Wybrane aspekty funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw turystycznych w Polsce

Author(s): Jacek Kraś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

The aim of this article is to show, in a possibly short and brief way, the most important issues concerning running travel agencies in Poland. This publication contains of four parts. The first part is the introduction, which approaches the origins of the first travel agencies in Poland. The second part, titled „Definitions, aims and kinds of travel agencies on the Polish tourist market”, includes a discusion on a definition of a tourist company as well as its aims. In the third part, titled „Organizational and legal basis for running travel agencies in Poland”, there is a description of organizational and legal forms of travel agencies' activities and the most important regulations for them. Part four is the conclusion, which summarizes the publication and comments on the subject.

Sprawozdanie z działalności dydaktyczno-naukowej Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego w Rzeszowie za rok akademicki 2009

Author(s): Marek Dzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

Paul Levinson, „Nowe nowe media”, tł. z ang. M. Zawadzka, Wydawnictwo WAM, Kraków 2010, ss. 327.

Author(s): Ryszard Kuczer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

Rola i miejsce Instytutu Historii Kościoła KUL w historiografii, Red. J. Walkusz, Wydawnictwo KUL, Lublin 2010, ss. 212.

Author(s): Józef Mandziuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

Praktyka egzorcyzmów w Kościele

Author(s): Jacek Goleń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

Numerous evangelical texts present Jesus’ public life as a victory over Satan. Jesus drives out evil spirits with a word and power which he possesses. Texts featuring exorcisms contain a dialog between Jesus and not a sick person but an evil spirit. Miracles – Christ’s exorcisms are a flag symbol of the coming of the Kingdom of God. Messiah’s actions demonstrated in New Testament are the source of Christian service of evicting demons. Jesus commanded His followers to expel evil spirits in his name. In the post-apostolic church the practice of exorcising is done during the baptismal ceremony. Since the 12th century the service of expelling has weakened and since the 13th century under the influence of rationalism and empirical sciences very little has been mentioned about the presence of Satan. Consequently it led to the crisis lasting until modern times. The turning point in changing the church views on this issue was Pope Paul VI’s attitude and his statements. Nowadays, the practice of exorcising is developing intensively. The evidence for it is a new Ritual approved by Pope John Paul II in 1998 and a growing number of appointed priests to the function of exorcist and their regular formation, as well.

Hitlerowski obóz śmierci w Bełżcu

Author(s): Józef Mandziuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

The camp in Belzec was the Nazi centre of immediate extermination on Jewish population. The factors that determined this place to be an extermination camp of Jews were the geographical location, convenient transport network, a long distance from larger urban agglomerations and above all relatively close position of places inhabited by people intended for extermination. Belzec camp was not a concentration camp, it was only a machine to put Jewish people to death. This camp had also an experimental character, it tested how many people could be exterminated and how much time it took. From 17 March 1942 to spring 1943 at least 600 thousand people were killed in gas chambers. It was a tremendous death factory being in the pay of the German Reich. The camp was meant to disappear from sight but never from memory. After years Poles, who so often risked their lives to rescue Jews, erected a Mausoleum in 2004 commemorating the extermination.

