Vrijeme i okolnosti postanka Novigradskog zbornika

Author(s): Mladen Ančić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 25/2003

The article researches the origins of manuscript known as Novigrad collection of Croatian common law. It can be concluded that the manuscript was written in 1452, and was supplemented in 1454. It is possible that Venetian authorities also gave consent to that document during that same year. It is obvious that this document was written by a social group who wanted to uphold and protect its own particular interests. Accordingly all similar documents of common law must be understood in the same way. Its legal and historical elements must be supplemented with the understanding of social circumstances in which these collections of common law were written.

Dva trgovačka inventara kao pokazatelji ekonomskog i kulturnog života u Zadru u XIV. stoljeću

Author(s): Sabine Florence Fabijanec / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 25/2003

Proučavajući zadarski trgovački milje, naiπla sam na dva inventara iz oprečnih razdoblja. Prvi je napisan tijekom opsade Zadra 1346. godine, a drugi koncem XIV. st., kada grad doživljava najveći gospodarski razvitak. Inventar Fumice Salvagnele svjedoči nam o privrednom životu za vrijeme liberalne mletačke vlade, a inventar Damijana Martina de Treschiano, iz 1380. godine, povezan je uz ekonomski rast komune. Iako iz različitih razdoblja, oba inventara dobar su primjer za ilustraciju proizvodnje i ulaganja u najunosniju ondaπnju privrednu granu, suknarstvo, a sporadično i za trgovinu mirodija. S druge strane, kroz ta vrela dopire se do privatnih života trgovaca, u kojima se ističe njihovo bogatstvo, njihova sredstva za poslovanje i njihova pismenost. U Damijanovu inventaru zabilježen je jedan abak i vrlo zanimljiv spomen Biblije na glagoljici. Posjedovanje kulturnih predmeta i knjiga, uz nabrojane poslovne alate, svjedoči o stupnju njihove naobrazbe. Osobito je zanimljivo postojanje jedne žene kao aktivne sudionice u privrednom životu, i to sa stručno označenom titulom, “merçaria”. Uz analizu dvaju inventara priložen je njihov prijepis te trojezični rječnik.

Prikaz opsade Beča 1683. g. u Eutimiji Benedikta Rogačića

Author(s): Šime Demo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 25/2003

Dubrovački pjesnik Benedikt Rogačić (Benedictus Rogaccius, 1646.-1718.) pisao je većinom teološka i moralistička djela na latinskom i talijanskom jeziku. Jedno je od njegovih djela didaktički spjev Euthymia u kojemu je tema prikaz različitih načina na koje se može postići duševni mir. Kako bi što življe oslikao svoje izlaganje o odvažnosti duha, autor u peto pjevanje toga epa umeće digresiju u kojoj prikazuje pobjedu krπšana nad Turcima kod Beča 1683. godine. U članku se razmatra i analizira povijesna motivacija digresije, njezina funkcija i uklopljenost u cjelinu spjeva, te njezina unutrašnja struktura kao književnog teksta. Cijela je digresija dana u prijevodu, usporedno s latinskim tekstom, i popraćena bilješkama.

Nowokeynesistowska krzywa Phillipsa ze schematem cenotwórczym Calvo

Author(s): Paweł Baranowski,Maciej Malaczewski,Mariusz Górajski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

The paper discusses the New Keynesian model with a pricing mechanism proposed by Calvo and presents some details of derivation of aggregate inflation equation − New Keynesian Phillips Curve. The model assumes representative monopolistic competition firms with a stochastic nominal rigidity mechanism. In accordance with the Calvo mechanism prices’ changes occur randomly but with a fixed exogenous probability. Under this mechanism the firms set prices of their products that maximize discounted profits in infinite horizon under rational expectations, with regard of the possibility of nominal rigidity in future. Within this framework we can derive the New Keynesian Phillips Curve implies that in the short term inflation is determined by three variables. The results show that inflation is an increasing function of: (i) future inflation expectations, (ii) current output gap and (iii) specific measure of price dispersion (weighted geometric average of the prices). The last component was not included in the literature, hence it is a novel feature of the derivation presented in the paper.

