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Evolutia omenirii marcata de dezvoltarea domeniului tehnico-stiintific in secolul al XX-lea

Author(s): Andreea-Monica Colpos / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

This paper aims to present a short history of the evolution in the field of science and technology within the 20th century, the focus being on discoveries and inventions which had a great impact on the next steps in the human development. The first part settled the moment when this field first appeared and analyzed the way in which it evolved in a hypothetical situation. One of the main points of analysis was also the medical field which developed as a result of the evolution of science within the 20th century. The second part presented the successes in the field of technologies which gave the humans a new perspective on the environment. Here we can take into consideration more examples such as: the first landing on moon, the first flight by a machine with an engine and the invention of internet. The last part focused on the process through which science gradually evolved in time.

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Despre succesul stiintei si tehnicii in secolul al XX-lea

Author(s): Stefana Magdan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

L’œuvre met en lumière quelques inventions d’un siècle peuplées d’inventeurs dans le domaine de la science et de la technologie. Des évolutions ont également été notées dans le domaine anatomique et médicinal. C’est pourquoi nous assistons à un développement sans précédent de l’industrie automobile, en particulier dans les pays développés. Il est vrai que les sciences sont des portes et les recherches sont leurs clés.

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Florentine Families in Hungary in the First Half of the Fifteenth Century

Author(s): Krisztina Arany / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This essay, based on a prosopographic database backed by extensive archival research both in Florence and Hungary, offers an overview on the patterns of the presence of Florentine merchants in medieval Hungary. Among the research questions, the Florentine businessmen’s main fields of interest in the kingdom are of utmost importance, because their interests shaped the patterns of their presence in the kingdom. Also, their financial and economic background in Florence significantly influenced the opportunities they had in Hungary. Thus, the forms of cooperation within the closer local and extended international networks within which they moved prove to be revealing with regards to business as it was run in Hungary. The reconstruction of this network also allows us to identify clusters of Florentine business partners residing in Florence who were investing in Hungary by cooperating with their fellow countrymen actively present in the country. I also offer a detailed analysis of the Florentines’ use of credit in Hungary, focusing on both commercial and money credit transactions and the various forms of transactions used to run business ventures there. Finally, I examine Buda’s role as a royal seat and major trade hub from the point of view of the two major foreign trading diasporas hosted in the town, the Italian/Florentine and southern German ethnic groups. I offer a comparative analysis of their interaction and the different patterns of their social ambitions and economic activity in Buda.

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ТЕКСТИЛНАТА ИНДУСТРИЯ ВЪВ ВАРНЕНСКИЯ РЕГИОН (1878-1929)

Author(s): Daniela Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The textile industry in Varna region in the period from the Liberation of Bulgaria to the onset of the Great Depression (1878-1929) is characterized by dynamic development, modern entrepreneurial culture and technological renewal of the production. The aim of the paper is to identify the position of the textile industry of Varna and the region in the overall industrial development of the Kingdom of Bulgaria during the indicated period.

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Еволюция на търговските средища в Черноморския регион

Author(s): Boyko Doichinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The present study is part of a larger project related to trade routes and centers in Bulgaria, and in particular the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The purpose of the study is to investigate the physical trading infrastructure built in the Middle Ages in the territory of present-day Bulgaria, whose traces and objects can still be identified in some of our cities.

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ЗА РАЗВИТИЕТО НА ВИСШЕТО КОРАБОСТРОИТЕЛНО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Gospodin Kirov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The current paper provides a detailed historical overview of the emergence and development of the higher shipbuilding education in Bulgaria since the middle of the 20th century. The author has searched and used authentic documentary sources, as well as recollections of former students from that period, while adhering to the maximum when using and quoting the used sources. At the beginning of the paper are mentioned the first vessels and the shipbuilders who have completed their education abroad and laid the foundations of shipbuilding and the higher shipbuilding education in our country. The first lecturers at the newly established Shipbuilding Department at the State University-Varna are briefly listed and 2 photographs of the first students at this department are added, identifying the individuals. Attached is also a list of graduates from the first class and a photo taken at the 50th anniversary of their graduation. The paper notes that, after the closure of the Shipbuilding specialty at the Higher Institute of National Economy-Varna (then) in 1957/58, the same specialty was established in 1959 at the Higher Naval Academy N.Y. Vaptsarov, where after the graduation of 4 classes it was discontinued again. The third establishment of the Shipbuilding Department was in 1962 with the establishing of the Higher Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute-Varna. The paper provides a brief analysis of the achievements of the two specialist departments – Shipbuilding and Naval Machines and Mechanisms – in the educational, research and international fields.

