IZMEĐU SAZNANJA I SPOZNAJE - NA MARGINAMA JEDNE SOCIOLOGIJE SPOZNAJE
Review of: Ivan Cvitković "Sociologija spoznaje".
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Review of: Ivan Cvitković "Sociologija spoznaje".
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Sociology – what for? Focus of a sociologist on development of Bosnian-Herzegovinian society. Political milieu for development of society in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Attitude of a non-sociologist towards sociology. What is the state of matters in the institutional development of society of today? Has sociology answered to the challenges that social conflicts and national tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina placed before it and if yes, to which extent? How frequent sociologists' works are published in referenced magazines and how much they are quoted. Why do not we have research centres and institutes in which sociologists would also work? Perspectives of sociology in Bosnia and Herzegovina and vocation of a sociologist of today.
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Transition of post-war Bosnian society offers great challenges sociological thought. We are witnessing a social crisis, identity crisis, especially in understanding the character of its own state and society, the drastic fall of fertility, obsoletes in legal political, economic, social security, education, health, cultural and sports organization of the state, which are the limiting factors for its prosperity and Euro-Atlantic integration. Sociology has not the right to silence and analytical opportunism towards these problems in Bosnia and Herzegovina society.
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From different theoretical perspectives, this text defines the concepts of justice, law and morality. The author points specificity to the of these phenomena, highlighting the features of their mutual contact and pointing the lines where they are separated in theory and practice. The aim of this article was to indicate the importance of these phenomena, the ways of understanding and respecting them in present situation in society and the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The respect of the principles of justice, the legal life rules (norms) and the fundamental moral principles, the author takes as a fundamental test for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian society. The proper theoretical analysis leads the author to the bleak picture of our present situation.
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The postponed development in the field of social ecology in the area of Southeastern Europe was a result of a general delay of development, but also due to an ideological view of the environment in most of the socialistic countries. When it comes to Bosnia and Herzegovina, this development is further behind not only compared to the West and it's theorists, but compared to the neighbor countries. And while at the global level they have been many crucial events, such as the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992), Bosnia and Herzegovina was not faced with the theoretical concept of sustainable development, as one of the icons of modern times, but struggled to maintain the majority of his population alive (aggression and war from 1992 to 1995.). This fact had great influence on the course of discussions about ecology. This topic has not been prioritized by the current structure of government, which was put in place by the Dayton agreement, while the field of ecology has been placed outside the government responsibility. Therefore, it is no surprise that fragmentation affected all areas, including measures to protect the environment, but also the research and theoretical groundwork along with education. These are the main drivers and conditions for the development of sociology, while the lack thereof unavoidably creates a crisis within the scientific field, easily passed on to the numerous sub fields of sociology, which includes an established domain many disciplines like social ecology, environmental sociology, ecology of urban development, sociology of housing, sociology of life quality, political ecology, as well as human ecology. Unfortunately, Bosnia and Herzegovina still does not even have an association that would gather experts from the domain, while the fundamental sociology has been neglected and divided. As such, it does not offer answers to any of the current questions regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina and the World as a whole.
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Social science in the western world is, among other things, searching for answers to questions of globalization and trans-nationalization, dividable sovereignty, multilevel governing or subsidiarity, regionalism and the so-called governing beyond the national state. On the other hand, our sociological and political science mostly keeps quiet on those issues. Namely, everything related to the terms ‘trans-nationalization’ or ‘crossborder socialization’ opens up questions which, both in theoretical and empirical sense, outnumber the possible answers at this moment. That is the reason for which the 35th Congress of the German Society for Sociology, which will be held in Frankfurt am Main (11th – 15th October 2010), chose the topic ‘Trans-National Socializations’. The prepared material and chosen congress topics have served in this review as a basis for problematizing of the phenomenon of ‘trans-nationality of sociological thought’ in the last 100 years both in Germany and elsewhere. After all, there are lively debates worldwide about trans-nationalization, and in this part of the world there is still persistent hypostasing of outdated national-state paradigm of past centuries. In that way, of course, ‘national sociology’ unavoidably remains a servant to politics and predicts that globalization is in fact trans-nationalization and deconstruction of a traditionally perceived national state. In connection to this, the author asks – why does B-H sociology not deal more thorough with transitional quasidemocratic phenomena such as bloody robbery and constituting of a new type of ethno-religious government in B-H and the region? Finally, why, in the search for healing of our ‘sick societies’, don’t we turn to those societies which once were sick, as we are today, and then got better?
