Author(s): Karl Kaser / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2012
The article addresses three problems and one cluster of observations. The first section analyses the challenge of globalization for area studies, the second, more specifically, pays attention to the emerging global history approach for historical area studies and the third one questions the heuristic value of categories such as .Southeastern Europe. and .Balkans. as well as the traditional disciplinary division of Balkan studies and Near East studies, which is only perforated by disciplines such as Byzantine and Ottoman studies. In the fourth section selected observations about the longterm imprint of the Ottoman Empire on post-Ottoman Balkans and post-Ottoman Near East will be offered. // There is an urgent need for re-thinking of Balkan and Southeast European Studies as well as of Middle/Near East studies. The historically grown division of these two big fields with all their sub-divisions becomes contradictious to many ongoing developments. Certain imprints of the Ottoman Empire on the post-Ottoman world are obvious . even nine decades after. Only three examples can be presented here: state autonomy with its low level of mutual social cohesion between the state and its citizens, only weakly rooted institutions of political participation as well as comparatively weak developed economic institutions still constitute remarkable imprints of the Ottoman Empire.
The Second Commandment of the Old Testament interdicts the visual representation of God, human beings and animals. The Abrahamitic religions felt obliged to follow this advice. History indicates that Judaism and Islam have felt more bound by this biblical advice than Christianity. Through the invention of photography, the question of visual representation had to be discussed anew. Whereas the position of Islam and Judaism towards the innovation of photography was rather refusing in the 19th century and increasingly approving in the 20th century, the position of Eastern Orthodoxy seems to be more inconsistent. My paper addresses the reaction of the Orthodox Church to emerging photography – a technical innovation originated in the West. Firstly, I will sketch the official position of the Orthodox Church with regard to photography generally and to mechanically reproduced, so-called paper icons, specifically. Orthodox monks, belonging to the pioneers of photography, however, counteracted the Church’s resolute disapproval and condemnation. Therefore, I intend, secondly, to look at monastery economy and point at the fact that monasteries could already look back to a long tradition of creating mechanically reproducible pictures when the photo camera appeared on the horizon.My paper concludes that there were no theological reasons for the condemnation of photography and icon printing but primarily ideological ones. Orthodox Church viewed innovations from the Latin West with mistrust – not only photography but also the other printing techniques before. However, Orthodox Church condemned not only sacral but also profane photography. Also this aspect can only be explained by the Church’s playing out religious ideology but not theological arguments.
Financial Support for the Development of Joint Territorial Communities
Author(s): Svitlana Popova,Volodymyr Popov / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 33/2018
Keywords: joint territorial community; financial resources; financial security; local budgets, subsidies; the State Fund for Regional Development; the community's own revenues;
The theoretical bases of research of financial resources and financial support of development of territorial communities are analyzed in the article. The mechanism of their financial support by sources of financial resources is considered. An assessment of current state of the formation of financial and budgetary resources of joint territorial communities and their subsidization was made. The impact on financing of the development of joint territorial communities by the State Fund for Regional Development was analyzed. The basic requirements for the formation of an effective system of financial support for the development of joint territorial communities are formulated.
The article is devoted to the problems of development of management accounting in Georgia and directions of their solution. It is substantiated that increase of efficiency of activity of the enterprises and the organizations is connected with using of the information presented by the management accounting. The need of using modern information systems is considered. The components of the automated accounting system are defined. The definition of management accounting as an integrated system of accounting of costs and revenues, rationing, planning, control and analysis, systematizing information for operational management decisions is proposed. It is proved that the existing organizational structure of the enterprise should be regularly analyzed and revised taking into account the changes occurring in its economic activity and the achievements of scientific and technical progress.
Authors present results of analysis of the collection of pottery from pit no. 4 in Mezhyrich-Mistechko and pit no. 4 in Ostrog-Zeman. Both sites are located in the middle Horyn basin. The analyzed complexes are important due to the fact the relative chronology of the Malice culture and Lublin-Volhynia culture within western Volhynia and their possible connections with later communities represented by the Funnel Beaker culture and especially the Tripolye culture.
