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Temeljna pitanja o odnosu između morala i politike

Author(s): Emād Afrūġ / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U formi kada moralno djelo sadržava pozitivne i negativne aspekte neizbježna je povezanost između morala i politike. Pozitivne i negativne etičke preporuke – kada se radi o politici – u praksi govore o neizbježnoj povezanosti između morala i politike. Međutim, stječe se dojam da zagovornici odvojenosti morala od politike pod tim podrazumijevaju povezanost pozitivnog i apsolutnog aspekta moralnih vrijednosti s djelima nužno proizišlim iz politike. Možda je ovaj odgovor formalno opravdan, ali bez odgovora ostaje temeljno pitanje o uzrocima i faktorima procjepa između djelovanja na osnovu slobodne volje (moralnog i političkog) i različitih razina individualnog i kolektivnog života te načina prevazilaženja ovog procjepa. Najbolji odgovor na pitanje o odnosu između morala i politike jeste smatrati ih analognim na jednoj ravni (na ravni slobode izbora) te u odbrani cjelovitosti čovjekova života, a posmatrati ih u njihovim različitostima na drugoj ravni, kao recimo moralni cilj sam po sebi i uzvišene vrijednosti uz pridavanje pažnje na njegovu ontološku i teleološku nužnost (vrednosna prednost)te uvjetovanost političkog djelovanja ili moći (prednost u rangiranju).

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Veza između religije i morala u svjetopogledu Allame Tabatabaija

Author(s): Mohammad Akvān / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Veza između religije i morala ima poseban značaj u filozofiji etike. Ovaj odnos iziskuje detaljnu i podrobnu analizu. O vezi religije i morala postoje različita stajališta, kao npr. stajalište o sučeljavanju morala i religije,ili o prethodništvu morala u odnosu na religiju. U radu će se tretirati stajalište Allame Tabatabaija o ovoj problematici, a koje se temelji na jedinstvu između religije i morala. To jedinstvo Allame Tabatabai motri u kontekstu izvorne prirode jednoće i moralne izvorne prirode.

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O toleranciji iz vjerske perspektive

Author(s): Marko P. Đurić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Pitanje o toleranciji nikad nije bilo važno pitanje za Crkvu, niti za totalitarnu državu u kojoj se do mnogih stvari uvijek drugačije dolazilo nego u demokratskoj državi. Međutim, kako ćemo samo u njenom stanju poraditi na stvarima koje nam dolaze važnije od nje, eto sad glavnog razloga zašto smo za nju, ne i protiv nje. Polazeći od nje, izgrađivat ćemo čovječne i moralne odnose,pa je ona prvo moralno pitanje. Ranija i današnja povijest Crkve govori nam o sljedećem: ukoliko ona škodi jedinstvu Crkve, nje neće biti prvo u Crkvi.Ne može otuda ona živjeti na štetu jedinstva u Crkvi, na štetu istinoljubivostii pravednosti. Ne znamo zato za neograničenu, već samo za ograničenu toleranciju. U ovome tekstu govori se o njoj iz vjerske perspektive, pa se u vezi s njom prije sjetim milanskog Edikta nego dviju rasprava Huga Grocijusa izXVII st., pri čemu je nje ponajmanje bilo između evropskih hrišćana.

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Odnos religije i etike

Author(s): Ja'far Sobhani / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Mislioci Zapada odavno polemiziraju o odnosu između religije i etike, a u ovom tekstu namjera nam je bila razmotriti one njihove stavove u vezi s tim koji su nam poznati. Naglasimo pritom da bi ova rasprava, kako bi bila potpuna, trebala, ustvari, podrazumijevati osvrt na tri teme: religiju, etiku te utvrditi postoji li ili ne kakav odnos među njima, i u slučaju da taj odnos postoji, razmotriti njegovu kvalitetu. Budući da nam prostor ne dopušta da podrobnije analiziramo prva dva pitanja, pokušat ćemo se pozabaviti odnosom između religije i etike.

