Poland: Northern Wishes, Southern Promises

Author(s): Aleksandra Gawlikowska-Fyk,Dariusz Kałan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In comparison with the other Visegrad countries, Poland’s gas security seems relatively high. This coastal state, unlike the Czech Republic or Slovakia, not only has quite significant domestic output (4.3 bcm in 2012), which accounted for some 29% of the country’s demand, but also has a proportionately low level of natural gas in its TPES (13%). Poland is also a major coal producer, and coal comprises a significant portion of the country’s primary energy supply, ahead of all other sources, including gas. Thus, this data could suggest that Poland—as an insignificant natural gas customer—is not necessarily vulnerable in terms of energy security. However, although the country was only mildly affected by the 2009 cuts of supplies from the east, its position in the gas market is far from being fully protected.

Slovakia: Coping with the Past, Preparing for the Future

Author(s): Kristián Takáč / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ensuring an optimal and balanced mix ranks among the top priorities of Slovakia in the field of energy. The composition of the country’s energy mix reflects the ambition of the Slovak government to have a secure supply for affordable and competitive prices, respecting at the same time the aspect of environmental sustainability. Due to substantial investments into nuclear energy and the growing volume of renewable energy (RES), Slovakia stands a good chance to reach by 2020 the 20-20-20 policy goals. According to 2011 data, the shares of various primary energy sources in net domestic consumption (NDC) was the following: natural gas, 26%; nuclear energy, 22%; oil, 21%; coal, 22%; RES, including hydro energy, 9%.

Croatia: On the Southern Flank

Author(s): Ana-Maria Boromisa,Dariusz Kałan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Croatia significantly differs from many Visegrad countries in terms of its gas security. First of all, natural gas is not the most important component of Croatia’s energy mix, accounting for only 28% of the total energy supply, significantly less than oil and its derivatives (70%). Total consumption is only 3 bcm, two times less than Slovakia’s and around four times less than Poland’s or the Czech Republic’s. Second, the country has a relevant amount of domestic natural gas production. Currently, this ranges between 1.9–2.5 bcm annually, which meets around 70% of total demand. Gas is taken from 17 on-shore and nine offshore fields. Proven reserves are estimated at 23.6 bcm, though if production is kept at current level, this is sufficient for only about 10 years. Although this significantly reduces import dependency, there are serious doubts as to whether in the future this beneficial share of domestic sources can be maintained.

Uvodne napomene

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Projekat „Jednake šanse za sve medije“ ima za cilj da doprinese kreiranju jasnih mehanizama kontrole državnog finansiranja i dodjele pomoći medijima, u skladu sa propisima Evropske unije i najboljim međunarodnim praksama i standardima.

Javne nabavke i medijsko oglašavanje organa javne uprave

Author(s): Jovana Marović / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Sistem javnih nabavki u Crnoj Gori je uspostavljen 2001. godine, ali je u normativnom i institucionalnom smislu unaprijeđen 2006.godine kada je usvojen drugi zakonski okvir. Potpuno razdvajanje nadležnosti i pozicioniranje institucija u sistemu postignuto je važećim Zakonom o javnim nabavkama koji je usvojen 2011. godine. Zakon uvodi bitne novine koje se odnose na povećanje transparentnosti objavljivanjem svih planova, kao i poziva i ugovora na portalu javnih nabavki. Ipak, ovaj Zakon uključuje i manjkave odredbe o antikorupcijskim pravilima i sukobu interesa i ne usklađuje u potpunosti postupke s acquisjem, u prvom redu šoping metodu. Institucionalni okvir obuhvata Upravu za javne nabavke koja vrši monitoring nad primjenom Zakona, kao i upravne i stručne poslove u oblasti javnih nabavki, dok Državna komisija za kontrolu postupaka javnih nabavki odlučuje po žalbama učesnika u postupku.

Uporedna iskustva

Author(s): Tanja Maksić,Wanda Tiefenbacher / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Ekonomski odnosi medija i države u Srbiji dinamično su se razvijali od demokratskih promjena 2000. godine do danas. Medijsko tržište se u pojedinim periodima naglo razvijalo i raslo, dok posljednjih godina doživljava ozbiljnu recesiju uslijed ekonomske krize. Za sve to vrijeme, država se ustanovila kao značajan faktor medijskog tržišta. Istovremeno, mediji u posttranzicionoj Srbiji nijesu stekli mehanizme da se odupru ekonomskoj nestabilnosti.

