CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Jenseits von Sozialismus und Liberalismus

Author(s): Ira Katznelson / Language(s): German Issue: 06/1993

Zu einer Zeit, da nationale und ethnische Unterschiede in weiten Teilen Ost- und Mitteleuropas wieder urzeitliche Stammesfehden auslösen, bieten die künstliche Homogenität und sprachliche Einheit Polens sowie die machtvolle Verflechtung katholischer, nationaler und politischer Interessenvertretungen in diesem Lande einen erhellenden :Hintergrund für Jacek Kurons heilsame Mahnung, daß soziale Klassen - als :Mythos wie als Realität - nach wie vor eine Rolle spielen. Auch wenn die Zukunftsalternativen, vor denen Polen steht, die Gemüter weit weniger entzweien oder zum Bürgerkrieg reizen als in anderen Regionen Osteuropas, so sind sie doch geeignet, klassenspezifische Konflikte deutlich hervortreten zu lassen, die auch in anderen Ländern vorhanden sind, dort jedoch von religiösen und ethnischen Konflikten überdeckt werden.

More...

Między ideą suwerenności państw a globalnym wymiarem praw człowieka – kosmopolityczny projekt ładu międzynarodowego według Seyli Benhabib

Author(s): Marta Turkot / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2016

This article aims to present the views of Seyla Benhabib, one of the prominent researchers of the subject and a professor at the University of Yale, on the various relationships between the concepts of national sovereignty and human rights. The claims of today's liberal democratic countries to exclusivity in managing and deciding on the interests of their citizens are often at odds with attempts to enforce universal and supranational human rights. The author analyses the relationships between national sovereignty and human rights based on the cosmopolitan project of international order. The project consists of political categories focusing on the global nature of rules, processes and institutions; the most important of these is global citizenship, as opposed to the traditional understanding of citizenship within a state. In addition to the reconstruction and analysis of Seyla Benhabib’s arguments, this article examines the specific redefinition of the concepts of sovereignty and human rights, which can be identified from the proposed cosmopolitan perspective. As a result, it becomes possible to demonstrate a potential redefinition of successive political concepts, such as democracy, law and citizenship. This article examines critically the researcher’s idea of cosmopolitan governance in the modern world. On the one hand, it seems to be a normative proposition of international relations in the areas of politics, economy, law and citizenship; on the other hand – as some researchers claim – it is an apt description of today's global reality, which is changing right before our eyes.

More...

Pseudopaństwa. Pomiędzy światem realnym a rzeczywistością wirtualną

Author(s): Ryszard Żelichowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2016

This study examines pseudostates, i.e., the smallest organizational structures that are not subjects of international relations but have their own constitutions, flags, currencies, anthems, postage stamps and founders or leaders. Some of these were deliberately formed by organized artistic groups, others arose from the need to show the absurdities of the legal and administrative context within which they operate, while others have become a way of life or mere media games.Some pseudostates have actual structures, their own authorities, institutions, citizens and territories. Others exist only in virtual reality. This is made possible thanks to technological advances and the emergence of the “global network”, an information system based on publicly available, open standards, enabling the use of multimedia means of expression, which have revolutionized many areas of life. Alongside the actual real world, a parallel, disturbingly real, virtual world has been created. Thus, the differences between the two worlds are blurred. This article analyses the most important and interesting ideas about such states. It also tries to answer the question of whether they should be taken seriously, or can take their toll on international relations. All this is preceded by theoretical considerations.

More...