According to Tamara Movscha, vessels from the Funnel Beaker culture settlement in Zhvanets can be synchronized with the period of existence of the settlements in Zimno, Leżnica and Gródek. Based on the currently available radiocarbon dates, we can say that the long-term settlements in Gródek and Zimno existed from around 3650 BC. The older phase of the settlement in Gródek is dated to 3650-3400 BC, while the younger ones to 3400-3100 BC. The first is characterized by the presence of imports of tableware with the characteristics of the Brînzeni group dated to 3400-3100 BC. In order to verify the current attempts to position the above at a more precise time, several radiocarbon analyses of the samples from the sites of Brînzeni and Gordinești group in northern Moldova were conducted.
Keywords: Late Eneolithic; Dniester-Prut interfluve; Brînzeni group; Gordinești group; Funnel Beaker culture; Złota culture; cultural influence; chronological frames; radiocarbon data;
In this article we would like to point out some issues related to a series of ceramic materials found in sites attributed to the Late Enolithic groups of Brînzeni and Gordinești in the Dniester-Prut interfluve. In terms of technology and stylistics in the case of pottery from the Brînzeni type sites and stylistics in the case of pottery from the Gordinești type sites, we can see some analogies in the cultural environment of the central European area. For the Brînzeni group the clearest analogies tend to be seen in eastern, southern and south-eastern areas of the Funnel Beaker culture, whereas for the Gordinești group this seems to be visible within the Złota culture in the Sandomierz Upland, Middle Vistula region. Another issue of our study concerns the chronological frames of these two groups. Analyses of the radiocarbon data series obtained so far allow us to make some careful corrections in the chronological scheme of the Late Eneolithic for eastern Europe. Both mentioned issues fit into socio-cultural relations in the East Carpathian area in the context of the cultural transformations in the second half of the 4th millennium BC.
A Spatial Pattern(S) of the Eneolithic Multi-Phase Settlement of Brînzeni IV (North-Western Moldova) from the Perspective of Non-Invasive Geophysical Surveys
Author(s): Ghenadie Sîrbu,Dariusz Król,Marcin M. Przybyła,Małgorzata Rybicka / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 24/2020
Non-invasive geophysical methods are often very useful and efficient in the investigation of various archaeological sites. Using one of the most popular of them, i.e. magnetometry, we carried out a survey of the area of the multi-phase Eneolithic site of Brînzeni IV (north-western Moldova) in 2019. As a result, the spatial arrangement of the site and its current state of preservation were preliminarily identified.
DDR processes, the design of which follows technical knowledge produced by international organizations and programs, have become a standard way for addressing the process of armed groups’ transition from armed to civilian life. However, the components of DDR, namely disarmamentdemobilization-reintegration, may themselves be contested at the local level. This study investigates this contestation through the case of the Colombian peace process, with a focus on ex-combatants’ perspectives. Based on extensive fieldwork in Colombia, this study investigates how and why former combatants contest DDR components. Former FARC members rejected disarmament and demobilization terms since they indicate an idea of defeat. They also rejected “reintegration” since, in Colombia, reintegration indicates a different process focusing on individual reintegration. Thirdly, many FARC members refute the term “ex-combatant”, arguing that the group continues its struggle in the political arena. The study contributes to recent research focusing on domestic understandings of international norms and practices in peace processes.
Keywords: Political Parties; Party Organization; Clientelism; Ethnic Mobilization; the AKP;
Based on the existing literature, the study tests the relevance of electoral and intra-party alliance concerns on party organization change for the AKP in its 2017 District Congress. We believe that both the electoral and intra-party alliance concerns the party faced in 2017, make it a suitable case to test the basic hypothesis of the study. The dataset used in the analysis consists of secondary data on 971 districts present in Turkey. District presidency change is employed as the key independent variable to estimate organization change. The result of the logistic regression indicates that the effect of increasing percentage of swing voters and members of the former alliance, despite being valid, have moderate positive effects on the AKP’s decision to change its organization. The insignificancy of the electoral safety of the party in the district reveals that in 2017 the AKP changed its organization regardless of the nature of the electoral competition it faces. Interestingly, results indicate that socioeconomic development and ethnic presence in districts are also significant factors that constrain organization change in the AKP. Based on these results we suggest that change in party organization becomes a more difficult issue in parties with strong clientelistic networks where political parties built electoral support through the conditional distribution of resources to voters. Similarly, ethnicity also acts as a constraint due to the peculiarity of the relations political parties develop with these groups. As such clientelism and ethnicity seem to have constraining effects on the abilities of parties to change their organizations. The results highlight the necessity of further research to generalize the validity of the effectiveness of clientelism and ethnic groups on political parties’ organization change on different settings.