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Contemporary History as Pre-history of the Present: Analysing the Austrian Media Discourse about Investment Opportunities in the East

Author(s): Oliver Kühschelm / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

In its first part the essay reflects about the concept and practice of contemporary history. Taking the transformation of Europe since 1989 as a starting point it finally advocates a genealogical reconstruction of the past as pre-history of the present. In its second, empirical part the essay discusses examples from print media that belong to a discourse about Austrian companies ‘going East’. The analysis focuses on images that without providing numbers nor technical arguments suggested investments in the former socialist countries as a huge opportunity. It discerns two narratives built on these images: the return of the Habsburg Monarchy and Western (Austrian) companies as conquerors of the East. The essay thus contributes to a critical media history of the transformation of Central Europe.

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Cores and Peripheries Reconsidered: Economic Development, Trade and Cultural Images in the Eighteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy

Author(s): Klemens Kaps / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This article explores the relationship between economic development and the trans-regional division of labor in the eighteenth-century Habsburg Monarchy. Using world-systemic models and postcolonial approaches, I offer a critical revision of traditional narratives on the economic history of the Habsburg dominions as a point of departure for a reconsideration of regional disparities in the Habsburg dominions. I examine the relationship between the geopolitical power position of the Monarchy and the socioeconomic transformations towards proto-industries and commercial agriculture in the course of the eighteenth century, with a focus on trade as a major factor which affected the way in which domestic market formation and economic interregional entanglement influenced the emergence of a split between cores and peripheries in the Habsburg dominions. In the last part of the article, I examine the discourses and cultural images which shaped the political-institutional framework regulating these exchange relations. I observe that orientalist metaphors about the Eastern peripheries were a symptom of the way in which some policy instruments were designed in favor of the core areas over the peripheral regions.

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State-Building, Imperial Science, and Bourgeois Careers in the Habsburg Monarchy in the 1848 Generation: The Cases of Karl Czoernig (1804–1889) and Carl Alexander von Hügel (1795/96–1870)

Author(s): Wolfgang Goderle / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The article situates itself in the broader context of the transition between the Ancien Régime and the revolutionary year 1848 by exploring the new social spaces opening up for a middle-class in the making from the 1820s onward. It focuses on two representatives of this new class, Karl von Czoernig and Carl Alexander von Hügel, both of whom managed to climb the social ladder between c. 1820 and 1870. Men like Czoernig and Hügel were involved with the events of 1848 in manifold ways. Czoernig, for instance, was a member of the Frankfurt Parliament, while Hügel helped Metternich escape the country and flee to England. Yet in the wider perspective, it was not a few turbulent days in 1848 that made a difference in the lives of the members of the larger emerging middle-class to which these two men belonged. The revolution(s) had another effect on both men’s lives: Hügel made a reappearance as an imperial diplomat and started a second career with a distinctly conservative flavor. The top-ranking civil servant Czoernig, in contrast, ruined his professional career in the long run, although the consequences of his participation in the events of 1848 were not felt until the early 1860s, when dusk fell on neo-absolutist liberalism. This article examines a panorama of new options and opportunities for members of the well-educated bourgeois in an era of transition, and it suggests some conclusions concerning the strategies put to use by the emerging middle-class.