A Libertarian Theory of Threat

Author(s): Łukasz M. Dominiak,Igor Wysocki / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2016

This politico-philosophical paper presents the libertarian theory of threat. It is claimed that the concept of threat is logically dependent on the concept of natural property rights. First of all, the common account of threat, according to which the difference between threats and offers depends on decrements and increments in the subjective well-being of an individual, is dismissed as untenable. The authors demonstrate, in a logical and deductive manner, that threat and property rights or, more specifically, violation of these impact each other logically and therefore the libertarian theory of threat or, more broadly, the natural rights account of threat is the only possible consistent theory of threat. The second section presents the so-called common account of threat (CAT) and the third section criticizes CAT as counterintuitive and based on an unsound background theory. The fourth section characterizes the so-called libertarian account of threat (LAT) and shows that it matches our considered moral judgements better than CAT. The theory of natural property rights is identified as the background theory of LAT and it is demonstrated that LAT is the only consistent account of threat. These investigations are conducted using the method of reflective equilibrium.

More...

Państwo jako Kunstwerk

Author(s): Paweł Kaczorowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2016

This article presents the modern state as a specific, rational, political structure, characteristic of its era. Rationality here means that this structure has an ideological dimension and meets the essential social functions. It also implies that this structure, i.e., a state, is a human invention, a result of their conscious and purposeful activity and as such it constitutes a set of specific, logically interrelated components. The basic component is sovereign power. This is a new kind of power, because it is constitutive for a state; the power creates the state and is not, contrary to what it was in the past, determined by the system. This power, moreover, is not simply an existing entity; it is a sort of energy that is fulfilled in the order it creates and in which it only becomes fully what it is: an instance of sovereignty. The basic dimension of power is ruling. The ruling entity, its political action, the spatial nature of the created order, its boundaries and all realms of statehood are components of one logically structured whole, which is emerging in modern history. It is applied and multiplied as a model of political rationality, thus converting the recent Respublica Christiana into a Europe of nation-states.

More...

Securing the Community of One - Un/Common-scape of Homesickness

Author(s): Mirjana Stošić / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2016

This paper deals with the immunological practices of Kafka’sanonymous inhabitant in an unfinished late narrative The Burrow (DerBau, 1923-1924) who builds a labyrinth within the burrow in order tosafeguard it from imminent or proleptic future intruders. The molelikebuilder of the labyrinth-like structure is securing its house fromparasites “known” only by the noise they make. This noise – againstwhich the obsessive stuffing of holes and drilling of passages take place(including the infinite displacement of the center and margin) – correspondsto the radical faceless alterity, given that the “face” of noiseis precisely the muddied face of the burrower. Entrances in Kafkaesqueliterary worlds are in fact the limit of the passage as such, the impossibilityof being only inside or only outside. The aggressive covering ofporous and loose walls, and closing all potential passages is endangeringthe burrow structure as such. The burrow becomes the centralizedsystem, always suppressing the heterogeneity of gateways, entrancesand exits, the difference that will erode the silenced fixity of centeredidentity. Ultimately, the burrow becomes infinitely fractalized. Thequestion of alterity, within the tradition of guarding the wholeness ofthe subject (its body, its proper place, its identity and its name), is oftenreduced to the question of corporeal, political, cultural parasites of thecommunal body. The other, as a parasitical emblem, destabilizes thenotion of the limit (between the host and the guest), and is the sign of ahost being always already a frightened guest of its own homely place.

More...

Freedom and the common good in a democracy

Author(s): Karol Jasiński / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2016