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This chapter aims to provide some elements of the definition of expert discourse during the Covid-19 pandemic from the point of view of the French school of discourse analysis. The expert discourse would be one of the elements in the construction of this media event (Moirand 2007); it would be the one that comes from the legitimate expert or the one that results from the expertise activity. But at the same time, it is subordinated to the conditions of media communication (Charaudeau 2005; Garric, Léglise 2012). The fragments of expert discourse are chosen by the media not to transmit knowledge, but to construct content corresponding to different aims. The figure of expert, whose legitimacy comes from social relations of authority, from the distinction between what is scientific and what is ordinary, as well as his credibility are built in discourse.
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Since the beginning of 2020, on a daily basis thousands of information on Covid-19 are broadcast, including a large number of fake news, especially in social media. How do the traditional media (radio, television, newspapers) react to the “infodemic”? Are the journalists well prepared to this invasion? Are they able to effectively defend the scientific knowledge? Firstly, the distinction must be made between fake news (as a “fabricated” information) and simply inaccurate or exaggerated news. Secondly, some exemples of fake news in France are given, as well as different ways of fighting with them, such as: the developement of the factchecking sections and websites on the initiative of the high-quality media (AFP, Le Monde, Liberation and others). Finally, the focus is on the growing activity of new fact-checkers in Poland like the websites demagog.org.pl, OKO. Press or Fake Hunter PAP.
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The pandemic has changed people’s everyday life. According to research carried out by CBOS in January 2021, over 65% of Polish society is afraid of infection. It is therefore not surprising that the topic of coronavirus has also completely dominated the media discourse. In her research, the author focused on the image of pandemic in the Polish women’s magazines. This segment is an important element of media system in Poland and accounts for approximately 20% of the entire magazine market. The aim of the research was to show how women’s magazines communicate the issue of pandemic. For the study, the author has chosen two titles, which are the sales leaders in their segments: «Twój Styl» (luxury magazines) and «Kobieta i Życie» (guidance magazines).
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The aim of the chapter is to present the research project “Everyday life during a pandemic” initiated by a team of sociologists from the University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań. The paper consists of two main parts. In the first one, we briefly recall Polish research on the issues of everyday life during the pandemic. In the second one, the applied methodological perspective and research assumptions are presented along with the discussion on the main results of our research carried out on the everyday life of Poles during the pandemic.
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Pandemic 2020 caused the shuttering of theaters. The article provides a historical overview of theater closures in previous centuries and presents new behaviors among actors. It describes the tendency to present performances online even if the theater's identity is to play with an audience. Social media has been used in the process, but the problem of digitizing European heritage was discussed years before the pandemic, also by the European Commission.
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The great crises of the past have had the endogenous characteristic of allowing major geopolitical changes: will the Covid-19 crisis be an exception? This chapter will focus on demonstrating that, despite the uncertainty, the countries of the Visegrad group adopt two attitudes by constraint or opportunism. States are innovating in the adoption of policies while relying on geopolitical achievements to reassure themselves.
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Poland, like the rest of the world affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, passed the first wave in 2020 and started the second wave, which turned out to be much more severe and dangerous. The political crisis as a consequence of the sanitary crisis influenced the internal situation of the country and its position on the international arena. In the region of Central Europe, Poland plays an important role as a co-founder and member of many economic, political and social initiatives. Will Poland manage to play the role of the leader of the entire region by reconstructing a new regional order in the post-Covid era in the new geopolitical world structure that is being shaped right before our eyes?
