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Review of: Željko Karaula - Dimitri KITSIKIS: Osmanlijsko carstvo, Plato – Biblioteka XX vek, Beograd/Zemun, 1999. (drugo izdanje 2013.)
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Dans cet article l’auteur se rapporte aux recherches archéologiques effectues la Tg. Trotuş en periode des années 1987—1989...
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C est pour la première fois qu'on essaie, basés sur un vaste matériel documentaire, de préciser les commencements de la localité de Tîrgu Ocna, qui remontent a la première décennie du XV-ème siècle...
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Dans cet article l'auteur présente le développement économique et social de la ville de Tîrgu Ocna â l'époque moderne. On y saisit deux périodes distinctes dans son évolution économique : une période plus dynamique (1741-1864), dominée par l' industrie extractive (du sel et du pétrole) et une deuxième période (1864-1918), de stagnation économique.
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The presence of the Bulgarian authorities in Vardar Macedonia during the Second World War impresses with the scale of its financial and social framework. Data on its short existence and form of establishment do not prove to be decisive for imposing restrictions and socioeconomic constraints on the local population. The Bulgarian state did not spare resources and potential for the economic and overall social development of the district, on the contrary, this turned out to be an argument in the possible future talks about the fate of the district within the boundaries of Bulgaria. The huge investments made by the state were aimed at trying to help the local population adapt to the life of Bulgaria – the country which they perceived as their homeland.
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The presence of the Bulgarian authorities in Vardar Macedonia during the Second World War impresses with the scale of its financial and social framework. Data on its short existence and form of establishment do not prove to be decisive for imposing restrictions and socioeconomic constraints on the local population. The Bulgarian state did not spare resources and potential for the economic and overall social development of the district, on the contrary, this turned out to be an argument in the possible future talks about the fate of the district within the boundaries of Bulgaria. The huge investments made by the state were aimed at trying to help the local population adapt to the life of Bulgaria – the country which they perceived as their homeland.
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The purpose of the article is to study the socio-geographical issues of the early Old Belief using an integrated approach to sources. The origin of the Old Believers – the first settlers of uninhabited lands on the border of two pogosts of the Olonets Uyezd is considered. Over time, there was a gradual process of settlement of the Vyg River basin from west to east, depending on the number of fugitives and the availability of ready housing. The settlements were large (monastery) and small (hermitages). The censuses of 1678 and 1707 were used as sources on the history of the early Old Believers. A comparative analysis of the seventeenth-century census data and the first revision with the data from the Old Believers’ sources was made. New biographical data on some of the first Vyg settlers were obtained. The results of the study confirmed the conclusion made by M. L. Sokolovskaya that the overwhelming number of settlers came from the Olonets Uyezd pogosts, on the territory of which the settlements were founded. The social composition of the settlers (their peasant background) corresponds to the social composition of the inhabited village districts surrounding the unpopulated forest areas (suzemok).
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The relevance of the study is dictated by the intensification of relations between the Russian Federation and Asian countries. Vietnam in this context is one of the positive examples of bilateral cooperation. Vietnamese school history books, popular science publications, comics and video materials are used as research sources. Methodologically, the study is carried out within the framework of the concept of sociocultural interaction between the two states. For the Vietnamese authors, the continuity of key state officials and Russia’s historical eras is important. In school textbooks, comics and videos, one can trace the unity of perception of Russia through evaluating Ivan IV, Peter the Great, Catherine II, Vladimir Lenin and Vladimir Putin (representing modern Russia) as the organizers of a strong state. For the authors of comics, it becomes mandatory to illustrate Russia’s policy in the Far East: Peter the Great’s advance to Kamchatka, trade with China, the development of Siberia by Catherine II, the expansion of the territory of the Russian Empire to Alaska, the organization of a trading mission to Japan. Promoting a positive image of Russia in Vietnam, in particular through the image of Peter the Great, is productive and can bring positive results for the bilateral relations. This is an important and time-consuming process in the era of information pressure on people, when positive images are used for various purposes
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Among the families with an important role in the history of Buzău lands are the Marghilomans,with significant contributions in the socio-economic and political life of the country. Among them, Nicolae Marghiloman was the heir of Maria Cioran, who died before 1787. According to the records from 1829 and 1831,Nicolae Marghiloman, who lived in Buzău, had a son, Matache (Dumitru) Marghiloman, who had two sons Mihai (Miahalache) and Ion (Iancu). Ion (Iancu) Marghiloman great owner, deputy and senator, together with his wife, Irina, descendant of the family of the Oltenian boyars Izvoranu, had three children, two boys Alexandru,the future prime minister and Mihail (Mişu), about whom it was said that he did not do politics and lived longerin Paris, where he married, and a daughter, Elena, married Scarlat (Charles) Pherekyde.