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The Rothschild Consortium and the State Debt of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy

Author(s): György Kövér / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The state debts of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy after 1867 consisted of three parts: loans acquired before 1867; loans acquired by the Cisleithanian half of the empire after the Compromise of 1867; and, finally, new state debt generated by the Kingdom of Hungary also after 1867. Between 1873 and 1910, with some exceptions, it was the Rothschild–Creditanstalt–Disconto-Gesellschaft consortium that acted in the role of the state banker in both halves of the dualistic state. The decision in favor of the Rothschilds was based not only on their extensive international network, rapid communications, immense prestige, an enormous amount of capital and a high degree of competitiveness but on the fact that they had long been heavily involved in Austrian financial affairs and in their quasi-monopoly position were able to assess relatively favorable costs. While the international market treated Hungary’s state bonds as the public debt of a sovereign state, it still considered Austria and Hungary to be economically interdependent parts of the same, albeit politically dual, monarchy even as the threat of the dualist state’s dissolution emerged more and more frequently from the turn of the century onwards. After initial hardships, yields on Hungary’s state debt with some lag were able to keep up with the profitability on the again gradually increasing Austrian state debt.

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International Architecture as a Tool of National Emancipation: Nguyen Cao Luyen in French Colonial Hanoi, 1920–1940

Author(s): Ulrike von Hirschhausen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This paper takes the city of Hanoi as an example in order to explore the potential of global history with regard to the urban context. It argues that the specific conditions of French urban planning made international architecture, not indigenous traditions, a tool of national emancipation in the 1930s and 1940s. The colonial administration of France in Indochina became increasingly concerned with integrating vernacular elements in its colonial architecture in order to visualize a policy of assimilation. This “Indochinese Style” was clearly seen as part of an imperial repertoire of power to which Vietnamese architects were opposed. Most of them, as the professional biography of Nguyen Cao Luyen illustrates, therefore considered contemporary architecture, as the International Style, to be an appropriate tool to reengineer a colonized society in the direction of national emancipation. When the French assigned a large area in southern Hanoi exclusively to the Vietnamese, this “New Indigenous Quarter” turned into a laboratory of international architecture that the emerging Vietnamese middle-class regarded as a means of practicing global modernity. Only the interconnectivity of the local, the imperial and the global realm helps us to better understand why at the local level internationalism appeared in Hanoi to be the appropriate tool for designing a national future.

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Една дискусионна сребърна монета – архаичен тип от VI в. пр. Хр. от България

Author(s): Lubomir Vasilev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

This paper discusses one very rare early silver coin from the first-second half of VI century BC from the teritorry of Modern Bulgaria(from Sofia or its’ vicinage – ?!) – Lydian 1/3 stater of the king Croеsus (561–546 BC) or archaic type silver siglos of Achaemenid Persia from thetime of first Persian rulers – Cyrus The Greath, Cambyses and Darius I from the period 546–515 BC.The coin was sold in Ebay of 11.10.2019 from Bulgarian seller with location – Sofia, Bulgaria for 195 USD. Unfortunately, the seller did not specify the diameter and weight of the coin - a circumstance that makes it difficult to determine of the find.

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Колективна находка с контрамаркирани монети на Одесос от Варна

Author(s): Vladimir Bekov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

This article presents a coin hoard from a private collection from Varna. It comprises five bronze coins. They were all minted in Odessos and later were stamped with countermarks of Odessos as well. The hoard was found in now-days Varna 2.5 km northeast from the ancient Odessos. Allthe coins have Odessos’ type obverse and reverse. Obverse: Persephone head right with taenia, earrings and necklace. Reverse: The Great God Pluto holding rithon or cornucopiae reclining right on base inscribed OΔHΣITΩN (between 301–200 BC). All the coins bear the Odessos’ type countermark “ΘΕΟΥ cornucopiae”. Coin № 2 in the catalogue is especially valuable because it has two countermarks – after being countermarked with the abovementioned type it was stamped once again, this time with – „The Great God Pluto holding cornucopiae reclining right on base“. This observation is important because it was believed so far that the mark „The Great God Pluto…“ preceded chronologically the „ΘΕΟΥ cornucopiae“ one. We think this hoard was hidden into the ground in the period between 200 – 150 BC.

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Wkład polskiej myśli statystycznej w rozwój światowej statystyki

Author(s): Czesław Domański,Włodzimierz Okrasa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2019

The aim of the paper is to present the achievements of selected Polish statisticians, including the precursors of the Polish statistical thought, who significantly contributed to the development of statistics as a scientific discipline with versatile applications to many fields of research. The authors’ intention was to emphasize the value of this input, its significance for science and its considerable impact on the development of the applications of statistical methods to other disciplines. The article is structured around three theses, which concern, respectively: the role of statistics as a key discipline in the processes of the interdisciplinarisation of empirical sciences, diverse conditions in which the Polish statistical thought has developed (e.g. the partitions of Poland), and its influence on the shape of modern statistics.

