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Hospodárske vzťahy Slovenska s nacistickým Nemeckom, resp. s Nemeckou ríšou, v rokoch 1939 – 1945 sú už niekoľko desaťročí objektom výskumu slovenskej a čiastočne aj českej a nemeckej historiografie.2 Slovenskí historici im venovali osobitnú pozornosť v 50. a 60. rokoch. V období normalizácie však výskum stagnoval. Nová generácia historikov, nastupujúca v 90. rokoch, si opäť začala uvedomovať ich význam pre formovanie celkového nemecko-slovenského vzťahu. Z viacerých otázok sledovanej témy už bola do značnej miery spracovaná expanzia nemeckého kapitálu na Slovensku, problematika poradcov – beráterov, kľúčové hospodárske zmluvy a niektoré ďalšie otáz ky. Nasledujúca štúdia hodnotí vývoj medzivládnych rokovaní s hlavným dôrazom na doteraz nespracovaný obsah rokovaní slovensko-nemeckých vládnych výborov.
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The establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918 brought significant economic, political, legislative and social changes for the development of tavern trade in Slovakia. The number of Slovak tavern businesses increased, new types of businesses emerged, for example in tourism and sport. The level of hotel services also improved. However, some legislative measures and political interventions aimed to restrict production, distribution and sale of alcohol brought significant problems to the tavern trade. There were certain changes in the culture of alcohol consumption, too. One of the factors was the spread of beer consumption influenced by its popularity in the Czech lands. The other significant change was a partial decrease of high-percentage alcohol consumption. Its consumption had negative consequences mostly for social development of Slovak countryside.
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The positive developments in the Slovak economy during the economic boom of the second half of 1930s began to be hindered by constitutional and political changes in Central Europe of that period. The prologue to the complete disappearance of the inter-war Czechoslovakia was a short “interlude” of the so-called Second Republic of 1938 – 1939. The extortion of Nazi Germany and the appeasement policy of the European powers led to the Munich Agreement and the Vienna Arbitration in September and November 1938. Under these agreements made “about us without us”, the Czechoslovak Republic had to abandon the border areas to the neighbouring countries, which resulted in a politically, economically and militarily powerless state, left to the “mercy” of Hitler’s Germany.
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Ak hľadáme paralely Bratislavy a Viedne v stredoveku, môže nám napadnúť výhodná poloha na dôležitej dopravnej tepne – Dunaji, prosperujúce vinohradníctvo či nemecky hovoriace obyvateľstvo. Vďaka vzájomnej blízkosti oboch miest prekvitali obchodné i príbuzenské kontakty, Viedenčania vlastnili v Bratislave nehnuteľnosti ako aj Bratislavčania vo Viedni. Samozrejme nešlo o celkom rovnocenný vzťah, keďže Viedeň patrila aj v celoeurópskych reláciách k veľkým a významným mestám, v ktorých sa koncentroval značný kapitál.
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V jednom z najvýznamnejších centier nemecky hovoriaceho obyvateľstva Uhorska, v hlavnom meste Spiša – Levoči, sa počas dlhých desaťročí 16. a 17. storočia podrobne zaznamenávali výdaje a príjmy mestského hospodárenia. Vedúci funkcionári hospodársky, politicky a kultúrne vplyvného slobodného kráľovského mesta, ktoré sa už v polovici 16. storočia pokladalo za luteránske, viac ako deväť desaťročí precízne a zodpovedne viedli aj záznamy v tzv. Testamentbuch-u. Išlo o záležitosť miestneho významu, v ktorom hrali hlavnú úlohu zbožné hľadiská a rôzne zmluvne zakotvené povinnosti, a samozrejme, aj dobre chápané verejné záujmy. Tento unikátny prameň poskytuje osobitý pohľad na každodennosť ranonovovekého mesta, o fungovaní sociálnych a charitatívnych štruktúr, pričom tieto informácie majú väčší dosah než odraz vtedajšieho „dneška“. Ide o zvláštny doklad humanistickej mecenatúry, ktorý vznikol ako posledná vôľa jednej z hospodársky a politicky vysokopostavených osobností Uhorského kráľovstva, a ktorý si mestský magistrát prispôsobil svojim potrebám.
