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The application of social survey methods in analysing the tourist activity of seniors

Author(s): Zbigniew Głąbiński / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2015

The aim of the article is to discuss the possibilities of applying social research methods in the analysis of seniors' tourism activity. It emphasises the fact that research related to the participation of seniors in tourism is of major significance in many countries with rapidly changing population. The author mentions the methodological determinants of conducting social research that derive from two basic paradigms: quantitative and qualitative. Based on examples from the literature, the article presents the benefits and limitations of their use in conducting research on seniors' tourism activity. In the final part of the article, the author lists the methodological postulates regarding the implementation of the research among seniors as a specific segment of tourism activity.

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Witaj, bracie! Pisać bardzo trudno

Author(s): Jędrzej Morawiecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2015

After the annexation of Crimea in Russia, irrevocable changes occurred. The space for dialogue grew smaller, politics waded into our daily lives, leaving untouched neither culture nor scientific discourse, and sparing neither our small talk nor the idle stories we swap at bus stops, in cafes, and during breaks at work. It has become harder to avoid confrontation, and more difficult to keep our ears tuned to a reality that is becoming unbearably homogeneous and saturated with war propaganda. Can we therefore talk about a new symbolic conflict in Russia? About a split, about two societies, two kinds of people – as some would like? These questions have been asked repeatedly for months by those involved in Russian culture. Intellectuals trying to understand these dynamics talk about a crash or a turn, about the end of illusions, or about the beginning of a new world, a new Russia which “has risen from its knees”. The present text considers the attitudes of Russian intellectuals during the annexation of the Crimea and the war in Donbas in the autumn of 2014.

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Projekt rewolucja. Artyści na Majdanie w Kijowie

Author(s): Andrzej Szczerski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2015

Artistic responses to the Maidan can be seen as a new form of socially and politically engaged art, whose methods and language are adapted to today’s times. Artists used the internet, in particular, to launch several projects in support of the Maidan. The Facebook page “Strike-Poster” functioned as a database of anti-government political art (prints and posters) to be used by the protesters. A new form of social media was launched – “hromadske.tv”, an internet television channel that functioned as a source of uncensored news, including cultural news. Among other projects was the creation of an artistic enclave (Artistic Barbican) on the Maidan, where exhibitions of often non-professional political art were held. A number of individuals carried out a series of performances in the square with a clear political message, and various participatory projects were organized, such as Maidan Post, with postcards designed and printed by artists themselves. Well-known artists of the younger generation joined the demonstrations and either documented them (e.g. photos of barricades by Alevtina Kahidze) or produced portraits of the revolutionaries, including those who died (Lesia Khomenko, Serhij Radkievich). Recent developments in Kyiv have clearly shown once again that in a divided society, such as post-communist Ukraine, the gaps between social groups can be closed by turning to basic principles, such as personal freedom, dignity and civil liberties, as well as national myths. In order to succeed, these revolutionary impulses need to come from within society. In this process, art and artists play a crucial role in building a common platform for communication. The events in Ukraine led to a re-evaluation of the importance of art functioning outside of institutions and the art market, and which is capable of speaking about issues of crucial importance to today’s world and the fundamental values upon which civil society is based.

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Zrównoważone osiedla mieszkaniowe w formule cohousing’u

Author(s): Małgorzata Zięba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 92/2015

The paper briefly describes the idea of cohousing communities built and managed by their owners and residents. The Author introduces special features of cohousing, which distinguish it from other forms of housing, i.e. non-profit construction and management by owners-users, creation of the sense of a community and strong social ties. It has been emphasized that the concept of cohousing incorporates realization of sustainable and ecological houses as well as sustainable communities, and is part of contemporary economic and social trends of limiting consumption – degrowth. The paper includes an analysis of conditions facilitating more extensive realization of housing in this formula in Poland as well as barriers, especially legal and mental ones – lack of social capital required to create close and cooperating cohousing communities.

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CROSSING THE THRESHOLD OF HOPE INTO THE MEDIA CULTURE

Author(s): Margaret J. Obrovac / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The “new atheism” and the “new evangelization” have become the buzzwords of the age. Atheism is now the fastest growing “religious” group in the United States; the new evangelization decisively shaped the conclave that elected Jorge Bergoglio to the papacy. Twenty years ago, in Crossing the Threshold of Hope, John Paul II reflected pastorally on some of the philosophical, spiritual, and cultural roots of both. His insights, embodied in Christians who live them, offer the Church a key to our times. If evangelization today is to announce the Gospel in the languages of today, what script might it use? What images might it evoke? What might its cadence be like?