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Religija i moral; uzajamna relacija

Author(s): Mohammad Ali Barzanooni / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Čovjek je uvijek suočen sa dvije grupe ozbiljnih pitanja:a) Prvu grupu čine pitanja koja zastarijevaju, koja su svakodnevna i pronalaženjem odgovora iščezavaju iz memorije.b) Drugu grupu čine pitanja koja su vječna, uvijek aktualna i dok čovjek živi postojat će i ta pitanja.Ta pitanja koja nikada ne gube na aktualnosti predstavljaju segment temeljne problematike vezane za čovjeka o čemu su pisali Mevlana, Hafiz i ostali velikani islamske gnoze. Neka od tih pitanja tretiraju religioznost, moral i sl.

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Religija i moral

Author(s): Richard J. Mouw / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Odnos između religije i morala pobuđivao je od davnina posebnu pažnju filozofa. Uprkos postojanju brojnih zajedničkih aspekata između ovih dvaju fenomena, pitanje na koji način pojmiti racionalnu vezu između religije i morala bilo je predmetom velikog broja polemika. Pitanje „božanskog autoriteta i moralnoga života“ imalo je posebnu privlačnost za filozofe. Ako postoji Bog,na koji način mi trebamo slijediti Njegove naredbe u sferi morala?Da li postoje moralne norme koje su, štaviše, nužno prihvaćene i od strane Boga? Ili Božiji nalog o nečemu normu transformira u moralnu obavezu? Sekularni mislioci smatrali su da ovo pitanje stvara ozbiljan „bezizlaz“ u odnosu na svaki moralni sistem koji se temelji na religiji: ili su moralne norme neovisne o volji Boga,čime u konačnici božanski autoritet neće biti superioran, ili je Božija volja proizvoljna, tj. ono što se smatra moralom zapravo je bogosluženje jednoj moći? Veliki broj učenjaka u oblasti religijskog morala, pozivajući se na argument spoznavanja božanskih moralnih naredbi kao očitovanja složenosti i superiornosti vječnih božanskih svojstava, suzdržavali su se od prihvatanja ovog „bezizlaza“.

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The Becoming of the Society: Perspectives from Aristotle and J. J. Rousseau

Author(s): Ioana-Anca Gherasim / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the contemporary parlance, in our references to the social life, to our social competences or to our social priorities, it is important to realize that the society as we know it today is the result of many years of interactions, regardless if such interactions were peaceful or violent. The society is still changing and becoming something else every day. We are responsible for that, and we know it. Nevertheless, we are unable to curtail change because social movement is infinite. Therefore, this paper surveys several basic perspectives offered by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, and by the French philosopher, J. J. Rousseau.

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Ethic Leadership Trigger for Talents

Author(s): Adriana Grigorescu,Cristina Lincaru,Speranţa Pîrciog / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Leadership of the future in an AI world is dependent on talents. Ethics, Cohesion, CSR, Brain drain and Talents literature points towards the ethical leadership. In a global world in deficit for talents, ethics could be the solution. Our research question is the job tenure a potential measure of ethical behaviour in a firm in view to attract and maintain talents. The first step of the study is presenting spatial analyse at regional level (NUTS2) for all 28 EU countries (254 regions), covering 2008-2018, for five key variables, data provided by Eurostat. Considered variables are employed in science and technology and employed persons in technology and knowledge intensive sectors, tertiary education, and participation in training, population ageing, and job tenure. The results are valuable inputs for Redefining Purpose and Strategy in the Fourth Industrial Revolution as Canals and Heukamp, (2020) announced. Regardless the depth and length of coronavirus crises, the Sneader and Singhal (2020) named “path to the next normal”, has to be created by talents in an ethical manner. The future sustainable economic development depends on a total reshape of the relation with human resources and environment. Models of identifying, keeping, recalling and loyalty the talents are the starting points of renew the business management and the leadership.