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Since their parties accessed to power, Orbán and Kaczyński both had a very clear agenda. They want to protect the sovereignty of their countries, to reaffirm the values they believe in, and to stay as independent as possible from the European Union, even if they still accept European expenditures.. Because the Covid-19 unexpectedly put our societies in danger, it required a quick and efficient political answer to avoid its spread across the populations. This chaotic and scary situation is the perfect opportunity for both men to justify and legitimate their political agenda. The virus spreads easily across the globe, they always wanted to keep control on their borders. The situation is always evolving so it requires an efficient answer, they always wanted to have the entire power without listening their opponents.
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The Covid-19 pandemic presents a great challenge worldwide on how to manage a global health crisis. While some governments have been more successful than others in trying to cope with the crisis, several politicians presented conflicting arguments in regard the spread of coronavirus. Between the implementation of harsh sanitary measures to the mistrust of scientific data and conspiracy theory, but also criticism against European and international organisations, the Polish public had witnessed different reactions from politicians vis-à-vis the use of science throughout the crisis. This chapter focuses on the representation of the Covid-19 pandemic in a selection of Polish weekly magazines close to the right-wing populist political coalition in power, United Right. We aim at investigating the construction of the Polish populist discourse on the Covid-19 crisis, focusing on how the crisis is represented, how the people – as the main recipient of populist discourse – is addressed, and finally how science is used.
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This paper maps the Covid-19 pandemic evolution in the Czech Republic: from the “best in Covid” in spring 2020 through three heavy epidemic waves during autumn and winter 2020 to one of the most hit countries in the world in the spring season 2021 in terms of deads. The aim of this contribution is to let the reader understand better this Czech anomaly by studying two possible factors of this negative balance: the state of the art of the Czech healthcare system before the pandemic and political management of the crisis. The results of our article show that the Czech healthcare system seems to be financially stable and relatively well prepared for the potential crisis in terms of personal, technical, and medical capacities – even if situation in the public health is far from ideal. On the contrary, the competence of the Czech government in managing the Covid-19 pandemics remains controversial – for this reason, the pros and cons of the political management of the crises are discussed.
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The chapter demonstrates the geopolitics of vaccination. First, we start by understanding how vaccination has become a geopolitical issue. Next, we consider the emergence of a European health actor during the crisis, through the pooling of vaccines, of which the countries of the Visegrad group have been witnesses and actors. Finally, we analyze the arrival of the Sputnik V vaccine in the context of a vaccine shortage, allowing us to test the relations of the States of the Visegrad group with Russia.
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The Three Seas Initiative (3SI) is a platform for political cooperation created in 2016 that brings together twelve Central and Eastern European countries. The objective of this organization is to address the gap in economic development with Western Europe and to strengthen regional resilience against actors such as Russia and China through the development of infrastructure in the sectors of energy, telecommunications and transport. In September 2020, the 3SI’s development policy was encouraged by a report from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which sees it as a solution for reviving the European economy following the Covid-19 pandemic. Consequently, the pandemic becomes an argument for the 3SI to attract capital to the projects it carries. However, the projects supported by the 3SI are not only structured by economic objectives but also by strategic objectives. We will illustrate the geopolitical dimension of the 3SI with a case study: the North-South Gas Corridor.
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The chapter presents a certain classification of the consequences of the pandemic observed in the Polish economy. The analysis aimed to answer the following questions: (1) what can change as a result of the pandemic, and what will not? (2) what scenarios from an economist’s point of view can we draw for Poland for the coming months? (3) how will relations with the countries of Central Europe develop? Covid-19 and the solutions applied to curb the pandemic have a strong impact on the acceleration of certain inevitable changes in the economic sphere or in the technologies and organizational solutions used. This problem constitutes an area of analysis in its own right and leads to the presentation of scenarios for the future.
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The main reason of taking a look at the subject is an analysis of dependence between the development of the pandemic of Covid-19 and the innovation policy in Poland. It is also an attempt to estimate the efficiency of this policy in comparison to the founder countries of the European Union. There will be discussed questions such as the essentials of the recent innovation policy, its instruments, the innovation policy conducted before and during the pandemic and recent challenges of this policy both in Poland and in some chosen countries of the EU. The subject of this chapter inclines toward undertaking the problem of the innovation policy, as an analysis of the policy of the state in the area of innovation at the time of the access of Poland to the EU until the time when first Covid-19 infections appeared and during the development of the pandemic.
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