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Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne na Wybrzeżu Gdańskim

Author(s): Andrzej Chodubski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2009

According to the data of census in 2002, national and ethnic minorities form 0,26% of the society of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. They are among others: Belarusians, the Romani, Greeks, Karaims, Lithuanians, Lemkos, Macedonians, Germans, Armenians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, Jews and (since lately) Vietnamese. Their position underwent a positive change after 1989. In the past decades they experienced all sorts of restrictions. The activity of the particular minorities centers around matters such as: using and teaching the languages of the minority, keeping names and surnames written in the minority language, practising their religion and organizational activity. The basis for the national and ethnic minorities living on the Gdańsk Coast form largely the newcomers from the widely understood frontier lands. The Greeks and Macedonians who came to Poland in the years 1949‒1952 form an interesting exception. People coming to the so-called recovered lands, as a rule, hid their real origin. It was the result of the two facts: 1. the policy of the Polish government, the aim of which was to create a uniform state as regards nation and ethnics. 2. fear of being recognized as the citizens of the USSR due to the risk of deportation. The first decade of the post war period was especially unfavourable for the minorities. Since 1956 the situation has loosened – organizational and religious life start to develop. Up to the present time national and ethnic minorities have been the subject of scientific research.

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To nie jest muzeum, to jest laboratorium

Author(s): Urszula Pawlicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2015

This article aims to describe how the humanities is “moving” to laboratories both metaphorically (the lab as a paradigm) and literally (produced by humanities labs). The combination of the humanities and the laboratory – theory and practice – is present in the digital humanities in particular. Discussion of the issue is focused on the Electronic Literature Lab at Washington State University in Vancouver, run by prof. Dene Grigar (Head of the Electronic Literature Organization). The Electronic Literature Lab shows how the digital humanities combines programming with creative writing (creating kinetic literary projects) and media archaeology with the history of electronic literature (the protection of and access to songs from the 1980s and 1990s).

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Gdzie jest gracz, kiedy gra? Retoryki cielesności a gry wideo

Author(s): Michał Tabaczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2015

Video games – like other digital media (hypertext, interactive fiction), but much more fully and effectively – perform an extremely important function within the rhetoric of human corporality. They make us realise that the cultural and technological mediation of human experience is here to stay. The experience of corporality in games (i.e., the experience of game space and time) is an element of the gaming condition, determining the relationship between the human body and the game’s universe. These relations are bilateral: humans impact on the game world, the game impacts on the human body. This principle has extremely important implications for social life in today’s digital era.

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Gry wideo i emocje

Author(s): Andrzej Pitrus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2015

The article concerns emotions in video games. The author analyzes the latest creations from the AAA segment, in which the player has the chance to identify in depth with the characters. The games produced by the Quantic Dream studio, and "The Last of Us" made by The Naughty Dog are among the various proposals for tackling the problem of “humanising” game characters, who are much more than just electronic “actants”. Their complexity suggests a comparison with the heroes of films, but their ability to interactively direct their actions presents to games researcher with new challenges. Who is the character in the game? Is it just an electronic “costumed” player, or is it s being who demands we recognize its personal subjectivity?

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Chyba jesteśmy już z miasta

Author(s): Piotr Korduba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2015

Polish cities are currently undergoing a process of being “reclaimed” by their inhabitants. This urban revival seems not so much a form of recompensation for years of PRL rule over Poland’s cities, but rather a response to the effects of the political transformation on the city: the impact of the liberal economy on the elimination of spatial planning, the commercialization of urban space, and the growing belief in the sanctity of private property. In the midst of initiatives, discussions and publications that have stimulated the return of a humanitarian ethos to Polish cities and calls for them to be perceived as compact spaces that require plans for sustainable development, and the ability to read and skilfully guide the complicated grammar of city streets, squares and buildings, a Polish translation appeared of the book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" by Jane Jacobs (1961). Although written more than half a century ago and focusing on New York, it anticipates today’s thinking about cities, distancing itself from traditionally understood urbanism (as the study of a grid of streets and squares), and proposes a holistic vision of them as a dynamic structure resulting from various “civilisational” processes, including some of an economic nature.