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Veniturile și cheltuielile unei familii boierești din Moldova, între anii 1782 și 1789

Author(s): Ion Murariu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: VI/1974

Articolul prezintă veniturile și cheltuielile unei familii boierești din Moldova, între anii 1782 și 1789

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Preocupări ale ocîrmuirii Moldovei în domeniul agriculturii în perioada regulamentară

Author(s): Alexandru Andronic / Language(s): Romanian Issue: VI/1974

Articolul prezintă măsurile cu privire la agricultură luate în perioada regulamentară în Moldova.

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POST KEYNESYEN İKTİSATTA FONKSİYONEL GELİR DAĞILIMININ EVRİMİ: ELEŞTİREL BİR LİTERATÜR ANALİZİ

Author(s): Sinem Kutlu Horvath,László Csaba Horvath / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 21/2020

Although it is outside the theoretical framework of mainstream economics, Post Keynesian approach has an important place in economics literature with its view and understanding of economic problems related to the real world. The issue of functional income distribution, which has been the focus of Post Keynesian economics since the 1950s to the present, remains current in the field of macroeconomics, as it is one of the main economic problems of today and its importance is increasing. The aim of this study is to critically analyze the evolution of functional income distribution in Post Keynesian economics by a literature review. In this context, the study aims to shed light on the discussions and disagreements of income distribution within the framework of Post Keynesian view. New searches in the literature indicate that synthetic models created by a synthesis of different perspectives will contribute to Post Keynesian income distribution analysis both theoretically and empirically.

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Spis ludności na ziemiach wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w 1919 r.

Author(s): Bożena Łazowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2019

The purpose of the paper is to present the process of organization and the results of the census carried out in December 1919 in the Eastern Lands of the Second Polish Republic by the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands. The main tasks of the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands included the assessment of the size of war losses as well as building the foundations for the Polish administration system in those territories of historical Lithuania that had become a part of the reborn Polish state. Hence the census in 1919. Its results have been of great importance for both the history of statistics and the history of Poland. In the main part, they were incorporated into the first general census of the Polish population carried out by Statistics Poland (GUS) in September 1921. Additionally, those data made it possible to develop a temporary administrative division of the territories incorporated into the Second Polish Republic in 1921, after signing a peace treaty with Russia. They were also used while forming a development plan for the eastern territories of the reborn Poland.

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Demograficzny obraz ziem polskich w przededniu I wojny światowej

Author(s): Józef Pociecha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2019

In 2018, Statistics Poland, the publisher of statistical yearbooks celebrated its 100th anniversary. The purpose of this work is to present a book which is the immediate predecessor of the Polish statistical yearbooks. The work, published in 1915, entitled ”Polish Statistics”, was elaborated by Adam Krzyżanowski and Kazimierz Władysław Kumaniecki, eminent Polish statisticians and economists. Based on this work, we can re-construct the demographic picture of the Polish lands before the outbreak of the First World War, which initiates the analysis of the process of independence restoration through demo-graphic and socio-economic situation of the country. The number of population on historical Polish lands around the year 1910 is shown. At the same time, the estimates of the number of Polish population on these lands with the information on the scale of emigration and vital statistics is presented. Such information contributes to the knowledge of the history of the rebirth of Polish independence and the history of statistics.

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Czy statystyka publiczna wpływa na wzrost gospodarczy kraju?

Author(s): Czesław Domański,Alina Jędrzejczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2019

The relationship between statistics and economic growth of a country, dating back to ancient times, was always strong. With no doubt, it may be assumed that the development of statistics have an influence on the economic growth. Among the benefits of properly working official statistics system, including surveys and education, there is also the increased production efficiency and rapid growth of innovativeness. The aim of the article is to present the importance of official statistics for the economic growth at national and regional level. The study is based on literature review concerning history of statistics and achievements of its fathers in selected countries as well as on Statistics Poland data regarding economic growth in Poland in the regional scope.

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