This analysis focused on two important ideas of democracy: freedom and the common good. They had to show that true freedom of man, as well as citizens of a state, is a form of self-determination in the perspective of moral values. In contrast, the common good of society is ultimately the pursuit of human excellence, that is updating of human, natural potentialities. The state should prepare the appropriate conditions to the human development. We must above all stress that the foundation of democracy is the belief in a rational, moral, and free man. His freedom is not, however, arbitrariness, but rather self-determination in the horizon of values. A especially important value is truth. Real freedom seems to be impossible without truth. Truth is understood in the classical sense as correspondence of thought to reality. Thus, truth is not the creation of human being, but it is discovered by man and society. With truth and other values we create a unique atmosphere that is needed to educating our liberty and to making appropriate choices. The liberals do not agree with the existence of any absolute truth, because they prefer to build not only the state system, but also human freedom on the ground of the procedures. They also prefer the negative conception of freedom, at the expense of its positive version. Meanwhile, the positive conception of freedom is close to true freedom, which focuses on goals that are worth implementing. One of these goals is a common good as the set of conditions that enable development and fulfillment of the human being. A democratic state is established to ensure these conditions – first to create and then to protect them. But for liberals, the common good is nothing more than a purely the result of individual goods. One of its important elements is the freedom of man, which must be safeguarded and developed. Naturally rich in content definition of the common good is very difficult to determine because of the prevailing ideological pluralism. For this reason we have to consider only its formal aspect, which is reflected in the rules of cooperation between individuals, aiming at their self-realization. We can say that a man living in the structures of a democratic state is called not only to live according to certain procedures, but also to discover the truth and realize it in the element of freedom. Beside truth, freedom is focused on the achievement of good, that is improving and fulfilling of the human being. It presupposes knowledge of the truth about human nature. This shows that freedom, truth and goodness remain in a kind of dependence. Moreover, the relationships among them are marked by many tensions. But there is no democracy without these three elements. There is especially no democracy without values, because then human freedom may be empty, or undergo degeneration.

More...

Geopolitics in a topsy-turvy world: ten futuristic perspectives

Author(s): Stanley D. Brunn / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The paper is based on the following: my studying, teaching, writing and experiencing political geography and global geopolitics for half a century, from my experiences traveling in nearly 80 countries on all continents, from teaching in more than two dozen countries (large and small in the Global North and the Global South) on five continents, and from my professional career interests studying human and human/environmental futures (Brunn 1974, 1981, 1984, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, forthcoming). All of these personal and professional ingredients are essential in addressing the topic for this topic because I think it is important for everyone looking at local, regional or international geopolitics to know “where the author is coming from” and “where we are going or where we might be going.” Permit me to make three points at the outset, which are woven into the discussion below. First, the year is 2016, it is not 2001 or 1989 or 1968 or 1948. Second, it is important in looking at geopolitical futures to look forward, not backwards, about what might be the "state and the shape” of the political world. And in that perspective to explore some “new and different” worlds about what “might or could be.” Third, the future is and will not simply a repetition of the past, much as we might think it is or hope it is. There are new actors on regional and world stages, new approaches to seeing a problem, new technologies and from those some new political and geopolitical realities.

More...

Geopolitics in the geographical work of Strabo

Author(s): Rafał Koszek / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Strabo of Amasia is recognized to be one of the greatest ancient geographers. His monumental work Geography is the first geographical treatise which encompasses the whole known world of that time. Although geopolitics as an independent area of knowledge appeared in the end of the nineteenth century, its origins can be found in the Antiquity. Due to the similarity and relations between geopolitics and geography it is justified to seek sources of geopolitics in the works of the earliest geographers. Therefore, it seems to be quite reasonable to examine the Strabo’s contribution to the development of geopolitical concepts. The main aim of this article is to prove the thesis that Strabo is the forerunner of geography, as well as of geopolitics. Research is based on Strabo’s work Geography. It consists of seventeen books. The two initial books include a theoretical introduction to the next fifteen books, which describe particular regions of the ancient oikoumene. The paper presents geopolitical ideas contained in the general introduction, as well as in the depiction of different regions. One of the most meaningful concepts, repeatedly expressed by Strabo, is that geography should serve the needs of states and their authorities. It helps the rulers to govern their countries and provides information about the others, what is useful both for foreign policy and international trade. It is probably the description of the Italian Peninsula where we can find the most expressive example of Strabo’s geopolitical thinking. He analyses its geographical features in terms of its security as well as its internal and international economic opportunities. He also noticed the superiority of the Roman Empire in comparison to the other nations. The geopolitical ideas are visible in the description of particular cities as well. This article takes into account Sinopê, located on the southern coast of The Black Sea and the city of Rome.

More...