Działalność dyplomatyczna Watykanu w sprawach Polski a decyzje jałtańskie

Author(s): Julian Tarnawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

The agreement between the USA, Great Britain and the Soviet Union contributed to the new arrangement of political map, especially in central and eastern Europe. Because of this the Holy See became interested in social and religious situation of territories occupied by Soviet Union, where Joseph Stalin established Temporary Government of National Unity in Lublin. Vatican, however kept diplomatic relations only with government in exile in London which didn’t have much influence over developments in that part of Europe. In this situations the Holy See ,with the help of their legates, made attempts in London and Washington to guard its influence and to lead to freedom of actions of Roman Catholic Church on Polish territory. Great role in making those attempts had representatives of the Holy See, archbishop William Godfrey and Amaletto Giovanni Cicognani who systematically informed Vatican on practical decisions of anti- Hitler coalition and tried to influence governments of western allies in the matter of Polish sovereignty and independence. In the summer of 1944 the Pope Pius XII saw only two options: either Poland and other eastern European countries become soviet republics with all disastrous consequences or the West will introduce in these countries anti – communist regimes. To back the West in this, the Pope thought it necessary to demonstrate that that he didn’t consider compromise with Stalin and that he didn’t want to send an Apostolic Nuncio to Warsaw. The dedication of the Pope Pius XII to Polish matters was voiced 15th November 1944, when during the audience to Polish people he mentioned basic human freedom of Polish nation and called for recognition of Poland as a country, which contributed to victory and peace in Europe. However in history of Europe and Polish church Yalta Conference became a real change in political map of Polish country and Church on territories occupied by the Soviet Union. Yalta resolutions London were questioned by government in exile, which keeping diplomatic relationships with Vatican, tried to influence international opinion with the aim of freeing Poland from Soviet occupation. Despite difficult situation many diplomatic attempts were made by Polish ambassador in Vatican Kazimierz Papée and a Papal Nuncio in Poland residing in Rome Filippo Cortesi. They both attempted to look for help to avoid conformation of Poland to Soviet Russia. The Secretariat of State of the Holy See also tried by the means of diplomatic channels in the USA to change Yalta resolutions to Polish advantage. In the consequence neither American administration nor British failed to do anything to change the political and social situation on the territories occupied by the Soviet Union. It is also necessary to mention that until November 1944 the Holy See attempted to do a lot for Polish nation. But after this date it also accepted political state and division of Europe after Yalta Conference. It can be assumed that cessation of diplomatic efforts in Polish matters was dictated by concerns about persecution of Roman Catholic Church on territory of Poland . It is also worth stressing that the Holy See officially didn’t question Yalta decisions and after exhausting all diplomatic means they accepted this historic fact as an element of the division of world.

Przyczyny absorpcji prawosławia na Łemkowszczyźnie w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego

Author(s): Damian Knutel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

Since the begging of 20th century amongst Ruthenian highlanders (usually called Lemkos) massive movement of changing creed from Greek catholic to orthodoxy started. This movement, often called „religious war in the mountains”, which had a boiling point in the late twenties of 20th century during so called the „Tylawska schism” was a very complicated process caused by few different factors. One of the most important cause were internal problems of Greek catholic Church like i.e. nationalization (ukarinization) which provoked aversion between conservative Lemkos, who had determined ethnic identity as Ruthenians (non Ukrainians). Other internal problem was question of arbitrary changeless in liturgical services made by Greek catholic priests and also a efforts of uniate hierarchy to enter celibacy. Other causes that could be pointed were missionary work of orthodoxy Church, firstly by Moscow Patriarchate and by Polish Autocephalous Orthodoxy Church and social and political factors. Under idea of social factor author understands Lemkos’ poverty that forced numerous group of them to emigration to the USA or Canada where they found their self under the influence of orthodoxy church and usually changed creed. Afterwards they were supporting schismatic missionary work with money and publications that they were sending from America. Also important was position of the Polish authorities, which have support orthodoxy’s progresses, taking them as a chance for Lemkos’ polonization.

Z dziejów Stowarzyszenia Pań Miłosierdzia św. Wincentego a Paulo w Tarnowie w latach 1872-1949

Author(s): Paweł Glugla / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

The oldest activity by St. Vincent de Paul was establishing the Company of the Daughters of Charity in Chatillon-les-dombes, France in 1617 which nowadays is known all over the world as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, whose main purpose was to serve the poor, the sick and orphans. Continuous charity work started with bringing to Poland in 1651 the Congregation of Priests of the Mission by Polish Queen Marie Louise de Gonzaga. The first institution of the Company of the Daughters of Charity in Tarnow and Tarnow diocese was set in 1872 at the cathedral parish, next in 1934 at the parish of the Priests of the Mission, and in 1937 Section of the Young was established at the cathedral parish. The activities performed by Tarnow Society were highly rated by the General Assembly in Paris. Even the process of closing down church societies by the Polish People's Republic authorities in 1949 did not stop the work of charitable groups in Tarnow parishes, in particular, in the missionary Holy Family Parish.