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Financial Markets – Under the Sign of CSR. Some Evidences Regarding Financial Education

Author(s): Mirela Panait,Irina Radulescu,Alina Brezoi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The financial market is in a process of metamorphosis, the international crises being determining factors in the reconfiguration process. In addition, the stakeholders attitude reshapes the different components of the financial markets. Financial consumers have become a force that requires financial institutions to adopt honest and ethical behavior. Portfolio investors also sanction, by specific methods, the inappropriate behavior of companies towards the environment or local communities or encourage listed companies that carry out corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs. The stock exchanges and the authorities that supervise and regulate the segments of the financial market are promoters of CSR, both through the power of the example and through specific programs. In this dynamic context, the article aims to carry out an analysis regarding the contribution of financial market actors on promoting the principles of sustainable development and the principles of Global Compact in national economies. The article focuses on the process of financial education in several European countries. The authors identified and analyzed five financial education platforms in selected European countries. The analysis of the statistical data reveals a low interest of financial consumers, especially from the countries from the former communist bloc.

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Measuring the Level of Ethics within the Project Team

Author(s): Andreea Mocanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The subject of Ethics has been of interest for centuries, especially for philosophers and theologians, and it has impacted all aspects of human life since its beginnings. Today more than ever ethical behavior is essential in the business world and it is of focus in all organizations, even in the temporary, project based ones. "Measuring the Level of Ethics within the Project Team” is an article that addresses the need to assess the level of ethics of any and every project team, by testing the applicability of a previously designed instrument. The tool was created with the help of a group of ethic professionals from the Project Management field through a focus group. The resulting questionnaire consists of a series of statements, considering the areas of project organization, team communication and team development, out of the total of 79 resulted affirmations. To validate the applicability of this kind of assessment, 28 questions were selected and previously applied in an outsourcing multinational company with over 2000 employees in Bucharest only; more specifically in the Purchasing Department for client X, where there were several ongoing projects. In accordance to specialty literature, several basic ethical values were especially tested: responsibility, respect, honesty, fairness. Considering the premise of this research is that this instrument is suited for any kind of project team, this paper’s main objective is to test if there is a correlation between the questionnaire positive results and the existence of at least one of the six ethical conduct elements. Consequently, the hypothesis is that the results of the questionnaire will be influenced by the existence of one or more of the components: code of conduct, trainings, advice, evaluation, reporting and disciplinary systems. To test it, 33 project teams were asked to take the questionnaire, and their responses were correlated positively, negatively or neutral to the companies’ concern for business ethics norms.

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Ethics in the Proliferation of Military Industry

Author(s): Denisa-Atena Costovici (Mema) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The 21st century, ethics has become a much challenged concept. As globalization has turned the world into a connected trade platform, international business flourished. Like many industries, arm trading has evolved and is subject to major changes both qualitative and quantitative. How important are revenues in comparison to fueling regional conflicts? Ethics has become an important criterion through which we should regard arms trading as well. States are engaged in a rearing arms race labeling it as peacekeeping and thus generating instability and tensions. At which point commercial activities and political interests converge and to what extent ethic considerations are respected? The objective of the article is to outline the new architectural perspective of security and defense. Attempting to avoid future wars, the nations widen their power through the strengthening of the military forces. The increasing defense budget, the development of the military capabilities and the expenditures - weapons industry’s spending in the last decade contradict the states' allegations that they represent only proactive measures to face potential threats; for the defense walls must be built, not purchased cannons. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the major changes regarding national defense in today’s challenges. The cutting-edge technology developed in the name of resilience to the asymmetries in the theaters of operations (and not only) is transposed economically as larger acquisitions and budgets allocated for the security of nations. Moreover, in the military plan it consolidates the position of a state in the global polycentric reality, shifting the balance towards hard power.

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Ethics in Romanian Public Administration

Author(s): Marius Nita / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ordinary people sometimes make immoral actions. Often, the answer can be given by the lack of relevant knowledge. They simply do not know that by their action they violate a rule or a moral requirement. Unfortunately, this is not the most common situation. The morality deficit is not mainly caused by a lack of knowledge. If that were the case, the problem would be solved simply by accessing the information or attending a course. Often, when people don't do what they should do morally, the explanation lies in the lack of motivation rather than in that of knowledge. When we talk about organizations, fairness is the fundamental virtue of public administration in ethical ethics which argue that what is morally correct is a priority over what is right. The integrity, rightly, transparency, and accountability of public administrations are basic requirements for a public trust, as a keystone of good governance. As with any other professional activity, ethical behavior in the civil service is promoted both through legal rules and through ethical standards that underpin and, at the same time, go beyond the legal requirements. The paper presented is a study that established the real level of ethics in our public administration based on the results obtained through a focus some important central and local public organization. This identification and interpretation of the organizational ethical concept was made to emphasize its importance in establishing the role of applied ethics, in the development and performance of a public organization.