Zaključci i preporuke

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

POLITIČKA PARTICIPACIJA ŽENA: STEPEN, OBLICI I PREPREKE

Author(s): Zlatiborka Popov-Momčinović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Politička participacija je složen fenomen o kojem postoje brojne teorijske rasprave i empirijska istraživanja i koja se kontinuirano sprovode decenijama unazad i u različitim društveno-političkim kontekstima. Jedan od najvećih politikoloških autoriteta koji se bavio demokratijom i procesima demokratizacije Semjuel Hantington naveo je da je za demokratsku konsolidaciju ključna mirna smena vlasti i redovno održavanje fer i demokratskih izbora (Hantington, 2003: 23). Da bi se ovaj formalni, proceduralni deo ispunio potrebnim sadržajem, ključan element je i politička participacija građana i građanki, kojom se legitimizira sam demokratski proces. s obzirom na to da je za funkcionisanje demokratije kao modela donošenja odluka neophodna vera u njenu poželjnost (Dal, 1997), učešće u političkim procesima je lakmus test kojim se potvrđuje da je demokratija ustanovljena, kao i eventualna responzivnost političkih elita na društvene potrebe koje se artikulišu kroz političku participaciju. Politička participacija je stoga eliksir života za samu demokratiju (Deth, 2014: 350).

USTAVNO-PRAVNI POLOŽAJ GRADA SARAJEVA U POSTDEJTONSKOM PERIODU SA UKLONOM NA MOGUĆNOST REFORME NADLEŽNOSTI I TERITORIJALNE ORGANIZACIJE

Author(s): Mirko Pejanović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

During the five centuries from the 15th to the end of the 20th century, the City of Sarajevo developed into a historical, social and urban entity. In the second half of the 20th century, the City of Sarajevo, as the capital of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, established and developed its self-governing autonomy in the management of urban, economic and cultural development. The city of Sarajevo reached new heights of urban and economic development during the realization of the project of holding the XIV Winter Olympic Games in 1984. After the announcement of the results of the citizens’ referendum on the sovereign and independent status of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, the city of Sarajevo was exposed to a military siege from 1992 to 1995. The Dayton Peace Agreement established peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the City of Sarajevo was constitutionally designated as the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the establishment of the Sarajevo Canton in 1996, the property and jurisdiction of the City of Sarajevo was transferred to the Sarajevo Canton. Amendment I to the Constitution of the Canton of Sarajevo established the City of Sarajevo without specific responsibilities and with a reduced territorial organization. Based on the conducted research, published in the study “Sarajevo city and region in time and space-study” (Pejanović et al., 2020), the paper provides a complete elaboration of the constitutional and legal position of the City of Sarajevo, within the basics of the concept of full jurisdiction of the City of Sarajevo and its new territorial organizations.

GLAVNI GRADOVI U NACIONALNIM SISTEMIMA LOKALNE SAMOUPRAVE - KOMPARATIVNA ANALIZA SARAJEVA, BEOGRADA, ZAGREBA I LJUBLJANE

Author(s): Elmir Sadiković / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U radu je izvedena komparativna analiza ustavne pozicije i organizacije lokalne samouprave u glavnim gradovima: Ljubljana, Zagreb, Beograd, Podgorica i Sarajevo. U komparativnoj analizi modela lokalne samouprave u glavnim gradovima su posebno uzeti u obzir aspekti ustavnog statusa glavnog grada kao jedinice lokalne samouprave; teritorijalna organizacija; obim samoupravnih nadležnosti u vršenju javnih poslova te institucionalna organizacija gradskih vlasti. Cilj rada je da se komparativnom analizom identificiraju nedostaci u ustavnoj poziciji i organizaciji lokalne samouprave u Gradu Sarajevu. Rezultati komparativne analize mogu biti od koristi u oblikovanju prijedloga institucionalnog modela reforme i organizacije lokalne samouprave u Gradu Sarajevu.

RATNI GRADONAČELNIK SARAJEVA (1994-1996): ESEJ O SARAJEVU U VREMENU OPSADE

Author(s): Tarik Kupusović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Građani Sarajeva su kroz historiju prošli svašta, sve što se može proći u 560 godina. Većina nas živo pamti prve višestranačke izbore nakon doba socijalizma, koji se održavaju po tadašnjim socijalističkim republikama, u Bosni i Hercegovini 18. 11. 1990.

