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A forgotten shield boss from Brodno, Lower Silesia, Poland. A contribution to the study of Roman influences in ‘barbarian’ armament in the Roman period

Author(s): Artur Błażejewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 68/2022

Keywords: shield boss; Roman period; armament; Przeworsk culture; Roman influence

In the National Archives in Wrocław, in the Department of the Province of Silesia are kept documents about the protection and conservation of historical monuments, and specifically information on archaeological finds from the areas around the town of Środa Śląska (German: Neumarkt). One of those artefacts was an iron shield boss of the Roman period, found at the cremation cemetery belonging to the Przeworsk Culture in Brodno, Lower Silesia. It is most probably of Scandinavian origin, and is closely related to the finds from Scandinavia and the Black Sea coast, but the form of the shield boss confirms the Roman inspiration behind ‘barbarian’ military equipment. Chronologically the boss from Brodno should be placed within phase C1b, i.e. roughly in the mid-3rd century A.D. The analogies from other sepulchral sites suggest that the boss might have been an element in the inventory of a well-equipped warrior, perhaps a member of a travelling band. The presence of such an artefact in a cemetery of the Przeworsk culture in the Oder river basin is proof of intense contacts between various communities which inhabited vast areas of “barbaric” Europe between the Baltic and the Black Sea at that time.

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Preliminary report on the research of the JU Institute of Archeology and the AGH UST Faculty of Geo-Data Science, Geodesy, and Environmental Engineering at the Dajaniya and Tuwaneh sites in Jordan – seasons 2018-2019

Author(s): Jarosław Bodzek,Kamil Kopij,Łukasz Miszk,Paweł Ćwiąkała,Edyta Puniach,Małgorzata Kajzer,Szymon Jellonek,Agnieszka Ochałek,Dawid Mrocheń,Agata Głowacka,Maciej Bernaś / Language(s): English / Issue: 68/2022

Keywords: Tuwaneh; Dajaniya; archaeological survey; archaeology of South Jordan; laser scanning; Nabatean archaeology; photogrammetry; Roman archaeology

The article presents the preliminary results of research conducted by the expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Jagiellonian University and the Faculty of Geo-Data Science, Geodesy, and Environmental Engineering of the AGH University of Science and Technology in the south-western Jordan at Dajaniya (Ma’an Husseiniyeh) and Tuwaneh (Tafila Hessa) sites in 2018-2019. The main aim of the research was to create plans for both sites and document the state of preservation of architectural remains using photogrammetry (both pole- and kite-based) as well as terrestrial laser scanning. Additionally, robber pits were recorded at both sites. A surface prospection was also conducted, collecting ceramic and metal artifacts, which, in the case of Tuwaneh, covered the central part of the site (the area around the so-called caravanserai) and part of the robber trenches and their waste piles. In 2019, three trial trenches were also excavated in the vicinity of the ancient baths at Tuwaneh.

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Cast imitation Roman imperial denarii finds in Podillya region

Author(s): Andrii Boiko-Haharin,Anatolii Sustrietov,Alina Zadorozhnia / Language(s): English / Issue: 68/2022

Keywords: Roman coins; Barbaricum; coin counterfeits; manufacture centers; cast copies of denarii; Podillya region; new coin finds; XRF analysis

The study of the influence of the Roman Empire on the tribes of Chernyakhiv culture still remains controversial in many aspects. One of the mysterious questions is the existence in Podillya region of the cast copies made by the locals, of Roman denarii minted in I-III centuries AD. Archaeologists have discovered the remains of foundries in different parts of Podillya which have allowed the location of the centers of these coins production. But the question of the period of their production, their exact function in the life of the population, and the chronology of their circulation still remains uncertain. Gathering new evidence about finds of cast copies of Roman denarii in Podillya, we found a high concentration of finds in the Krasylivsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. This allows us to suggest the presence in this area of another potential center for their manufacture, which can be confirmed by the discovery of the remains of a foundry.The chemical composition of the cast copies of Roman denarii from Podillya tends more towards bronze with a predominance of copper or tin in the alloy.Publishing information about a new finds of cast copies of Roman denarii, and further localization of their sites, will help us to understand the relationship between the Roman Empire and the «Barbaric» world better, thus opening a new page in the cultural relationship between our lands with Rome. The study of the influence of the Roman Empire on the tribes of Chernyakhiv culture still remains controversial in many aspects. One of the mysterious questions is the existence in Podillya region of the cast copies made by the locals, of Roman denarii minted in I-III centuries AD. Archaeologists have discovered the remains of foundries in different parts of Podillya which have allowed the location of the centers of these coins production. But the question of the period of their production, their exact function in the life of the population, and the chronology of their circulation still remains uncertain. Gathering new evidence about finds of cast copies of Roman denarii in Podillya, we found a high concentration of finds in the Krasylivsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. This allows us to suggest the presence in this area of another potential center for their manufacture, which can be confirmed by the discovery of the remains of a foundry.The chemical composition of the cast copies of Roman denarii from Podillya tends more towards bronze with a predominance of copper or tin in the alloy.Publishing information about a new finds of cast copies of Roman denarii, and further localization of their sites, will help us to understand the relationship between the Roman Empire and the «Barbaric» world better, thus opening a new page in the cultural relationship between our lands with Rome.