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The article makes a comparative analysis of the status of land property in the Ottoman Empire (within the period from 1839 to 1878) and Bulgaria after the Liberation (1879–1912). The findings indicate significant discrepancies. While in the Ottoman Empire land property (rakaba) ideally belongs to the state, in practice the immediate agricultural producer feels a full-right owner and landlord, according to the traditional understanding of private property law. The owners’ rights are protected by a high-class procedure on issuing land ownership documents, cadaster starts to be kept (in the 1860s) and practically there is no data of social tension concerning the land status and property ownership – the state manages to cover and protect it. Contrary to this, in the Principality of Bulgaria, the newly introduced Constitution guarantees private land ownership but in practice the state administration cannot provide for it. Due to this fact, there is a lot of information on infringement and insecurity in land ownership.
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The notion “zadruga” was introduced in the scientific research literature, as well as in the social and political discourse of the then young Balkan countries in the XIX century to mark the multitude of historical forms under which the “complex family organization” was known among the South-Slavic people in the region. Following broad discussion in the fields of historic demography and anthropology in the past three decades concerning this “Balkan Family Pattern” this paper aims to contribute and continue their findings. Therefore, it concentrates on the usage of the term “zadruga” and its meanings in the context of the nation- and institutional building in the newly-forming Bulgarian state at the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries, as well as in the cooperative movement in the agrarian sector of the interwar period. It also analyses the attempts of the new communist leaders to use the traditions of the pre-modern society in terms of communal living in zadruga through the imposition cooperative system and the nationalization of the arable land in the first years under the totalitarian system following the Second World War.
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The article outlines the main directions in the immigration policy of socialist Bulgaria in the period 1944-1989 and analyzes the consequences of this policy with regard to the demographic and socio-economic development of the country. For this purpose, it examines the measures taken by the new government aimed at: support and accommodate the Bulgarian refugees and migrants who arrived after September 9, 1944 from the Aegean, Macedonia and the Western Outskirts; reception and assistance of political immigrants and refugees from Greece, Yugoslavia, Korea and the Middle East seeking asylum in Bulgaria; attracting students and workers from socialist countries and the so-called developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
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Çiftlik is the one of the most important debate topics in Ottoman agricultural history. While they are generally evaluated under the topics of landownership and legal status of peasants in the context of centrifugal forces, as a commodity, the exchange of çiftliks in the real estate market does not attract scholars’ attention enough. Data extracted from sale contracts in the kadı records enable researchers to track changes in the profiles of çiftlik sellers and buyers in a period of commercialization of agriculture. Learning what kind of socio-economic and political capital owners are more interested in çiftliks ownership through honorific titles and elkâbs helps to comprehend at least one dimension of transformation of Ottoman provinces in 17th and 18th centuries. This article aims to describe the structure of çiftliks and their productive activities on the one hand, and on the other, to determine the motivations effective in çiftlik sales by using sale contracts along with inheritance records. Thus, the reflection of the relationship correlated between proliferation of çiftliks and rise of the local notables to the çiftlik market can be traced. Therefore, çiftlik sale contracts have the potential to add a new perspective to çiftlik debates.