Geneza międzynarodowej integracji polityczno-gospodarczej w Europie

Author(s): Ireneusz Kraś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

The article raises the issue connected with the genesis of the international political and economic integration in Europe. The introduction deals with a correlation between political and economic integration. The next part shows the beginnings of international integration in Europe dating back to the Roman Empire times. The author emphasizes the fact that the beginnings and reasons of integration were first and foremost dictated by the political factor. The 19 th century and the development of capitalism caused the economic factor to play more and more important role in the process of integration. It is shown by the successive concept of integration discussed in the article. The author describes: “Mitteleurope” concept, Richard Coudenhove- Kalergi’s “Paneurope” concept and Aristide Briand’s idea of a United States of Europe. The final part says about Poles who participated in the European process of integration. In the conclusion the author writes about the importance of political and economic motives in the historical process of shaping the international integration. The author stresses the fact that the aim of economic arguments is to strengthen the political decisions.

Szkolnictwo katolickie

Author(s): Rafał Czupryk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

Family is the first school in life. It is a communion of people, where we are given from father and mother the most important life lesson – lesson of love. From parents, our first educators, the man acquires cultural, ethical, social, spiritual and religious values. The institution which definitely exerts the influence on the education of a young man together with Christ and Church is a catholic school. It possesses a church entity and functions in a system of state education. It is defined by a Christian concept of the world and its purpose is integral formation of the learner focusing on his complete personality development progressing as a synthesis of intellectual, spiritual, emotional and physical formation. At present (2009), there are 500 catholic institutions in Poland including gymnasiums, primary and secondary schools and universities as well. The university with the oldest traditions is The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and one of the youngest is Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw. Other respected universities are The John Paul II Pontifical University in Cracow and Pontifical Faculties of Theology in Warsaw and Wroclaw. A new phenomenon is establishing universities by convent entities. In particular, Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education ‘Ignatianum’ in Cracow features high dynamism of development. All Catholic schools in Poland belong to the Catholic School Council which has legal personality being under the ecclesiastical and civil law. The council is a full member of the European Committee for Catholic Education in Brussels. Magdalena

Historia Fundacji Rozwoju Ośrodka Akademickiego w Rzeszowie w latach 1993-2008

Author(s): Mateusz Hołojuch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

The idea of establishing foundations has been known since ancient times. Municipalities, associations and private individuals were given foundation capital together with the obligation to circulate it in order to achieve certain goals. Medieval church and monastic foundations operated in this way. The most well-known foundations were: the estate of the salt mines in Wieliczka supporting Cracow Academy professors, The Ossolinskis National Institute – Ossolineum and Kornik Institutes. Later flowering of foundation performance after regaining independence in 1918 was abruptly stopped by the war campaign and communistic authorities. Disappearance of Polish foundations between 1952 and 1984 did great damage both to the state and society. In 1984 this attitude had to be verified because Parliament of the Polish People's Republic passed the Bill regarding Foundations which was upheld after the amendment in free Poland. Lively trends of charitable activities in 1993 led to establish the Foundation for Development of the Academic Centre in Rzeszow, whose purpose was to support initiatives aiming to found the University of Rzeszow. The foundation’s founders were representatives of the government and local authorities, clergy representatives and representatives of the world of science and politics, as well. In the past several years of the Foundation performance, assistance for improving living conditions has been offered to several dozen professors. Thanks to it, it was possible to significantly extend the number of the academic staff of three universities which gave the beginning to the University of Rzeszow, and of the faculty of the Rzeszow University of Technology. The Foundation also delivered aid to institutions among others initiating the construction of the present University Library. Lasting agreements between many social and scientific quarters and state and local institutions resulted in the substantial conditions improvement of the development of the academic centre in Rzeszow.

Krytyczna ocena filozoficznych podstaw marksistowskiej wizji człowieka w nauczaniu Jana Pawła II

Author(s): Mirosław Twardowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

John Paul II makes out again the program of the Church’s concern for a human that has been lasting since always and which is the path where it should go. This pope’s concern for every human takes a form of a specific expression in a critical position adopted by him on the all doctrinal systems that propagate falsified image of a human to the world. The Marxist doctrine with its simplified, reduced vision of a human is undoubtedly one of these types of systems. In his teaching, the pope expresses often his very critical approach to Marxist apprehension of a human being. One of the reasons for Holy Father to express his opinions that way was the great influence of the Marxist doctrine observed up to the end of the 80s of the twentieth century. We cannot forget that social-political system built on the Marxist doctrine was imposed to many countries and it became one and only in force. Therefore, it was undoubtedly a totalitarian system. In the present article the specific reproaches expressed by John Paul II towards the Marxist vision of a human are presented. In the scope of interest there is also Holy Father approach to the liberation theology and anthropology included in it. There are also the perspectives of pope’s interpretations of the Marxist anthropology presented. What is more, the reaction of the Marxist commentator on the pope’s criticism of the vision of a human in Marxism and on personalism propagated by the pope is introduced.