POLITIKA PREMA BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKIM OPŠTINAMA I OPŠTINE PREMA POLITICI U KRALJEVINI SRBA, HRVATA I SLOVENACA

Author(s): Seka Brkljača / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U svom prilogu autorica prikazuje kakvu je politiku prema lokalnim organima uprave (općinama-općinskim vijećima) vodila vlada Kraljevine Jugoslavije i kakve im je ovlasti davala. Ukazuje na činjenicu da općine nisu bile organi lokalne vlasti nego jednostavna dopuna za upravne organe države sa veoma malim ovlastima, malim teritorijama i brojem stanovnika i nedovoljnim sredstvima za rad. Takva politika je imala odraza i na stajališta građana prema vladajućim snagama države.

BOSANSKI RUSAG I SVETA KRUNA BOSANSKA (UTJECAJ UGARSKE NA RAZVOJ POLITIČKIH INSTITUCIJA SREDNJOVJEKOVNE BOSNE)

Author(s): Dubravko Lovrenović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

U svom opširnom prilogu autor izlaže elemente koji govore o značajnom utjecaju ugarske krune i kraljevine Ugarske u cjelini na formiranje institucije bosanske krune, bosanske kraljevine i na način uspostavljanja vladavine u Bosni, osobito izbora njenih banova i kraljeva, kao i na Bosnu kao državu u cjelini.

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL POSITION OF MUNICIPAL AND CITY GOVERNMENTS IN STRATEGIC PLANNING AND PROMOTING LOCAL ECONOMIC AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Veljko Trivun / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nowadays, the importance of the local community is growing all over, but the fact that Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: BiH) has no state law on local self-government that would clearly define the position and the role of citizens in the system administration, is not officially recognized at the state level. Also, it is important to note that this area is not under the direct jurisdiction of any of the ministries. Given that there are entity laws and cantonal laws, or municipal statutes, there are cases of overlapping responsibilities of higher and lower levels of government, for example between entities and cantons or between cantons and municipalities. Here it is matter of the fulfilment of the obligations of BiH in terms of implementation of the principles contained in the European Charter of Local Self-Government of the Council of Europe. BiH Constitution did not specifically specify constitutional and legal position of municipal and city governments. In terms of the constitutional provisions, in the Federation of BiH cantons have all the responsibilities that are not expressly granted to the Federal Government. The Constitution of the Republic of Srpska also, among other things, determines the constitutional order based on local government. In the Brčko Distrikt situation is somewhat simpler because the District is considered a single unit of local self-government, and in this sense instruments of international law are directly applicable. Local Governance in BiH is devoted adequate attention through special entity laws. Separate entity legislation does not end the process of division of the system of local self-government, because each canton in the Federation of BiH has a law on local self-government, and in addition, municipalities have statutes. As in RS there are no regional or cantonal laws on local self-government, the municipalities are considered the base units of local government. This is an advantage in RS compared to the Federation of BiH in which the system of local government is compounded by the existence of a cantonal law. “The system of local government shall be regulated by law. A law may entrust the performance of local government tasks to the city. The city and the municipality shall be entitled to revenues determined by law and shall be provided with the funding for the performance of their duties.” The Act contains a specific provision on the so-called local governments that have followed different laws.

STRATEGIC PLANNING AT CANTONAL LEVEL – STEP CLOSER TO EU: CANTON SARAJEVO EXAMPLE

Author(s): Senad Softić,Emir Kurtović,Gordana Memišević,Maida Fetahagić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article is focused on significance and necessity to include Canton Sarajevo into development planning process in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a precondition for accession of our country to EU. Apart from significance and development planning process, special attention is being paid to the need to integrate and include, in organizational-management sense, all cantons in Federation as implementation units in that process. Present strategic planning process in Bosnia and Herzegovina has focused on state and entity level, while in future it is necessary also to include lower governmental levels, especially cantons in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina which represents a task of this article. In the article, present process issues and development planning results in BIH are being presented as well as the process of strategic development documents implementation, monitoring and canton level reporting. Additionally, legal framework is also being presented due to the fact that it establishes obligation to create action plans and establish implementation units at cantonal level. The aforementioned legal framework defines Federal Institute for Development Programming as the key coordinator of all activities. Canton Sarajevo’s Action Plan for Strategic Planning is structured in line with strategic development goals determined in state BIH development documents referring to the following areas: macro stability, competitiveness, employment, sustainable development and social inclusion. Significance of action planning is being emphasized in the conclusion but only as a first step in BIH development strategy assuming creation of other relevant development aspects (social, economic and environmental). Also, necessity to harmonize aforementioned aspects with spatial planning documents is being emphasized. Sarajevo Canton has been continuously focusing its activities on this segment for a longer time period.