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Britain fought a war against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France for more than 20 years (1792-1815). To finance the war and to support its continental allies with subsidies to it had to reform its financial system and the means of taxation. Britain was the first country to experience industrial revolution and urbanization. For exports and imports the lines of communication needed to be kept open in order to provide the basic materials for industrial production and feeding the population of a developing industrial mass society and exportation. This could not always be achieved. After the war the transition from a war economy to a peace time economy was difficult and involved economic, financial and taxation problems leading to distress, disturbances and disappointment. Peace and plenty, reduction of taxation and support for agriculture, trade and industry which people were expecting could not be realized. In addition there were domestic problems like the cornlaws, the property tax, the status of Princess/ Queen Caroline, the problems of Ireland and Catholic emancipation, disturbances in the industrial regions and especially the Peterloo “Massacre” in 1819 and the still unsolved issue of the abolition of the slave trade. The British case shows clearly the problems of transformation from an economy of war to an economy of peacetime. It underlines the close connection between domestic and foreign policy. Therefore “peace as national interest” was a necessity for a developing industrial mass society and its rise to a dominant role as the “workshop of the world”.
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At the beginning of the 80s the last century, Romania passed through a crisis with negative results on the population’s living standard. The notes I have examined in the present study, belonging to the chef of the Inspectorate of the Internal Affairs Ministry, sent to the prime-secretary of Timiș County Committee of the Romanian Communist Party in 1981, realistically expressed the population’s dissatisfaction for the law supplies with most needed food (bread, milk, cream, cheese, sugar, meat, eggs, white flour, corn flour, onion, potatoes, etc.); the lack of those ones in public shops generated immense files in front of the them, strains and incidents (Timișoara, Jimbolia), and mainly the people’s tiredness for needing to be late for their jobs to secure what they needed. Stoppage of electricity, warm water, and heat, etc. came to fulfill the people’s dissatisfactions. It is extremely important that people than drew a parallel between the situation in Romania and the one in Poland, and there were voices to assert that the things were at risk to degenerate like in Poland. The authorities felt concern about a letter that a group of Romanian physicians, including ones from Timișoara, sent by means of radio “Radio Free Europe”, to minister of Health, Professor Eugen Proca. The signatories expressed their dissatisfaction concerning the law salaries in the Romanian health system at the time, the substantial diminution of medicaments importing that prejudiced the medical aid, and required for its resuming. They also contested the rational eating program the Romanian Communist regime provided for, underlining that the Romanian authorities wanted to use medicine as a screen to cover the economic crisis.
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In this study I look into the behavioral pattern of the “Greek” merchants who came to Moldavia and settled in its capital, the town of Iași. The merchants were attracted by its geographical position: at the crossroad connecting centres in Transylvania or the Danube, ports of the Black Sea and towns of Poland. Because they dealt with regional trade for various merchandise, the merchants chose to invest in land, houses, stores and cellars located in the most relevant streets within the two commercial cores of the town, where they shared the space with many craftsmen, boyars but also monasteries. Whereas they represented an economic force and had money, some merchants made efforts to become boyars by purchasing villages and obtaining offices. Others chose to stay loyal to the urban world, and kept their properties across several generations and maintained their line of business. It was, thus, a very dynamic and ever-changing society, which allowed an easier transition from the structures specific to the late medieval world to the ones of modernity.
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Review of: Josip Lučev - Diane Coyle. Cogs and Monsters: What Economics Is and What It Should Be, Princeton University Press, 2021. 257 pp.
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This study examined impact of macroeconomic instability and corruption on economic performance in developing countries. For this purpose, longterm relationship between 1995-2019 was examined using Kao (1999) and Pedroni (1999, 2004) cointegration tests. Results, macroeconomic instability and corruption have affected economic performance in long run. Flexibility of long-term relationship between variables was analyzed using PDOLS, FMOLS and DOLSMG estimators. The results showed that macroeconomic instabilities negatively and significantly affect economic growth and FDI, which represent economic performance. As macroeconomic instability increases, economic revival will be negatively affected by this, while foreign capital investment in country will decrease. Consequently, implementation of policies that will reduce macroeconomic instability and uncertainties will increase economic recovery and encourage foreign capital investments in host countries. Impact of corruption on economic growth and FDI was found to be positive. Decreasing corruption in research countries favors economic growth and facilitates foreign investment increases.
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