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Pre rod Thurzovcov, ktorý je mimoriadne bohatý na výnimočných ľudí, je charakteristickou vlastnosťou ekonomický talent. Vďaka nemu sa rod vyšvihol a celkom netradičnou cestou – dočasným opustením šľachtického stavu a prechodom k meštianstvu a potom opäť návratom do šľachtického stavu, ale už do aristokracie – sa dostal na najvyššie posty a v niekoľkých generáciách sa podieľal na politickej a hospodárskej správe krajiny. Okrem toho desať členov rodu a jedna žena boli županmi v stoliciach Pest-Pilišskej, Nitrianskej, Trenčianskej, Oravskej, Šarišskej a Spišskej. Okrem výkonu vysokých štátnických funkcií však spravovali aj svoje súkromné majetky a panstvá, od prosperovania ktorých závisela aj ich vlastná prosperita. V príspevku sa zameriame na panstvá a hospodárenie predposledných a posledných príslušníkov thurzovského rodu, ktorí žili a spravovali svoje majetky v prvej tretine 17. storočia, najmä na palatínov Juraja a Stanislava Thurzu a ich dedičov.
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In the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century women were increasingly becoming a part of the working process in industry, cultural sphere and services. In 1900, about one fourth of women was paid labourers and out of them around 90% worked in agriculture, while the rest 8 % in domestic production and trade. Working women had to face lower wages and bad working conditions. Before the mass migration to America in the end of the 19th century/ men used to go and work to other parts of Austria-Hungary or elsewhere in Europe for shorter periods. Women took over responsibility over households for a longer time. Mass migration of men from Slovakia resulted in a decrease of the number of men. The changed demographic situation affected lives of single women in the villages. In the United States, women had much better life conditions and opportunities. American women enjoyed such respect that was unheard of in other countries. American girls working in the factories had several better job options opened to them. Poor women from big cities or wives of immigrants came to their places. The language barrier restricted their opportunities. At first, however, Slovak women did not enjoy such respect as American women. It stemmed from the fact that they came from poor social classes of agricultural workers, daily labourers who worked in mining, metallurgical and engineering industries. Apart from domestic chores, women would help their husbands with their hard work in mines. American public looked with interest at this beha¬viour, but it degraded position of Slovak women. Contempt for Slovak community stemmed from their poor housing habits. The Slovaks called it the burder system, the name originated from boar¬ding houses, hostels of Slovak immigrants. They were wooden one-storey small houses where mar¬ried workers lived on the ground floor and so-called burden or hurdingosi on the first floor. They occupied several rooms without any other furniture but beds. Several or them would sleep on one beds, that were in fact simple wooden bunks. Why did women start to migrate over the ocean? The reason is simple: they did not have anybody to marrv, because all suitable men from their village region, especially from the counties in eastern Slovakia left for the States.American women did not have the best reputation as housewives, therefore they liked to hire maids and servants for domestic works. Hundreds of Slovak girls were employed in textile facto¬ries. First, fraternal and supportive societies and associations were created, followed by national societies and Slovak woinerťs organizations. There were men behind foundation of the first wo¬men’s beneficial societies such as V. P. Rovnianek and Š. Furdek. Slovak women in the USA had deep social empathy and attempted to improve education of their women. By social work they even tried to help the poor in Slovakia. It was also Slovak women religious orders that showed merit in improvement of education of Slovaks in the States, as well as their cultural and religious life. Slovak women in the States felt inadequate and admired representatives of Živena, the Slovak womens beneficial society in Slovakia. They wanted to resemble women from Živena and did not realize that it was also their activities that left significant trace in the life of Slovaks in the United States.
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The paper deals with economic relations between Yugoslavia and France during the 1950s. It focuses on three predominant factors, namely the inherited Yugoslav debt, the ongoing financial relations and commercial exchanges and investments. The paper aims to show that economic relations were conditioned by the general terms of political and social realities in Europe at the end of the Second World War, by the internal needs of the reconstruction that have strained the finances of both countries, by the stronger relations on the political level than on the commercial one, and that they have also mirrored wider problems of the Yugoslav economy and its connection with the European economic area.
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