Early Christian Beliefs and Responses to Epidemics
Author(s): Douglas Robb Childress / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2 (82)/2022
Keywords: Early Christianity and plagues; plague of Cyprian; plague of Galen; epidemics; Christianity and medicine;
This paper looks at how the early Christian Church dealt with severe pandemics in its own time. Topics discussed will include a brief description of the two significant plagues they endured, how Christian beliefs were similar and different from the surrounding world, Christians’ theological and practical views on health care, and possible outcomes of the response. The paper also gives some possible lessons which the modern church and the modern world could consider from their experience related to the current pandemic.
As model prayers in the Book of Psalms, the individual Lament Psalms of Sickness (LPS) provide a resource for the church to bring the coronavirus pandemic situation to God in prayer. Four Lament Psalms of Sickness (Pss 6, 38, 88, 102) are examined according to the genre characteristics of prayer and the three constituting components of Complaint, Petition, and Assertions of Confidence. Through an analysis of the specifics of the LPS, the relevance of such poetic prayer language for use by the church in the context of COVID-19 is proposed.
In scientific literature the discussion over the evident ties between the Baden complex and Tripolye culture dates back to the mid 1990s and is related to Sofievka type complexes. In earlier papers by scholars on TC Stage CII only passing mention was given to Baden influences, the exception being works by Mykhailo Videiko, who paid particular attention to contacts with the Carpathian Basin. He noted their impact upon Troyaniv-Gorodsk type complexes and pointed out the presence of the Baden pottery style in the settlements of the Kasperivtsy-Gordineşti complex. The adoption of Baden traits by communities belonging to the Funnel Beaker and Tripolye cultures in western Volhynia ran along very different lines. The quantity of data on Baden influence upon Funnel Beaker culture communities in the area between the Western Bug, Upper Dniester and Styr rivers remains small.
Keywords: Funnel Beaker pottery in a Baden milieu in Hungary; import; imitation or hybrid;
This study describes and discusses an old find from a wholly new perspective. The non-local fragment or fragments represent imports or imitations that can be linked to the Funnel Beaker culture and not to Kostolác, Coţofeni, Livezile or Bošáca as originally suggested by József Korek. The hallmarks distinctive to the culture are the ornamented rim exterior and rim interior, the zigzag motif under the rim and the ladder motif on the belly. However, the channelling on the belly is a typical Baden trait, which has not been noted on Funnel Beaker vessels to date. The best and closest analogies can be cited from the Baden settlement at Oldalfala/Stránska–Mogyorós, where they were erroneously identified as Coţofeni/Livezile imports. The occurrence of Funnel Beaker pottery on several sites on the southern fringes of the Western Carpathians suggests a more complex situation; however, their stratigraphic contexts on these multi-period, stratified sites remain unclear due to the field techniques employed during the old excavations. The determination of the exact place of origin is rather difficult within the culture’s vast distribution, although they can most likely be assigned to the Funnel Beaker eastern group, Wiórek phase (IIIB – IIIB-C in the current terminology), whose absolute dates fall between 3700/3600 and 3200 BC. The petrographic analyses revealed that the clay and the tempering agents are of local volcanic origin, providing conclusive evidence that Funnel Beaker vessels had been made locally. In this sense, the pottery fragment discussed here can be best described as a local hybrid product.
Changes in Late Funnel Beaker Pottery at the End of the 4th Millennium BC on the Polish Lowland: Case of Mrowino, Site 3. Preliminary Report on Mineralogical and Petrographic Research
Author(s): Anna Rauba-Bukowska,Marzena Szmyt,Danuta Żurkiewicz / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 24/2020
Archaeological site no. 3 at Mrowino is located on the Polish Lowland, in the Greater Poland region. It was excavated from 1973 until 1980. The excavation produced very rich movable finds, with the core of them being formed by Funnel Beaker culture (FBC) ceramics. The collections hold over 37,500 FBC pottery shards and several intact or reconstructed vessels. The vast majority of pottery comes from an FBC settlement dated to 3300-3150 BC. The pottery set includes vessels of clear Baden culture connections. For the mineral-ogical and petrographic study, 40 samples were selected to identify mineral and rock components of the ceramic body and compare the ways of raw-material preparation. In the studied samples, boulder clay in all probability was used to make the vessels. All studied samples were made from clay with grog and a small amount of sand as temper. In addition, several samples contained igneous rock crumbs. To find out if this was a deliberate or accidental admixture, it is necessary to carry out further research.