Charakterystyka derywatów pogodowych wraz z opisem wykorzystania instrumentu w Polsce i na świecie

Author(s): Dorota Michalak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

Weather derivatives area is a relatively new instrument in the capital market. In the U.S. weather derivatives market grew out of energy. It is obvious that not only the energy industry company is accompanied by weather risk. An increasing number of companies from other trade are aware of the risks which are inherent to the variability of weather conditions. Construction companies, tourism and agriculture can also benefit from the using of weather derivatives. Using weather derivatives providers of products and services are able to protect consumers from the risk of the weather. Weather derivatives are financial contracts concluded on the stock market or over the counter, which are based on a weather index, mainly related to the level of temperature. OTC market is a futures market “tailored” for specific businesses. Therefore, the mechanism and parameters of the settlement of a contract may take any form. The main objective of such agreements in an enterprise is to prevent losses during adverse weather. Weather derivatives area is a contract between two parties that specifies the method of payment, depending on the meteorological conditions encountered during the contract period. It is important to understand the difference between weather insurance and weather derivatives. Weather derivatives do not replace insurance contracts, there are a number of differences between those two instruments. Benchmarking study presents a comparative analysis of the utilization of weather derivatives in each country.

Efektywność dydaktyki w uczelniach publicznych w Polsce

Author(s): Michał Świtłyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

The aim of the study is to determine the technical efficiency of teaching in public universities, a ranking of their effectiveness and efficiency during study. We analyzed the supervision of public institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. For the calculation with the DEA method input-oriented models were used. The study used the DEA CCR model and BCC and super efficiency model. Malmquist Index was applied in order to determine the effectiveness of changes in time. For the calculation using the DEA method a model of university was adopted which consisted of one output and five input variables. This model took the form: effect (output): the value of the funds raised to finance teaching (thousand of zł). Input variables (inputs) were materials and energy (thousand of PLN), the value of third-party services (thousand PLN), the value of the gross wage (thousand PLN), depreciation (thousand PLN), the other generic cost by type (thousand PLN). The study was conducted in 2001-2010. Technical efficiency ratios CCR model ranged from 76.6% (2008) to 89.5% (2002); in a model of BCC they were from 90.0% (2008) to 93.3% (2005), and scale efficiency ratios ranged from 85.5% (2008) to 96.5% (2002). The lowest technical efficiency of teaching during the period characterized technical and agriculture universities. The University of Warsaw took the first place in the ranking followed by the Academy of Physical Education in Cracow, University of Humanities and Sciences in Kielce and the Academy of Special Education in Warsaw. Agriculture (University of Agriculture in Szczecin and University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz) and technical (Koszalin University of Technology and the Technical University of Radom) universities took the last place in the ranking. In the years 2002−2008 the average Malmquist index changes were 1.5% and efficiency changes were negative and amounted to -0.2%, and changes in technical progress amounted to 1.7% per year. Malmquist index size is due to changes in the rate of technological progress. In the analyzed period, the highest values of Malmquist index were reported at: Technical University of Wrocław (1.107), Koszalin University of Technology (1.092), the Academy of Physical Education in Cracow (1,080), University of Łódź (1.067) and Silesian University of Technology (1.063)., The lowest values of Malmquist index were characterized by University of Technology in Kielce (0.975), the Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdańsk (0.973), Technical University of Opole (0.966), the Academy of Special Education in Warsaw (0.961), University of Technology and Humanities in Bielsko-Biała (0.955).

