Нация, държава, право

Author(s): Antonio D'Alessandro / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this article Antonio D'Alessandro will concern the Bulgarian country briefly after it's liberation and how it had affected the attention of some spheres of the Italian public opinion. The author is focused on the juridic culture and more concrete - the history of legal thought. D'Alessandro is following the events from XIX century that were taking place in southeastern Europe and he is trying to find out what is the influence that these events held over the Italian culture then.

България от Бтенберг до Стамболов: италианската гледна точка

Author(s): Francesco Guida / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In the exposition of this article the author is focused on the Bulgarian international statute in the years after 1886 (In their diplomatic activities great powers were very concerned with this issue in that period), he is also describing some of the internal policy issues of Bulgaria and some aspects of the person that was Stambolov. The purpose of this analysis is to give a vivid and definitive rating regarding the relation of the Italian government (and part of the public opinion as well) towards the Bulgarian question and the Bulgarian national aspirations.

Италианската политика спрямо Княжество България от Освобождението до признаването на Фердинанд за български княз (1878-1896)

Author(s): Rita Tolomeo / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Italians strongly sympathized the liberation of Bulgaria. Briefly after the Liberation Ferdinand arrived to Bulgaria. This article presents the complex political affiliations that many countries like England, the Ottoman empire, Italy, Serbia, Austria-Hungary and others held towards the new country. The Italian diplomats from the nineteenth century tried to held their objectivity and not take sides in the political problems that occurred between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire and so did not support the exaggerated claims the Ottoman Empire held against the new country.

Новите Балкани при срещата им с италиански дипломати и журналисти

Author(s): Alberto Basciani / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article presents the interest that the Italian journalists and diplomats have shown in the political events that were taking place in the former Ottoman provinces. It was clear for Italy that the eastern Europe problems were not local in their origin. Despite the Italian interest in the Balkans the circumstances didn't allow for Italy to always take the intended from the country actions .

Мария-Луиза в България: образът на княгинята в спомените на съвременниците

Author(s): Dobrinka Parusheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this articles the author describes the diplomatic terms that led to the marriage of prince Ferdinand and princess Marie Louise as well and she also gives the reader excerpts showing the public opinion for the princess which was based on their memories of her.

Bosna i Hercegovina u vrtlogu

Author(s): Robert J. Donia / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In the past six decades, English-language accounts of the Second World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina have evolved, starting with the perspective of Allied strategic military interests and moving toward an understanding of the conflict as a struggle among regional actors. In the late wartime years, English readers saw the Second World War largely through the portal of Allied military observers who visited Tito or Mihailović. Early postwar scholarly accounts of the war echoed English readers’ obsession with the gargantuan military struggle and the reasons for Allied victory. Since then, English-language histories have increasingly drawn upon the voluminous documentary record and emphasized the role of the national question in the course and outcome of the war. Some authors have adopted a regional approach and focused principally on the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The quality of recent histories is excellent, but there is a lamentable absence of social history in these works, and horrible fate of the Jews in the Second World War has all but disappeared from more recent accounts.

Između kralja, poglavnika i maršala

Author(s): Tvrtko Jakovina / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The author attempts to situate that watershed year that concluded the Second World War in the context of world history and show what it meant for the development of Croatia and Yugoslavia. He focusses on the relations among the Allies regarding the disagreement concerning Tito, especially the plans from the end of 1943 to the beginning of 1944 in which Ivan Šubašić was to be inserted in Croatian territory in order to influence Croat Peasant Party sympathizers to transfer their allegiance to the ≪Partisan flag≫, as recorded in the documents of the British Foreign Office. From 1944, Ivan Šubašić was the key element in the British and American governments≫ attempt to decommunize the character of Josip Broz’s Partisan movement and ensure a multiparty, democratic and federal consitutional monarchy in Yugoslavia. Josip Broz Tito determined matters on the ground; he was unwilling to accept the decisions made between Moscow and London, or those in Yalta, although he was not entirely negative. In addition, the author points out the Soviet strategy for the gradual communization of Eastern Europe, as well as the American consent to Moscow obtaining a security zone along the borders of the USSR, and how this pertains to the circumstances in Yugoslavia. The relations within the Independent State of Croatia and the relations of Hitler and Pavelić were unimportant to the political solution of Croatia’s or Yugoslavia’s future.