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Bioethics And Immigration: The Unicamillus Experience

Author(s): Laura Elena Pacifici Noja,Alessandro Boccanelli,Beatrice Casella / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Over the last few years we have been witnessing many changes and transformations of he Society. For exemple in one hand immigration is a social phenomenon that is increasingly acquiring a relevant, permanent and structural configuration. This complex phenomenon of migratory movement from Developing countries to the Western countries even has an important influence on the Italian reality of the last few years. On the other hand the current Medicine is heavily influenced by different phenomenon and now it is increasingly supported by new disciplines like Ethics and Bioethics, disciplines that deals with the new problems emerging in the biological and medical sciences.

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Philosophical Counselling as a Secular Approach to the Problem of Evil

Author(s): Florina Haret / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper aims to outline the way in which bibliotherapy could be used during philosophical counselling sessions in order to address the problem of evil from a secular point of view. It touches upon some of the most important features of philosophical counselling, drawing a brief parallel with psychiatry and psychology, respectively, as well as referring to the therapeutic and pedagogical dimensions of philosophical counselling. The book chosen for bibliotherapy is Pierre-Henri Castel’s “Pervers, a Conceptual Analysis, suivi de Sade à Rome” [Pervers, a Conceptual Analysis, Followed by Sade in Rome].

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A Comment on the Ethics Statements of Global Non-Governmental Organizations and their Relation to Sustainable Development Goals

Author(s): Avshalom M. Adam / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Human endeavors can be understood at the levels of evaluating what is good (values identification) and judging what is right (norms identification). These ethical considerations ideally find expression by becoming embedded in daily activity, with the ideal often buttressed by formal laws and regulations. Commitments to a strategy of sustainable management remain principally an ethical (rather than a regulatory) issue and are addressed primarily by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) rather than states. The United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer a blueprint for a more sustainable future. Faced with the consequences of climate change, natural disasters, environmental degradation, armed conflicts, and mass migration, NGOs’ commitments to the SDGs may be expressed in their engagement with meeting the immediate basic needs of present generations (e.g., for clean air, clean water, food, clothing, and shelter) and by humanitarian or developmental actions (which are part and parcel of sustainability development strategy and its implementation). In the present paper, I will offer a preliminary exploration of the question, to what extent do NGOs’ ethical commitments encompass strategy-led sustainable development capable of contributing to improving the likelihood of survival of a vulnerable population?

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Trafficking in Human Beings in the Context of Global Ethics

Author(s): Camelia Elena Nichita (Vasile),Miruna Angela Mutu,Iliana Maria Zanfir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of “Global Ethics” refers to the analysis and identification of ethical solutions to the challenges of the contemporary world. Among the current global problems we bring to the fore: illegal immigration as a component of human trafficking, but also other global issues interdependent with the two crimes above: violation of human rights and freedoms, poverty, resource scarcity, discrimination, illegal international business and trade, all of which, requesting from the authorities and beyond, legislative and ethical solutions. Legal migration is the widely accepted form globally, since it can be determined over time, but also controlled in terms of the number of people, fields and jobs. Illegal migration is the alternative used by people who cannot use the legal route to go abroad. A component of trafficking in human beings, illegal migration is a global scourge, hard to control, caused by organised criminal groups, but also by the increasing ingenuity of criminals.Although the phenomenon is manifesting itself worldwide, it is accentuated by the fact that there is a lack of appropriate legislation and an effective system of cooperation between government institutions and civil society.Trafficking in human beings must be related to the causes that led to its emergence: discrimination in the labour market revealed by high unemployment rates (women vs. men), poverty combined with low remuneration for work performed, corruption of authorities, poor border control, restriction of legal migration opportunities, internationalization of criminal groups correlated with high profits from human trafficking, poor information of people who want to emigrate about the real effects of the labour market.Knowing this phenomenon, but also of the causes that cause it to occur, determines the process of working for knowledge, resolution and fight against it. The present work is intended to be a source of information that makes available to those interested that information about illegal migration, as well as how state structures can and should be involved in the situation.

