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After performing an analysis concerning the causes of the migration of the Polish to the European Union after May 1st, 2004 the author confirms the hypothesis that the economic reason is the main one; emigration creates a lot of possibilities, higher earnings, an improvement in the standard of living, and a higher socio-economic status. The second reason is the will to study at the universities of the EU, both within the frames of the Erasmus (Erasmus+) programme and individually on one’s own initiative. This kind of migration creates an opportunity of personal development and promotion, also in the academic sphere. A statistical analysis has confirmed that the third reason of migration is the will to travel, which in some cases is connected with finding a job. The Polish migration to the European Union is more and more frequently caused by a search for a better life style, which not necessarily is connected with looking for a job, but it means settling down in the chosen country and founding a family there. The data used in this article have been taken, inter alia, from the Central Statistical Office, the CEED Institute and the Work Service Agency.
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Industry played an important role in the economy of Egypt during the Mamluk period. There were many kinds of industries which operated at the time, such as textiles, sugar, paper, glasswork and metalwork. Nevertheless, the period under discussion witnessed the changes in industries some of which were in a situation of malaise and were less busy. One of the important factors that has been identified as affecting industry during the time was the lack of technological innovation. This led to competition from Europe where technological innovation in many industrial sectors had been in progress from the end of 14th century.
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The review of: Franc Rozman, Miroslav Stiplovšek: Prve rudarske stavke na Slovenskem (1883—1923), Delavska enotnost, Ljubljana 1983, 89 str.
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Simpozij Vloga delavskega časopisja v akulturaciji priseljencev iz vrst delavskega razreda v atlantskih ekonomijah v letih 1880—1930, v Königsteinu, 12.—15. februarja 1985
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The review of: Rudolf Neck, Arbeiterschaft und Staat im ersten Weltkrieg 1914-1918. (A. Quellen) I. Der Staat (1. Voni Kriegbeginn bis zum Prozes Friedrich Adlers, August 1914-Mai 1917), Wien 1964. 331 strani — II. Vom Juni 1917 bis zum Ende der Donaumonarchie im November 1918. Wien 1968. strani 736 (Veroffentlichungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung in Osterreich, 3 in 4).
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Wars have been among the greatest disasters for modern and contemporary human society as they cause significant economic, political, demographic, and moral crises. This is generally true regarding the wars that the Bulgarian nation has been involved in during the last few centuries of its existence.One of them, however, may be considered a partial exception to the rule: the Crimean War (1853-1856). Albeit equally accompanied by calamities and damages, by human death and insecurity, the Crimean War exerted a stimulating influence on Bulgarian economy and gave impetus to the process of modernization in Bulgarian society. The present paper is an attempt to outline the actual influence of the Crimean War on Bulgarian economic and social development in the mid-nineteenth century. The study is based on archival evidence from Archives diplomatiques du Ministère des AffairesEtragères de France and the Bulgarian periodical press of the 1850s.
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This article reviews the export of grain foods from the most important Bulgarian export center of the Danube River - Svishtov. The influence of domestic factors and the depression of 1873-1896 on the prices of cereals are taken into account in the analysis of the exports dynamics. The main finding is the that strategies to deal with it were successful in the short term, but in the long term they slow down the capital accumulation and modernization of agriculture.
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The coup on 9 September 1944 marked the beginning of radical political, economic and social changes in Bulgarian society. The reorientation to another socio-economic order puts entrepreneurial conditions as a potential threat to the Fatherland Front, leading to a series of measures to curb and eradicate the private sector in the economy. In accordance with this policy, during the period 1944-1947, unprecedented political, judicial, administrative and economic pressure was exerted on private initiative representatives in the industry.On 23 December 1947 225 enterprises in Gabrovo and its environs were nationalized – textile, knitwear, leather, and more. This affects about 360 families, who were deprived not only of industrial enterprises as owners and shareholders, but also of almost everything they own.After the establishment of totalitarian rule at the end of 1947 and the nationalization carried out, the industrialists were placed in the category of „former people“ then introduced by the regime. This group of people, along with their heirs, were declared „one of the most vicious enemies of the people's power“, the main class enemy of the Communist Party and subjected to persecution by the BCP's repressive apparatus until the end of the regime.