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Kryzys migracyjny w Europie a bezpieczeństwo – podłoże społeczno-ekonomiczne, zagrożenia, pomoc rozwojowa

Author(s): Agnieszka Szpak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The article focuses on the roots of current refugee and economic migration to the European Union and recommends long-term solutions, including developmental aid; against this background the European Union’s reaction is examined. The objective is to point to the significance of long-term solutions to the problem of migrants and refugees, reiterating such key issues as launching economic reconstruction and ensuring security in the countries of origin.

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Ocena poziomu zrównoważonego rozwoju gmin w Polsce

Author(s): Danuta Kołodziejczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

The aim of the study is to assess the sustainability level of the development ofgminas in Poland, while indicating the problems limiting the sustainability of development. For this purpose, the statistical data from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office were used. On the basis of a development measure the synthetic indicators of economic, social and environmental development were calculated. This indicators enabled to assess the sustainability level in the three aspects and to present the relations between them. The measure of cohesion was used to assess the sustainability level of gminas. Five sustainability groups were identified: very low, low, medium, high andvery high. It was concluded that among all the surveyed gminas (2,479), a higher sustainability level demonstrate urban-rural (26.2% of the total number of such gminas) and rural gminas (20.1%) rather than urban gminas (17.9%). It was also pointed out that the environment may be a barrier in the shaping of the sustainable development of gminas.

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Wielozmianowa analiza logitowa w badaniach aktywności ekonomicznej ludności wiejskiej

Author(s): Włodzimierz Kołodziejczak,Feliks Wysocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Multinomial logistic regression can be used to analyse economic activity of population and labour market. Its application enables to decompose labour resources according to selected demographic and socio-economic traits in relation to the degree of change in the state of economic population activity. The aim of the paper is to present the possibilities of using the logit models to assess the chances (risks) and probabilities of changes in the state of economic population activity depending on its selected socio-demographic traits. The flows from employment to unemployment, and to economic inactivity were discussed. The research method and the data were described. An interpretation of selected research results was also presented. Due to the need to follow changes of the state of economic population activity over time, individual raw data from the Labour Force Survey are relevant to build multinomial logit models of the labour market. The possibility of decomposition is limited by the size of the sample, which results from the structure of population under Labour Force Survey and from the length of the analysed period. In practice, a satisfactory model alignment requires a consideration of an analysis period which is at least several years long (and combining the data into a coherent base) along with an aggregation of certain population groups (e.g. all non-agricultural sections of PKD or contiguous age classes). Moreover, correct inference also requires knowledge and experience of a researcher and it should take account of a broad socio-economic context, i.e. quality conditions of the reference system.

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Relacje wynagrodzenia i wydajności czynnika pracy w rolnictwie na tle gospodarki narodowej i jej sektorów w Polsce w okresie 2005-2012

Author(s): Włodzimierz Rembisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The Author discusses the relationship between the productivity of the labourfactor and its remuneration. The analysis is focused on a comparison of agriculture to thenational economy and its selected sectors. Both static and dynamic approaches are applied.The relationship between the productivity of the labour factor and its remuneration givesinformation whether the remuneration results from the productivity. Producer’s equilibrium, zero profit conditions and the problem of the allocation anddistribution in the sectoral perspective are the theoretical basis for such an analysis. It isdemonstrated whether (and to what extent) labour productivity is the source of fundingremuneration in a given sector. Secondly, the analysis allows to assess rationality of theallocation of the labour factor and distribution of value added among sectors. The resultscan indicate i.a. whether agriculture benefits or loses from such a distribution. The analysisconsists of two parts. In the first step the Author derives analytical formulas similar to theidea of the unit labour costs and presents theoretical proof. In the second step, empiricalstudy is conducted based mainly on the graphical illustration.

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Wybrane problemy fiskalne rozwoju wsi. Wprowadzenie do problemu

Author(s): Jacek Kulawik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Rural development is understood as a socio-economic process that consists ofdesired and positive qualitative and quantitative changes, leading to increased efficiencyand productivity of rural businesses and the usefulness of rural households. This is in manyways determined by and at the same time embedded in the socio-economic developmentbeyond local and regional level, and, consequently, also in general economic development.However, financial variables, including fiscal ones, quite rarely determine rural development. Therefore, the main objective of the article is to reduce this cognitive gap, which is of greatimportance also for regional and agri-food policy. The analysis is centered around thetheory and practical achievements of fiscal federalism, which is a sub-discipline of publicfinances. According to this, the Author starts with presenting general assumptions of fiscaland environmental federalism. Then, focus is shifted to controversies related to fiscaldecentralization in order to move on inter-jurisdictional competition and cooperation. Inthe background of this part of the analysis there is the Tiebout model, which is one of themost interesting conceptualizations of local and regional development mechanism. In thefinal part of the article the Author presents the key elements of Buchanan’s theory of clubgoods as a tool for optimizing the size of the local units.