THE ROMANIAN DEFENCE INDUSTRY IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS SALE MARKET’S COMPETITION

Author(s): Crăişor Constantin IONIȚĂ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There is a fierce competition in the international arms sale market regarding the export of very high-tech and sensitive defence material. For some developed countries, like Russia, Greece, Italy, France, Sweden, the manufacture and sale of armaments represent a substantial percentage of their GDP and a possibility to grow their income and wealth. At the same time, because of the different research and development levels of advanced technologies in the production of defence capabilities, like multi-purpose platforms, unmanned systems, robotics, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence/learning machines, there is a huge discrepancy between American defence industry and the European one. This is really true when you consider the dependence of European industrial companies from their American counterparts. This dependence has obliged some European defence companies to establish bilateral or multilateral collaboration agreements to survive in the field of armaments export.For the Romanian Defence Industry, the discrepancy is even higher than Western similar companies, considering its reliance on old technologies, lack of specialists and research institutes, and acquisition of majority of its military equipment from the US. There is little interest from both the Government and the MoND to invest in national defence companies to buy their military products, which have lower technology incorporated and low performance equipment.

CYBERGEOPOLITICS AND CYBERGEOSTRATEGY – EMERGING STUDY FIELDS

Author(s): Marius-Cristian Neacşu,CHICIUC Ioana-Andreea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For some time now, mankind has entered a new phase of evolution, with physical space (land, sea, air, cosmic) being doubled by the virtual one, cyberspace – the global network of interconnected information technologies – and geopolitics and geostrategy could not fail to take into account this new phase in the evolution of history, with the emergence of subfields such as cybergeopolitics and cybergeostrategy, with some authors already anticipating cybernetocracies or cyber powers. It should only be added that cyberspace can be both an environment for the 'new' power (the geopolitical logic being the same) and a weapon – the cyberweapon (the use of cyberattacks as a geostrategic tool). The aim of this study consists in identifying the main components (definition, subject matter, terminology) of the two emerging areas, namely cybergeopolitics and cybergeostrategy. The results of this qualitative research are based on the critical analysis of the specialized literature, in order to summarize the specific phenomenology and to theorize the concept of cybergeopolitics and its derivates.

WHY VALUES MATTER IN THE GLOBAL STRUGGLE FOR POWER. KEY IMPLICATIONS FOR EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY

Author(s): Cristina Bogzeanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

International environment becomes increasingly competitive and conflict prone. The present paper argues that political values subsumed to liberal democracy are an important component of the current global struggle for power and its purpose is to emphasize and argue the major importance of value-based cohesion for Euro-Atlantic actors, as well as the main challenges in this respect. In order to do so, the analysis is framed within the theories of power transition and security community as, together, they reflect both the manner in which values can act as a motivation for conflict and their function as a bond making the members of a security community able to pursue their interest in a conflicting international environment.

SOCIJALNA ZAŠTITA U VRIJEME PANDEMIJE COVID-19: ISKUSTVO JU KANTONALNI CENTAR ZA SOCIJALNI RAD SARAJEVO

Author(s): Mirsada Poturković / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Rad ima za cilj da upozna studente o sistemu socijalne zaštite, ustavnom uređenju države Bosne i Hercegovine, administrativno-pravnim nadležnostima, korisnicima usluga, njihovim pravima i uslugama, s posebnim osvrtom na sistem socijalne zaštite u Kantonu Sarajevo. Poseban fokus je stavljen na funkcioniranje sistema u izvanrednim uvjetima izazvanim pandemijom COVID-19. U pripremi izlaganja za studente korišten je metod analize administrativnih podataka: evidencija, izvještaji, drugi dokumenti, normativni okvir na svim nivoima. Radi demonstracije, prezentirani su pojedini slučajevi otvoreni tokom trajanja pandemije korona virusa.

PERSONALITATEA JURIDICĂ A UNIUNII EUROPENE

Author(s): Gabriel Micu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The European Union, as it was presented before Lisbon, represents much more than what constitutes a subject of classic domestic and international law, being an association of states, which was endowed with powers with legal effects in the domestic law of the states. The competences with which the European Union was invested by the member states, in order to encompass an increasingly wider sphere of European integration, have the implementation of the EU acquis. and have the effect of including certain legal instruments of the E.U. in national legislation, thus becoming a subject of domestic law. The analysis presented in this article aims to clarify certain aspects related to the legal personality of the European Union, viewed as an international organization with a sui generis internal organization.