Poziom obciążenia fiskalnego jako determinanta nakładów inwestycyjnych w produkcji artykułów spożywczych i napojów

Author(s): Dominika Zenka-Podlaszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

This article aims to present and asses the relationships between the level of investment and financial burdens. Investment expenditures are analyzed as is the financial burden in the greatest food product and beverage manufacturing department in Poland. A three-step analysis method has been employed in this article. Firstly, we analyzed the theoretical relationship between investments and financial burdens in the theories of Keynes, Jorgenson, new classical macroeconomics as well as the real economic cycle. Secondly, we reviewed the Polish and foreign empirical studies available to-date. Thirdly, we carried out an econometric (co-integration) analysis. We analyzed the existence of long-run relationships between the level of investment expenditure and the financial burden using co-integration analysis. Previous co-integration studies looking at the level of integration between series used the ADF and KPSS tests. The co-integration analysis was carried out using the Johansen method. All data used in the article were cleaned using the Census II X-11 method using the Henderson curve. We have assumed that the tax burden is represented by the burden placed on profit before tax (GUS definition). Investments are measured through gross expenditure on fixed assets at constant prices, where the data sources were the GUS Statistical Bulletins from 1995-2009. According to Keynes, excessive income tax leads to a fall in the level of investment. The activities which Keynes believed should increase the level of consumption, include highly progressive income taxes in conjunction with financial support for the poorest. In neoclassical theory, taxes play an important role in setting the cost of capital through the level of investment. For this reason the state should exercise caution when managing fiscal policy, knowing its impact on the level of investment. In Jorgen’s theory, the level of taxation has a negative impact on investment through the cost of capital utilization (in other words together with the interest rate). The models presented as part of new classical macroeconomics have demonstrated that systematic monetary policy cannot have any permanent impact on the level of production as well as the level of investment. The real economic cycle theory shows the relationship between exogenous fiscal policy and investments. Supply side shocks play the main role in the real economic cycle theory. Changes in the institutional environment mean that fiscal policy can be viewed as being a supply-side shock. During our analysis of research carried out to-date, we came to the conclusion that, among others, the average tax rate (measured as an average of the ratio of public sector finance income to GDP and being simultaneously a measure of the share the public sector has in the economy), suggestsa negative correlation with investments.

Analiza i struktura złożonych wniosków patentowych w procesie budowy innowacyjnej gospodarki w Europie i na świecie

Author(s): Anna Ludynia / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

The purpose of this article is to show the direction and effectiveness of research and development in the form of patent filings in Europe and the world. The starting point for consideration is that the process of building a global innovation economy in the world requires high investment in research and development of science and technology but it must also be based on maximizing their effectiveness. This objective is a defined thesis which states that the improvement of competitiveness of European economies depends on the efficiency of investment in science and research, which is reflected in patent applications. The issue of the article concerns the analysis of investment in research and development in Europe and worldwide in conjunction with the processing of the structure of patent filings, which indicate the areas of specialization and competitiveness of certain European countries in the future. The study also included information on the specialization of individual countries in specific areas of expertise. This will be translated in the future development of the quality of goods and services, referring to the growing strength of the competitiveness of the economy in the plane of all economies of the world. This paper presents the characteristics of scientific research expenditure across Europe and the world, the analysis of the structure of entities carrying out these expenditures and an outline of the discussion related to the level of employment. It also discusses the size and structure of patent filings in each country on the basis of which one can specify the characteristics of the innovative expertise in various fields of science and technology. The methodology of the study has been prepared on the basis of Polish and English literature, direct interviews with experts and research statistics. The paper ends with the findings of the analysis.

Ekonomiczne przesłanki podnoszenia wieku emerytalnego w społeczeństwach europejskich

Author(s): Anna Niewiadomska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

Population ageing is and is going to be the key demographic challenge for the majority of European countries in the next fifty years. The rising life expectancy and increased share of elderly people in the society lead to particular socio-economic consequences. One of them is the rise in the public expenses incurred on the pension system. In the face of demographic changes taking place and leading to imbalance between the financial resources contributed to the pension system and those which are spent, subsequent European countries decide to raise the retirement age. Instead of raising the retirement age, other solutions to cover the financing costs of fair pensions with funds raised from economic growth (and hence wage growth), personal taxes or VAT could be implemented. However, each of these solutions is more expensive than raising the retirement age, or impossible to achieve in the current economic circumstances. The fact that the planned and implemented changes in the regulations on retirement age are the appropriate way to deal with the demographic challenges is reflected in the recommendations of the European Commission. The Commission encourages EU countries to promote longer employment by linking the retirement age to life expectancy, reducing access to early retirement and closing the gap in the retirement age between men and women. It should be emphasized that the gradual raising of the retirement age is the solution necessary to sustain economic growth. In fact, most of the countries have noticed the decrease in their labour force as a result of low birth rates. The problem of dealing with the demographic challenge, therefore, comes down not only to raising the retirement age, but also to raising the level of labour force participation of the elderly people. The increase in the activity and employment of the elderly is necessary for the effective utilization of labour supply potential. The purpose of this article is to identify the main determinant factors behind raising the retirement age in European countries. Based on the statistical data short demographic characteristics of Europe are presented at the same time indicating the basic implications of demographic change with respect to the supply side of labour. Several dilemmas that are emphasized in the ongoing pension debates are also highlighted.