A hazugság a politikában

Author(s): Miklós Bakk / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2016

On the borderline between political theory and moral philosophy it is usual to bring up the question of Truth in Politics (writings of Hannah Arendt are important in this respect). If we invert the question and try to discover the nature of lying in politics, we immediately face the discursive nature of politics. In this respect, the oral nature of politics introduces “lying” as part of e political action. This means a fundamental change of framework because the moral aspects are de-emphasized and in discursive restraints appear in the foreground and shape the political actions. The study examines some circumstances of the discursive nature of the politics, such as politicization, the question of the populism and of the objectivity.

More...

„Politika 4. cenové skupiny“. K problematice současných politických klišé a stereotypů

Author(s): Karel Altman / Language(s): Czech,Polish Issue: 16/2016

In the environment of the current Czechia the phrase “politics of the fourth price category” is quite frequent, mainly in the parlance of politicians and journalist. The foundation of the phrase is in the technical term “the fourth price category” which in the period of the so-called socialism indicated pubs, or public houses of the lowest category. Their “folk” environment was greatly popular in wide layers of population, but at the same time, this category has become a symbol of dubious quality. After 1989, this classification of pubs was abandoned due to radical changes in the form of their ownership. The term the fourth price category, however, survived in public awareness as the unofficial designation of a pub and, in particular (in conjunction with the policy) as a negative symbol used primarily by politicians and journalists to dishonest political opponents. This term thus seems like a clichéor settled, automated template which the Czechs have become accustomed to and some of them have included it in their spontaneous speech.

More...

Одређење екстремизма из угла теорије политике

Author(s): Dragan Simeunović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2009

In this article author defined the notion of extremism from the point of theory of politics, while emphasizing its original equivocation. Regarding the definition of extremism the theory of politics has not given significant contribution so far, and instead of it, it has limited itself on the commentaries and descriptions of extremism and its manifestations, objectives and participants. The author analyzed fundamental characteristics and causes of political extremism and its consequences on socio-political system from multidisciplinary point of view. Although it has been tolerated only as a marginal phenomenon in one society, as a rule, extremism has appeared in times of crisis and in such times it has been intensified to the point of being unbearable and unaccepted. In addition, extremism has been expressed in the form of militant exhibitionism, caused by fear of impersonality, to the point of negation of personal identity.

More...

SOME PRAXIOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON THE SOCALLED ‘OVERTON WINDOW OF POLITICAL POSSIBILITIES’, ‘FRAMING’ AND RELATED PROBLEMS

Author(s): Benon Zbigniew Szałek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

Th e so-called ‘Overton Window of Political Possibilities’ originates from a conceptnamed aft er Joseph P. Overton and is based on the assumption that any collection of publicpolicies within a policy area can be arranged in order from more free to less free. At any onetime, some group of adjacent policies along the freedom spectrum fall into a ‘window of politicalpossibility’. Policies inside the window are politically acceptable, meaning offi ceholders believethey can support the policies and survive the next election.

More...

The Concept of Sovereignty in Transatlantic Relations. New Realities versus the Old Debate

Author(s): Małgorzata Zachara / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2017

Few subjects in the theory and practice of international relations are as sensitive and widely discussed as the meaning of sovereignty. Concentrating on transatlantic perspecive, this article adds new evidence to the fundamental debate on the nature of sovereign authority in the international system. Many trans‑national economic and technological forces encourage the state to retreat from its traditional role. On the other hand, economic integration, monetary unification and the development of modern economies and cutting‑edge technologies – the assets of partners of the Transatlantic Alliance – are possible only in stable political systems. So, are we witnessing the end of sovereignty or just a phase in history in which relations of power between political authorities, nations, groups of interests and individuals must be negotiated in order to create a new model of governa nce in a complex world?

More...