The article discusses the current state of knowledge concerning the set of specific pottery characteristics of the Funnel Beaker culture that constitutes the so-called Pikutkowo stylistics. It is especially strongly represented in Kujawy, where the changes in the Pikutkowo set of characteristics define Phases IIIB and IIIB-C dated to 3700-3200 BC. Already in 3700/3650-3500 BC, Pikutkowo pottery appears not only on the Polish Lowland (including Wielkopolska and central Poland as well as the Chełmno Land and Gostynin Lake District), but also on the old Uplands in the upper Vistula basin. The latest data indicate that at the same time Pikutkowo characteristics are also present in Funnel Beaker assemblages from the Subcarpathian foothills and upper Dniester area. It is argued that this wide distribution delimits the Pikutkowo stylistics space, which was a zone of active circulation of cultural patterns within the Funnel Beaker culture. The culture-forming potential of this zone is best seen in the increased transfer of one of the key technological innovations of the Eneolithic, i.e. copper (including arsenic copper) use and processing.
“Altaic” Influences on “Slavic”. Remarks on a Paper by Marek Stachowski
Author(s): Vít Boček / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2023
Keywords: palatalization; syllabic synharmonism; language contact; Common Slavic; Altaic languages
The present paper deals with the possibility of interpreting the palatalizations of velars and/or the emergence of the correlation of palatalization in “Slavic” by the influence of “Altaic” languages. The negative position, recently expressed by Stachowski (2020), is discussed in the broader context of the history of this hypothesis and, above all, in terms of modern theories of language contact. It is shown that some of Stachowski's objections (in particular the lack of lexical borrowings and the large difference in the features under consideration between Slavic and the putative source language) do not correspond to the principles and findings of contact linguistics. Despite illustrating the explanatory power of the most likely scenario of “Altaic” influence, as introduced by Galton, we ultimately agree that the lack of linguistic data on the languages of the Huns and Avars is a major obstacle that makes this theory unprovable.
Joe biden’s political personality illustrated in his political decisions
Author(s): Andrzej Demczuk / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2020
Keywords: Joe Biden; leadership; political decision making; political personality; the United States of America;
The article examines Joe Biden’s political personality. In order to display the features of the president’s character, the author examines his past political decisions. The analysis starts with the description of what political personality is and what it consists of. Second, the author takes a look at some of Joe Biden’s political decisions, which indicate that his certain leadership char- acteristics that have been seen recently, are actually longstanding because one could also observe them in the past. Finally, based on the conducted examination, the author predicts how Joe Biden might act as a president.
Public security management in the social policy domain
Author(s): Mariusz Paździor / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2020
Keywords: public policy; public administration; public governance; participatory management; state security;
The purpose of the paper is to determine the subjective and objective scope of the pub- lic security management, identifying its goals and mechanisms which ensure public security in the social domain. It also aims at defining and evaluating the role of the state in the area covered by the article and constitutes an attempt of establishing an outlook pertaining to the range of the analysis undertaken. It is vital for the position of the state on the international arena and firstly and foremostly, because of maintaining social stability within the country. Implementing social policy goals in the planned and efficient manner translates into stability of the country, social welfare and creates possibilities for economic prosperity.
In search of decision-making situation (DMS) in international relations: a review of unpacked Paris climate change agreement
Author(s): Majid Asadnabizadeh / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2020
Keywords: Decision-making; International relations; Climate change; Paris agreement;
The Paris Climate Agreement (PCA) of December 2015 marks a decisive point in international relations. The Paris Agreement (PA) established unpacked climate change pledges and policies which offer a significant situation to the international relations decision-making process. Therefore, this paper stands on the Decision-making Situation (DMS) in International relations to inform unpacked Paris climate change agreement.The approach of this paper to the Decision-making Situation (DMS) embedded in the Paris climate change agreement focuses on review, identifying incentives, Decision-making Situation of the Paris agreement (DMS-PA), and EX- Political steps on the Paris Agreement (EXP-PA) model. The paper briefly assesses specific incentives: Copenhagen, Cancun, Durban, Doha, Warsaw, Lima to track review methods towards DMS related to PA. The review and analysis in this paper lay out a detailed process, techniques, and guidelines for the future framework of DMS in international climate change system (ICCS) analysis.
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