the Past Really Change in 2012?

Author(s): Terence Rajivan Edward / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

There is an intuition that the past does not ever change. In their paper ‘The puzzle of the changing past’, Luca Barlassina and Fabio Del Prete argue that in 2012 the past changed. I show that we are not in a position to accept their argument.

More...

Quantificational Accounts of Logical Consequence I: From Aristotle to Bolzano

Author(s): Ladislav Koreň / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

So-called quantificational accounts explicate logical consequence or validity as truth-preservation in all cases, cases being construed as admissible substitutional variants or as admissible interpretations with respect to non-logical terms. In the present study, which is the first from three successive studies devoted to quantification accounts, I focus on the beginning of systematic theorizing of consequence in Aristotle‘s work, which contains the rudiments of both modal and formal accounts of consequence. I argue, inter alia, that there is no evidence for the claim that Aristotle propounded a quantificational account, and that for a full-fledged quantificational approach in a modern style we need to turn to Bolzano’s substitutional approach, whose motivation, structure and problems are explained in the second part of this study.

More...

O existenci a povaze intencionálních individuí

Author(s): Stanislav Sousedík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2012

V úvodním odstavci svého předchozího příspěvku k problematice intencionálních individuí zveřejněném v časopisu Organon F (Sousedík 2012b) jsem načrtl plán výkladu, který jsem tam splnil jen z části, tj. v některých tam udaných bodech. Přislíbil jsem, že chybějící doplním při nejbližší příležitosti. Příležitost mi byla vlídně poskytnuta redakcí tohoto časopisu, a tak zde pokračuji ve svém výkladu. Co v následujícím uvedu, je do značné míry podníceno kritickými, dílem polemickými, mnou nicméně s vděčností přijímanými, připomínkami, které k mému předchozímu výkladu přičinil prof. P. Cmorej (Cmorej 2012a, 2012b).

More...

The non-Italian pope

Author(s): Bjørn Jespersen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

A Vatican watcher utters assertorically the molecular sentence (*) “He is usually an Italian, but this time he is not.” The reporter does so on 16 October 1979. On that day Karol Wojtyła was sworn in as John Paul II. He was the first Pole ever to become pope. He was also the first non-Italian pope since 1523. This explains the reporter’s ‘but’ to highlight a surprising exception to a long-standing practice.

More...