Przemoc i zagrożenia cywilizacyjne wyzwaniem dla kreowania kultury pokoju we współczesnym świecie

Author(s): Anna Śniegulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

On the threshold of the 21st century the world faces numerous interpersonal problems, threats and conflicts. Violence and economic, ethnic, cultural and social tensions are more and more common. Problems that threaten the peaceful existence of the man occur. They include international conflicts, civil wars, spread of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and poverty, misery, unemployment as well. The only way out of this situation is humanizing the world and restoring its ‘human face’ i.e. promoting the culture of peace. The culture also became a topic for consideration for the Catholic Church which emphasized the connection between the culture and real and complete humanity. In the modern world which is exposed to violence, it is essential to take action leading to creation of authentically peaceful living conditions. Education for peace is an example. Thanks to the education it is possible to create a new social order and release developmental potentiality of the society.

Poczucie więzi społecznej pracowników Z.Ch. Organika Sarzyna jako wskaźnik ewolucji postaw pracowniczych w okresie transformacji ustrojowej

Author(s): Piotr Zawada / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

Every individual becomes a component part of the complex effects within primary sociology in the process of his development and identification with groups that he entered into communication in a natural way. The next stage of development of the individuals is a participation in a professionalization process where also in a natural way, the participation of individuals take place in the functioning of secondary social groups (e.g. in the works) that do not have to necessarily perform dominant functions. This fragment of functioning of individuals is called the secondary socialization. The both mentioned above forms of socializations are inseparable one unit in forming social attitudes of individuals. As a result of this fact are relations, correlations and dependences that defining the individual in community , functioning in the range of social connections. It can be concluded from the presented data that tested population felt a strong attachment to the place of birth and residence and there were not many changes concerning the attitudes of tested persons. Although it was observed a percentage increase of respondents of whom beliefs have changed in the direction of more liberal relation to the places of birth and residence. The results of the studies have confirmed a deep-rooted attachment to the family places despite popular and deep-rooted migratory attitudes in this area caused by a lack of employment.

Kierunki rozwoju turystyki w Polsce

Author(s): Jacek Kraś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

The aim of this article is to present briefly main trends in the development of local and international tourism in Poland. The article consists of four parts, the first one being an introduction which focuses on tourism as an economic and social phenomenon. “Tourism in Poland after the political transformation” is the title of the second chapter which is concerned with the development of tourism since Poland underwent political transformation and built market economy. Another part of the article: “Modern trends in the development of tourism” explores the issue of new trends in modern Polish tourism and the forecast for the possible developments in this sector in the near future. This part is mainly devoted to the new products in tourism industry that have appeared due to the growing demand in the society as well as the necessity to adjust the tourism business and its products to the needs of customers. The fourth part of the article is its summary. It contains the conclusions drawn on the basis of social, cultural and financial changes in the society, which are believed to influence the choice made by customers and which make entrepreneurs working in tourism industry increase their offer.

Sprawozdanie z działalności dydaktyczno-naukowej Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego w Rzeszowie za rok akademicki 2008

Author(s): Andrzej Widak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

Vittorio Posenti, „Filozofia i wiara”, przekład Katarzyna Kubis, Wydawnictwo WAM, Kraków 2004, ss. 164

Author(s): Marian Szymonik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

„Wolność i władza w życiu publicznym”, red W. Zuziak, J. Mysona Byrska, WN PAT, Kraków 2008, ss. 371

Author(s): Grzegorz Krupa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009

Józef Krzywda CM, „Prymat papieski i Kolegium Biskupów w świetle nauki Vaticanum I i II”, Kraków 2008, ss. 320

Author(s): Michał Lukoszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2009