Gospodarki oparte na wiedzy i usługach – analiza porównawcza

Author(s): Grażyna Węgrzyn,Marcin Balana / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

Contemporary highly developed economies are characterized by two universal trends. On the one hand one can easily notice that the meaning of the service sector increases both in the value added creation and in employment. On the other hand the importance of knowledge in economy is still rising too. The aim of the study is to identify main types of economies based on knowledge and services as well as to recognize the difference between these particular groups. Implementation of the research was conducted in two stages. The first stage involved the characterization of the nature of changes taking place in today’s highly developed economies. Then, an attempt was made to assess the severity of the construction Economies Based on Knowledge and Services across EU countries. The evaluation was performed using the following indicators: The Knowledge Economy Index (KEI), The Knowledge Index (KI), the share of services in value added and the share employed in services in the total number of employees. The obtained results enabled specifying five different groups of economies based on knowledge and services. Poland, together with Romania and Bulgaria, is in the group of least advanced countries in the transition to Economies Based on Knowledge and Services. This is a serious problem, because today’s economic development requires increased knowledge and innovation. Their diffusion in all sectors of the economy implies a socio-economic structural change and creates new opportunities to accelerate economic development. Without these processes more dynamic economy will not be able to achieve a sustainable increase in competitiveness, which is essential for achieving success in business competition.

Stan i perspektywy rozwoju energetyki wiatrowej na świecie

Author(s): Ewa Mazur-Wierzbicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

Nowadays the world is struggling with many problems, among them the most important are: the emission of greenhouse gases and the climate changes. The solution which limits the negative interaction of the energy sector on natural environment and climate is the development of renewable sources of energy. The issues connected with using on a larger scale renewable energy sources for the energy production, is selected in local, national and international strategies (The European Union) or in the international documents (the protocol from Kioto). The significant advantage of renewable energy is that it is not based on forecasts of availability of fuel in the future but its character limits the energy dependence of each society. At present one of the most dynamic sectors of renewable energy is wind energy. The wind power stations belong to emission-free sources which produce electricity (pure), but using them reduce the negative interaction of energy sector on the natural environment. Today Asia, America and Europe are the most interested in wind energy. Until recently Europe was a leader of wind energy. Its part in range of newly installed power stations in 2004 was 75% but in 2005 only 25%. Nowadays China takes the main position in wind energy sector. In Europe case we can find big disparities in the development levels between countries because of geographic location and type of climate. Germany is the leader in wind energy in the UE. Poland takes the main place in comparison with new member states but in the UE-27 its position is not very high (closer to the average level). Nowadays the wind energy provides about 2% of global energy consumption and it is considered as a world leader of “green” technologies. New jobs are created in this sector. Over 1 million people should be hired in the world by the Worldwide Wind Energy Association WWEA in the end of 2012.. The main aim of this article is an attempt to analyze the current state and prospects of development of wind energy in the world. Individual parts of this article show the meaning of renewable energy nowadays. Also the development of wind energy in the European Union has been presented. The style of this work is theoretical and empirical. The theoretical material connected with the subject has been used. In empirical part we can find the analysis of individual public statistics which are characteristic for selected issues.