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Porządek dobroczynności w etyce Tomasza z Akwinu

Author(s): Włodzimierz Galewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper aims to provide a contribution to the perennial discussion on ranking of our duties to help others by analyzing Thomas Aquinas’s conception of the order of beneficence. After outlining Aquinas’s notion of beneficentia as a virtue guiding positive duties to others I present his prioritization of these duties as a version of multi-criteria approach, developing antecedent ideas of Aristotle and Cicero. In reference to these philosophers, I distinguish a few crucial principles used for priority setting in discharging duties to act for the good of others: the rule of greater commitment, the rule of closer connection, the rule of greater need, the rule of greater benefit and the rule of higher worth. Then I seek to to highlight how these principles and their sub-criteria are accounted for and applied by Thomas Aquinas, focusing especially on his considerations how to resolve conflicts among competing rules of preference.

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Problem zła u Kanta

Author(s): Paweł Pieniążek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Kant consequently achieved the moral subjectivation of evil, referring it solely to human will and to the moral law established by it. The article shows, however, the difficulties with explaining the possibility of evil in the mature thought of Kant. They emerged from the difficulty with determining the relation between will and moral law and underlay the evolution of his understanding of evil. If in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and in the Critique of Practical Reason Kant identifies will with moral law, abolishing in this way the possibility of the choice of good and evil, in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason he tries to establish this possibility. The tension between the moral and historical dimensions of evil is also shown.

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Miejsce szczęścia w Kantowskiej antropologii moralnej

Author(s): Joanna Miksa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In my paper I propose to analyse the problem of happiness in Kantian philosophy by taking into consideration the antropological perspective. I undertake to show that contrary to what is often said about Kant, he respected the pivotal role of quest after happiness in human nature. Kantian anthropology consists of two parts: practical and pragmatic. Practical anthropology is a science whose object is the human nature as it is actually given. The happiness there is defined as a goal shared by the whole humankind. Pragmatic anthropology is a project of evolution of the human kind according to the laws prescribed by the pure practical reason. The notion of happiness is included in the notion of the highest goodness. Kant defines it as happiness that belongs to those who are morally good. The happiness is a subject of analysis in the framework of discussion on duties of virtue. The imperative of love for our next of kin should be put into practice through helping the others to achieve whatever that makes them happy – as long as their aims are compatible with the moral law. All the arguments I gathered in this paper make one say that according to Kant happiness and morality do not exclude each other. Happiness is a part of the description of the human nature and morality a project of the evolution of moral agents, but their moral evolution is not to consist in destroying their natural characteristics. Morality only requires taht a normative order should be introduced as far as satisfying natural needs is concerned and the assumption is that morality and our nature can become harmonised. Especially interesting is the duty of helping the others in their search after happiness. Its presence in Kant's philosophy can be interpreted as an argument for rethinking of the relation between morality and empirically given nature of the humankind. Even though as far as its origin is concerned, the moral law does not have anything in common with the empirically given nature of the humankind, still, the putting into practice of the moral law is not conceived as a plan to fight the human nature but rather to limit it according to the moral law.

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„Actio libera in se" und „actio libera in (sua) causa" im Strafrecht und bei supererogatorischem Verhalten

Author(s): Jan C. Joerden / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

This article deals with the phenomenon of the actio libera in causa. With this expression traditionally those case constellations in law and ethics are denoted in which a person commits an act in a state of mental incapacity, but is responsible for this state himself. For example, in a case in which A kills B while A is completely drunk, and cannot be held responsible for killing because he is completely drunk (see Sec. 20 of the German Criminal Code). It is now questionable whether one can still hold A accountable for killing B, considering that he himself freely brought about his own state of full drunkenness. In this context represented models of imputation in criminal law will be discussed. Furthermore, examples from the area of supererogatory action are used, in order to indicate which model of imputation should be preferred in criminal law cases of actio libera in causa.

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