Britanski pogled na Hrvatsku 1945.: politika i društvo

Author(s): Katarina Spehnjak / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Diplomatic relations between Britain and Yugoslavia in 1945 encapsulated all their past and future conflicts: traditional British orientation and interests as opposed to a pragmatism dictated by political realism and the evolution of Yugoslavian politics equally conditioned by its dominant factor – the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) and its position as a small country at a time of global turmoil. At the end of the war British and Allied Military interest became less important in the face of a new geopolitical strategy which rested on the division of Europe and the world into two blocks. Even if at the time he decided to support Tito and the Partisans Churchill believed that it was not important if they wanted to introduce Communism – because the British ≪‘won’t be living there’≫ – in 1945 it was characterized by this factor. This can be seen in terms of the questions of support for UNRRA, the Tito – Šubašić, the problem of Istria and Trieste, and the extradition of war crimes. Yugoslavia, in an effort to obtain international recognition of the NOP (Narodnooslobodilački pokret – National Liberation Movement) accepted concessions in internal-political matters which in any case were quickly shown to be temporary. Although politically within the orbit of the USSR, the new Yugoslavia did not receive support from it on some critical foreign-political issues. When the resignation of minister Ivan Šubašić, the British trump card, occurred on the eve of the elections to the Constituent Assembly of the new Yugoslavia, and when the opposition – disabled by the regime but also by internal divisions – declined to engage in a political struggle, Britain, after experiencing initial discomfort at the unexpected turn of events, decided not to break off relations with Yugoslavia. Nonetheless, in solving certain future problems, Britain retained elements of its earlier policy. In British diplomatic reports Croatia, along with Serbia, was the main ≪≫bulwark of opposition,≫≫ especially important in this regard were the Croat Peasant Party, the Catholic Church, and the peasantry as powerful forces. The estimation that support for the new government was somewhere between 10-20% conflicts with the strong electoral showing of the National Front. Even if repression by the regime is held to play a large role in this support, the avoidance tactics and lost opportunities on the part of opposition leaders reveal a number of characteristic political and cultural stereotypes, from which the leaders of the communists are not immune either. The bulk of this article rests on this issue.

Uloga muzičkog folklora u spoljnoj politici Socijalističke Jugoslavije 1950–1952.

Author(s): Ivan S. Hofman / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The conflict with Cominform in 1948 was a turning point in the history of socialist Yugoslavia. In complete isolation and difficult economic crisis, after initial vacillation and desire to prove its Stalinist orthodoxy Yugoslavia has started to seek new ways in the development of socialism, on the basis of its own revolutionary experience. On the foreign policy plan, its diplomatic activity was aimed toward restoration of previously severed ties with the West, in an effort to get necessary aid from this side and thus free itself from the heavy pressure of the USSR and its satellites. Musical folklore got its place in the new foreign-policy orientation of Yugoslavia. In the 1950–1952 period the Government of the FPRY sent leading professional and certain amateur folklore groups to competitions and tours in the West lasting several weeks, and in September 1951 organized an international congress of ethnomusicologists in Opatija. The government of the FPRY regarded tours of folklore ensembles and the international congress as one of the means to overcome isolation of the country, as well as a way to present Yugoslavia as a new leader of international labour movement, after the Soviet communists, as it was believed, betrayed fundamental principles of Marxism and international proletarian solidarity.