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The main element of the Ottoman socio-economic structure consisted of production and supply-demand balance. The main source of production was agriculture and agriculture-related factors. For this reason, the elements of production in rural areas have always been under the control of central government. During the agricultural production process, the peasants faced some problems. In this context, the peasants who presented the negativity to the Imperial Council, wanted to be informed about what measures the central government took. It was necessary to investigate how the peasants behaved in the face of both human-related problems and the problems they faced during the period from the process of the agricultural fields where the seeds met to the marketing of the proceeds.It was explained that the peasants continued classical farming methods and made agriculture dependently on climatic conditions and what kind of measures the central government took against the abuse of the peasants in taxation by some civil servants.Here, the determination of the state's function against the chronic problems of the peasants was very important. The Ottoman State attached great importance to the cultivation of agricultural lands and the collection of taxes to be collected from the peasants. However, apart from the classical agricultural activities of the peasants, it was neither able to organize the peasants to cultivate their land, nor could fully prevent them from being exploited by the collectors and by the nomads and the bandits.In this context, the central government in the second half of the sixteenth century emphasized that the tax revenues provided in rural areas should not be reduced and that the cities would not have difficulties in providing basic foodstuffs (cereals and meat etc.). In the second half of the sixteenth century, the problems faced by the peasants who constitute an important pillar of agricultural production, from production to market, the difficulties they faced in the marketing of the products they have grown and the effects of the problems on agricultural activities were examined with reference to the registration books. Among the most important income items of the state were taxes on agricultural activities.In this context, from production to market, the effects of human and natural problems on production faced by people / peasants who have an important place in socio-economic structure and what kind of decisions the Ottoman State took after the problems faced by the peasants were presented to the Imperial Council were investigated.
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A 2008-as válság, majd a 2010 után kiépülő, magát a Nemzeti Együttműködés Rendszerének nevező rezsim alapvetően változtatta meg az életet Magyarországon. A tulajdon- és gazdasági viszonyok, az állami intézmények és a nyilvánosság átalakítása, valamint az erőteljes nemzeti radikális szimbolikus politizálás a magyarországi társadalom rendszerváltás utáni történetének egy új fejezetét hozták el.
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The study aims to add touches to the study of one of the problems of the 17th – first decades of the 18th century – the intensified processes of impoverishment among the rural population. The main documents attempting to determine the poverty parameters of villages and their inhabitants in the territory of kaza of Edirne are two avarız defters, compiled in 1676 and 1685/1686, as well as numerous sultan orders, petitions and complaints of the population, kadı huccets, marginal notes in liturgical literature, etc. The study analyzes the main causes and mechanisms of rural impoverishment. The quantitative parameters of poverty among taxpayers at the level of the kaza as a whole and on level of the individual nahiye are reconstructed. The study seeks to answer the following questions:Was there a connection between the religious characteristics of the population and its property status, and between the geographical location of the village in particular and the nahiye as a whole?What was the ratio between poor villages and taxpayers and those who managed to cope with their tax obligations; in other words, between those who produced a scarce agricultural product and those who produced in sufficient quantity or with a surplus?The article examines the behavior of peasants in the context of increasing taxation and increasing poverty.
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The paper’s aim is a historiographical review and an analysis of the basic works published by Bulgarian scholars and devoted to the topic of money and prices in the Ottoman Balkans during the 18th and 19th centuries. This period is very important, both in a more general context – from a European and Ottoman perspective, as well as from a Balkan and Bulgarian point of view. We have used a chronological approach and have outlined two periods in our study – between 1878 and 1989 (the time of the Third Bulgarian Kingdom and the subsequent communist regime in Bulgaria) and from 1990 until today (i.e. the period after the democratic changes). The reviewed studies are divided into two main groups: (i) historical studies on money and prices and (ii) numismatic ones. We have given priority to some smaller publications, as they are less known to Bulgarian and foreign researchers. In general, larger studies are known to scholars dealing with the region’s monetary history.