Funkcje sektora bankowego w gospodarce: przypadek Indii

Author(s): Adam Marszk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of one of the most important elements of the economic system, i.e. banking sector, on the real economy in India and to determine how and to what extent it affects economic development. The analysis was conducted using information on the Indian banking sector from different sources (mainly from the Indian Central Bank). Large part of the analysis was based on the interpretation of the selected statistical data. In the first part of the text, the theoretical concepts concerning the relationships between the activities of banks and real economy are discussed. The four primary functions of banks are: increasing the efficiency of resource allocation (through risk assessment of investment projects), mobilization of savings (enabling clients to deposit money leads to increased savings rate), limiting liquidity and credit risks and reducing transaction costs (in real and financial segments of economy; in financial system it is associated with banks using economies of scale). In the next part of the article, the history and current situation of the sector in India are presented. Due to a strict state control policy, imposed in India for a few decades, the role of private and foreign banks is insignificant and the sector is dominated by state (public) banks whose efficiency is lower. Despite the liberalization of the banking sector which has been carried out since the beginning of the 1990s, the extent of state control is still wide and its primary element is directed lending limits including providing loans to certain priority sectors such as agriculture, small and medium-sized enterprises, retail trade and in the form of mortgage loans. The limits are high and are currently set at 40% for domestic banks and 32% for foreign banks. Such requirements pose a significant problem for banks because this type of credit portfolio is of low quality and a large proportion is eventually classified as non-performing loans. The banking sector as a whole is poorly developed compared to richer countries, both in terms of size (measured as a value of deposits and loans in relation to GDP) and availability and quality of offered services (low activity of banks in the populous rural or semi-rural areas, low number of ATMs and payment cards). Another symptom of banking sector backwardness is the low level of credits in relation to deposits, not only much lower than in highly developed countries, but also than in other countries of the BRIC group (to which India belongs). Indian banks provide loans mainly to companies in the industrial (45% of the total value) and services sector (about 24%). Given the key India development barriers, a positive aspect is the high proportion (14%) of loans granted to companies in infrastructure sector, mainly involved in energy production and distribution – power failures are one of India’s major economic and social issues.

Bibliografije časopisa Ženske studije i Genero

Author(s): Ivana Prentović-Krivokapić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06-07/2005

Bibliographies of journals Ženske studije and Genero.

Annus Mirabilis

Author(s): Anonymous Anonymous / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06-07/2005

Čitati sebe: Ka feminističkoj teoriji čitanja

Author(s): Patrocinio P. Schweickart / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06-07/2005

Article about feminist theory of reading.

Da li je Kingzli Ejmis bio ženomrzac?

Author(s): Novica Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06-07/2005

Among the many controversies surrounding the work and the persona of Kingsley Amis, the one about his misogyny, allegedly exemplified by the novels Jake’s Thing and Stanley and the Women, stands out in particular. Such was the wrath of influential feminists and “honorary feminist chaps” that the latter almost did not get published in America – land of the free. What was clearly at work here was the tendency to draw isomorphic connections between the author and the protagonists of his novels, especially the nastier ones. Another major contributing factor was Amis’s increasingly irksome public persona: by the time the above novels were published, Amis had turned into something of a curmudgeon-in-residence to the nation, always ready to come out with right-wing views on virtually any topic of current interest. The paper analyses the above novels in the context of Amis’s opus in its entirety, focusing on the way female characters are generally treated in his work and on Amis’s narrative strategy, also taking into account Amis’s poetry, which, as opposed to his novels, was often confessional in character, as well as the views and reminiscences of Elizabeth Jane Howard, Kingsley’s second wife and a writer of note, which shed light on Kingsley’s attitudes towards women and his often convoluted relationships with them.

Uz prvi tom sabranih dela Rakije Hasan

Author(s): Aleksandar Čarapić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06-07/2005

Review of the volume one of Ruqaiya Hasan's collected works.

Muški modus

Author(s): Peter Schwenger / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06-07/2005

Ka artikulaciji sopstvenog feminističkog diskursa

Author(s): Aleksandar Čarapić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06-07/2005

Review of the book "Mapiranje mizoginije u Srbiji / Mapping of mysogeny in Serbia".

Svila za Vanesu

Author(s): Biljana Dojčinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06-07/2005

Review of book "The art of loving / Umeće ljubavi" by Hong Ying.