The Black Sea in the International Trade of the XIVth and XVth Centuries

Author(s): Michel Balard / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Role of the West Black Sea Ports in Navigation and Commerce, 13th–15th Centuries

Author(s): Dimitar V. Dimitrov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Печатите на цар Симеон І Велики

Author(s): Ivan Jordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Кавханите и ичиргу боилите при цар Симеон Велики

Author(s): Vassil Gjuzelev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Свети Климент Охридски и цар Симеон Велики

Author(s): Iliya Georgiev Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

България, Византия и Арабският свят при царуването на Симеон І Велики

Author(s): Krasimir S. Krastev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

DIALOGUE

Author(s): Jiri Mucha / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Il y a plusieurs semaines, et même en réalité encore plus, que notre gouvernement s’essaye, avec les résultats qu’on connaît, à avoir un dialogue avec les tenants d'opinions, qui, soit dit par eu­phémisme, ne regardent pas notre évolution avec compréhension. Notre gouvernement s’efforce de leur démontrer, avec l'appui massif des moyens d’informations, que ce qui se passe chez nous n’est pas la contre-révolution, que l’organisateur de tout cela n’est pas Bonn, etc. Et à, son chagrin, et peut-être aussi, à son étonnement, il ne rencontre que des oreilles sourdes et n’entend que des réponses qui semblent provenir d'habitants de la planète Mars.

LA GUERRE DES NERFS

Author(s): Antonin J. Liehm / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Chacun, s'il connaît quelque chose du monde et s’il l'a parcouru dans ces derniers mois avec des yeux pas tout à fait aveugles, confirmera que la Tchécoslovaquie est l'un des pays les plus tran­quilles d'Europe. Et il ne s’agit pas d’un calme apparent, en surface. La Tchécoslovaquie est un pays où, en comparaison avec l’époque d'avant janvier, la tension s'est nettement relâchée, à l’intérieur de la société, et où le processus de la normalisation, englobant aussi le mécanisme interne de différenciation des opinions politiques, se poursuit d'une façon que quelqu'un a récemment comparé à « une récréation ».

LE PETIT ET LE GRAND

Author(s): Milan Kundera / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Lorsqu'au cours de la première matinée du IVe Congrès des écrivains, Pavel Kohout se mit à lire la lettre de Soljenistyne dans laquelle ce grand héritier de Tolstoï décrit le sort tragique de la littérature soviétique dans les conditions du stalinisme et du néosta­linisme, Jiri Hendrych, assis au premier rang, à la tribune, se rem­brunit, enfila sa veste par dessus sa chemise blanche ornée de bretelles et s’en alla en chancelant. Au fond de la tribune, où nous avions pris place, Prochazka, Lustig et moi, il dit encore cette parole historique : « Vous avez tout perdu, vous avez tout perdu... » et il quitta la séance.

TITO ! TITO ! TITO !

Author(s): Antonin J. Liehm / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Le génie populaire est insondable et on ne peut pas prédire avec sûreté quel chemin il prendra. Par exemple, l’improvisation de la troisième cour du Château de Prague, le vendredi 9 août, ce slogan né instantanément et scandé: Dubcek ! Tito ! Svoboda ! a tel­lement de signification qu'on ne pourrait le faire tenir dans la plu­part des documents préparés longtemps à l'avance et hautement considérés. Le triomphe pragois de Tito n’a pas été seulement — et loin s'en faut, cette fois-ci, un remboursement pour le passé. Ce fut un triomphe qui aurait pu et qui aurait dû être, déjà une se­maine auparavant, celui de Dubcek.

The Concept of Neutrality: Origins and Challenges - From the Peace of Westphalia to the European Union

Author(s): Ove Bring / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Neutrality could be defined as a nation’s status of impartiality, and thus non-participation in hostilities, when other countries are at war. The position of neutrality is probably as old as war itself, but only in the sense that certain actors wanted to stay outside an armed conflict. The self-proclaimed neutrals had no rights in this context, no guarantees, no legal assurances. But during the Middle Ages and later, for example during the Thirty Years War in Europe, bilateral agreements were concluded that promised certain states respect for their position of neutrality during an ongoing armed conflict. The position of permanent neutrality, valid also in future wars, was more ambitious and was not, at this time, covered in international agreements. But to the extent that a concept of neutrality slowly was emerging, it was linked to the existence of an armed conflict. It was not a matter of neutrality or impartiality in a general political sense. Thus, the emerging legal position of neutrality did not exist in peace time, but only after the outbreak of war. That important point also corresponds to the position of modern international law.