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The aim of the study is to prove that a link between major crisis economic events, macroeconomic theories and macroeconomic stabilization policies exists. On the basis of a historical analysis of the period between the Great Depression of 1929 and the Great Recession of 2008, it was found that each of the great theoretical achievements in the 20th century - Keynesian theory, Monetarism and the New classical macroeconomics, as well as macroeconomic policies , which they assume, arises in response to significant crisis changes in the real economy. As a result of the Great Depression of 1929, Keynesian theory and the discretionary fiscal policy emerged. Stagflation in the early 1970s received its theoretical explanation from the monetarism and the new classical economy and the period of domination of monetary policy based on rules followed. On this base conclusion is made of the existence of a universal and periodically recurring causal relationship between the dramatic economic events, the emergence and development of economic theories and the corresponding changes in the goals and instruments of macroeconomic policy in the different countries.
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Studies in the field of trade show that the main contingent of traders originated in urban communities and worked on urban and international markets. But as far as nine out of ten of the subjects of the sultan in Bulgarian lands were peasants, it is logical to assume that some of them earned their living in the field of trade. In this regard, it should be noted that the issue concerning the involvement of peasants as professional traders in the economic life of the Ottoman Empire has remained poorly investigated in the historiography on the subject. The study seeks to outline an approximate portrait of the itinerant and settled rural merchants who participated in the trade, both between a town and a village, and among different regions of the empire at the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Features of their family and property status have been reconstructed on the basis of individual case studies. Issues related to the legal regulation of their business activities are analyzed. The assortment and volumes of the goods sold by them are also investigated. The author examines the problems related to the commercial practices of association of rural traders and crediting such traders. Conclusions were drawn regarding the involvement of institutions in regulating business and relations between traders and their families, partners and creditors; the level of their literacy; the role of their journeys on the level of awareness of the communities in which they operate; the importance of their professional activity in the formation of the modern traders in the Bulgarian society from the pre-Tanzimat period. The study relies on unpublished Ottoman-Turkish documents – estate inventories of deceased merchants, litigations on associations and loans, sultan fermans, petitions and complaints, tax registrations, as well as promulgated laws, travelogues, and more.
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Observed from the Roman perspective, the territory of the modern capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its wider area was a deep and inaccessible heartland of Illyricum, subsequently the Roman province of Dalmatia. This territory had been conquered by the Romans for many decades, as evidenced in the works of Greco-Roman authors. Based on the analysis of source materials and the critical approach of the modern literature, in this paper, the authors have offered a chronological review of Roman conquests of the Sarajevo Region. Following the military and political events that refer to the oldest population of the Daesitiates, that we know by name, in the period of 33 BC to 9 AD, we have established the conquest phases of the upper course of the Bosna River and the valleys of Željeznica and Miljacka Rivers. The second part of the text lists all the arguments why Roman itineraries and other geographic sources do not mention the Roman settlement near Ilidža or the administrative unit (municipium) whose territory included the Sarajevo Region. The issue of administrative development of municipium Aquae was interpreted through a critical analysis of the texts carved on epigraphic monuments. In this context, we paid attention to the name of this municipal unit. By comparing the text carved on two epigraphic monuments that holds the name of the municipal unit of Aquae, it was determined that we need to give precedence to the name carved on the base of the statue of Emperor Diocletian (284-305 AD) because this inscription belongs to the category of public inscriptions unlike the inscription found on a tombstone of a local elite in Krivoglavci. In addition, the second part of the paper analyses the Early Christian architecture found in the Sarajevo Region. The analysis includes the period from the 4th to the 6th centuries AD, and in its final part, it will offer certain guidelines regarding the Christianization process and the earliest Church organization in this region for the purpose of posing new questions that will assist in finding a solution to this important problem in future research.
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On June 26–29, 2019, a large international conference was held in the Polish city of Gdansk — the 13th Baltic Research Conference in Europe. More than 150 reports were presented in 50 panels and round tables. The subjects were diverse, from the “History and Memory” section to “Politics and Society”, and even the problems of security in the Baltic region. Scientists from Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, etc. took part in the historical sections. The next conference will be held in 2021 in Uppsala.
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