Polityka poetycka Giambattisty Vica

Author(s): Aleksandra Zając / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2017

The article presents a part of Vico’s New Sience that is not so well known, but probably was a solid foundation of Vico’s famous concept of ricorsi. The thinker’s interest in poetical foundation of first societies is in a clear opposition with Cartesian and contractualist’s visions of philosophy and politics dominant in his time. The article shows how Vico’s connection to the renaissance tradition of poetical language gave him tools to explore the antiquity in a fruitfull way for philosophical and historical purposes. Nevertheless, it is partially also the tradition of Heidegger and Foucault, which makes Vico even more interesting to a contemporary reader. The article presents the poetical foundation of politics in concrete steps present in New Sience: the moment of foundation, religion of the first community, its language, morality, social structure, change, etc. It also explains epistemological means of human’s becoming historical and political: ingegno, metaphor, myth, universals, dictionary of humanity, Eternal Ideal History. As to be complete, it deals with the issue so vividly discussed during medieval and renaissance times, that is of Homer, evidencing the pride of scientists. This all brings to the attention of a reader a totally original vision of the beginnings of zoon politicon that was and is in the first instance animal symbolicum.

More...

Korzenie myśli politycznej środowiska skupionego wokół tygodnika „Najwyższy Czas !”

Author(s): Grzegorz Ćwiękała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2017

Conservatism and liberalism as ideologies are in conflict but only seemingly. Synthesis is possible. The proof is given by the journalists of the Najwyższy Czas! weekly. In short: liberalism in economy and conservatism in a social life and in morality. The roots of their conceptions we can find in a number of past and contemporary thoughts of the philosophers, economists, sociologists and politicians. Adam Smith gave the basis for economic opinions, above all about the “invisible hand” in the free market. Edmund Burke was the first conservative, who noticed the essence of liberal values. The propagator of laissez‑faire concept – Frederic Bastiat declared oneself in favour of stable law and the minimal statism (night‑watch state), which will guarantee individual’s freedom. Representatives of Austrian School – Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich August von Hayek specified and extended French thinker’s conceptions, became a natural inspirers of Polish liberal conservatives. The practical ways of applying a liberal economy with preserving conservatives values gave Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan.

More...

Prezydent Legnicy. Kampania wyborcza w roku 2014

Author(s): Adam Ilciów / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The author analyzes in the paper the local elections in 2014. He focuses on competition for the presidency of Legnica between two candidates, the current president Tadeusz Krzakowski and aspiring to the role of president vice-chairman of the local structures of ruling party. The author refers to the programs of both candidates and analyze the campaign. He is looking also for the factors determining the success of the president and the defeat of the pretender.

More...

The basic causes of the contemporary separatism

Author(s): Yevgeny Ryabinin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The article is devoted to such a pressing problem as separatism. It is revealed that separatism is a problem of the past, but the author emphasizes that the XXI st century will be the century of identification factor increasing that will influence the nationalistic issues. It is underlined that nationalism is the basis of the separatism movements that can lead to military conflicts and genocide. It is emphasized that the separatism could be catalyzed not only by inner factors but also by outside ones, especially nowadays, when the structure of the world is being changed by the influential actors of the foreign affairs.

More...

Konserwatywna myśl polityczna Pawła Popiela

Author(s): Marcin Kazimierczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

The purpose of this article is to guide the principles of the doctrine of conservatism presented by Paul Popiel against his interesting biography, in which, as in a lens focus sometimes dramatic choices facing the Polish steel thinkers and politicians in the nineteenth century. One of the most important Polish conservative thinkers in the nineteenth century was Paul Popiel. This thesis is confirmed according to the researchers conservatism, who devoted his monographs or extensive excerpts from his works on the history of this current of political thought in Poland.

More...

Rozwiązanie stosunku pracy „za uprzedzeniem” w aspekcie teoretycznym i praktycznym

Author(s): Janusz Żołyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2013

Termination of an employment contract with “prior notice” is not a particular form of employment relationship severance. It is a mere termination of an employment contract with “particular” immediate effect for its consequence occurs not immediately but after a few days. Thus, each employment contract may be terminated with prior notice irrespective of whether such a contract has been concluded for indefinite or definite period of time.

More...