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Doświadczanie kultury lokalnej. Propozycja ujęcia badawczego

Author(s): Izabella Bukraba-Rylska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Phenomena which can be observed in contemporary rural areas require notonly observation and description, but deserve treating them in a new way. Hitherto usedcategories (of cultural participation, localism or cultural practices) do not encompass thespecific perception of culture, which is more and more common also in rural inhabitants.In today’s humanities the term “experience” is employed with success, as it enables tocombine intellectual perception with emotional and corporeal perceptions. This articlepresents assumptions of that new approach, by showing its usefulness in relation to ruralcommunities.

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Przyczyny i przejawy peryferyjności obszarów wiejskich w Polsce

Author(s): Iwona Nurzyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Spatial disparities of social and economic development results in emerging ofmarginalized (peripheral) areas. Rural areas are particularly exposed to this phenomenon. Peripherality is a multidimensional and complex concept. It is of relative nature andiden tification and determination of peripheral areas is subjective and depends on theidentification criteria applied. Peripherality is commonly recognized as a negative phenomenonwith such underlying features as backwardness, dependency, marginalization and deprivation. Governments at central and regional levels undertake various actions and publicinterventions in order to achieve social and territorial cohesion. However, the results of thoseundertakings are far from satisfactory. The goal of this article is to analyze dimensions ofthe peripherality of rural areas, especially its economic dimension, and to indicate causesof peripheriality in view of theories and concepts of regional development. This paper isbased on the analysis of the literature, public statistics and own research results.

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Farmer Relations with Input Suppliers - Some Evidence from the Dairy Sector in Poland

Author(s): Agata Malak-Rawlikowska,Dominika Milczarek-Andrzejewska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The paper aims at improving our knowledge about farmers’ relations with inputsuppliers and analyses the backward vertical spillovers between the “boundary” chains. Ituses a micro-data on dairy sector in Poland to elicit farmers’ opinions on their cooperationwith feed suppliers and confront them with farmers’ actual behaviors. We find that dairyfarmers have on average a long and stable cooperation with feed suppliers. A great majorityof the respondents perceive their relationship with feed supplier as either good or very good.The relation between farmer and feed supplier is usually not formal (over 90% of farmersdo not have any written contract). Price level and the quality of feed is the most importantfeature of the relation mentioned by farmers. However, we observe significant differencesin the farm characteristics, obtained discounts, possibilities of the price negotiations, etc.depending on the channel of the feed supply. Despite no significant difference in farmlandsize, farmers who purchase feed directly from feed producer have a significantly larger milkproduction and receive significantly higher discount from the feed supplier than farmerspurchasing feed from an intermediary. This group of farmers is also more active in pricenegotiations and more often considers changing their supplier.

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Zbiorniki i cieki wodne w krajobrazie rolniczym

Author(s): Anna Dudzińska,Barbara Szpakowska,Paweł Szumigała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The research was carried out in the Greater Poland’s commune of Rokietnicaadjacent to the administrative borders of the Poznań city. Most of these areas are part of the Nature 2000 „Dolina Samicy”.The aim of the study was to make an inventory and to assess changes in the number ofponds and watercourses in the 19th and 21st centuries. The researchers used The Geographic Information System. Data analysis was performed using ArcMap 10.2 software. The resultsare presented in for form of tables and maps which show the changes concerning pondsand watercourses in the 19th and 21st centuries.

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Przemiany w strukturze osób pracujących w podregionach przeważająco wiejskich w Polsce

Author(s): Piotr Adamczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

The paper concerns the changes in sector structure of employees in predcimmantly rural subregions (NTS 3). comparing the structures in 2005 and 2012. To аззезз the extent of changes the author used the dissimilarity measures: Bray-Curtis index, Clarke's divergence index and Euclidean distance. It was stated that the most significant changes were observed in the subregions with the increase in the percentage of employees in agriculture sector

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