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2017 Excavation report of rabat cemetery in Boysun, Uzbekistan

Author(s): Liu Bin,Liang Yun / Language(s): English / Issue: 68/2022

Keywords: Uzbekistan; Boysun; cemetery;

2017, the Joint Central Asia Archaeological Team of China and Uzbekistan conducted excavation in the Cemetery No.1 on the north of Rabat Village. The excavation recovered 52 burials, of which 37 were earthen cave burials with sideway chamber, 11 were vertical earthen shaft pit burials, and four had unidentifiable forms. The burial occupants were mostly in extended supine position heading north, and the grave goods unearthed from these burials included pottery wares, bronzes, iron objects, stone implements, glass wares, etc. The burial structures and artifacts unearthed from these burials all had unique characteristics compared to their counterparts found in the nearby areas, and the date of this cemetery is from the end of the 2nd century BC to the early 1st century AD. It would be the remains of the Da Yuezhi (Greater Yuezhi) people and could be named as Yuezhi Culture. The excavation of this cemetery provided important data for the archaeological exploration of the Greater Yuezhi people.

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From Sargon To Narām-Sîn: some remarks on Akkadian military activity in the II nd half of the III rd millennium bc. The example of eastern campaigns

Author(s): Marcin Z. Paszke / Language(s): English / Issue: 68/2022

Keywords: The Persian Gulf; Akkadian warfare; Akkadian empire; Mesopotamia; Iran

The present article discusses the phenomenon of Akkadian eastern military activity in the times of four consecutive Akkadian kings – Sargon, Rīmuš, Maništušu and Narām-Sîn. The author of the present inves-tigation describes the course of Akkadian military expansion and attempts to characterize its cultural background by emphasizing that its economic and religious foundations constitute a part of the imperial strategy. It has been suggested that the religious ‒ and associated with it – the ideological factor, both embodied in the powerful image of the warlike goddess Aštar seem to be largely underestimated in the current academic discussion of the phenomenon of Akkadian expansion.

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A healthy donation the Kissamos asclepius (λ 410) – its origin and possible context

Author(s): Dawid Borowka / Language(s): English / Issue: 68/2022

Keywords: Roman Crete; Asclepius; Asklepios; Kissamos; Roman Sculpture; Roman Baths; Marble Head; Province of Cyrene

This article publishes a previously unpublished artefact, a marble head of a bearded deity, probably that of Asclepius, currently held in the Kissamos Archeological Museum (cat. nr. Λ 410). The object found its way to the museum as a donation of the educational commission of the 1st primary school in Kissamos, where it was held for an indefinite period. The donation was made in April 1996. In this article an attempt to identify the monument, making use of analogies drawn from ancient art is made along with the presentation of the results of field research undertaken in the area of the city of Kissamos in December 2018 and August 2019, aimed at determining the most likely provenance of the artefact. Finally, an attempt will be made to place the object in the historical and social context of Kissamos, one of the most important centres in Crete during the Roman period, which according to A. Kouremnos had the status of civitas libera.

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A Grounded Theory Approach on Professional Development of Vocational Teachers

Author(s): Rita Miciuliene / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Vocational teachers; professional development; grounded theory

Professional development of vocational teachers is perceived as an integral part of their professional activity. A lot of research has been conducted which has examined and evaluated the forms and strategies used to enhance vocational teachers’ professional development, its performance and effectiveness in different contexts, mostly by applying quantitative research methods. A grounded theory approach was employed to develop a framework of the professional development process from the vocational teachers’ perspective. The qualitative research design was based on five semi-structured group interviews with 48 vocational teachers from vocational education and training institutions in Lithuania. The findings show that vocational teachers feel the imperative for their professional development, which is caused by the progress of the technological and labour market, teacher generation change, and motivation. It occurs within the context of complicated financial distributions, careful planning and supervision, by adopting various means and forms for the PD (for example, occupation-related competence development). The learning strategies are influenced by the intervening factors such as the outdated training methods and the lack of continuity of the process. The main result of the PD of vocational teachers is sharing knowledge and helping colleagues.

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The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Higher Education: An Empirical Study

Author(s): Slimi Zouhaier / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: AI; Higher education; impact; learning & teaching

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been a topic of growing interest and investigation in various fields, including higher education. This research article explores the impact of AI on higher education by examining its effects on teaching and learning, assessment, ethics, required skills, and future careers. The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of AI on higher education, investigate its impact on the teaching and learning process, examine its effect on assessment and grading, and predict its influence on graduates' future careers. To accomplish this, the study employs a qualitative approach based on a survey of the higher education audience. The results of this study demonstrate the crucial role of AI in the future of higher education. The findingshighlight the effectiveness and efficiency of AI in equipping graduates with new skills for their future careers. They also emphasise the importance of considering the ethical implications of AI. The study reveals that higher education institutions need to integrate AI more extensively in their programs to prepare graduates for the future workforce.AI has the potential to revolutionize education by personalizing teaching methods to suit individual student needs, providing prompt feedback, and automating administrative tasks. It can also assist in grading and assessment, freeing educators to focus on developing curriculum and providing quality instruction. The study findings suggest that AI has a positive impact on the learning experience by facilitating the acquisition of new knowledge and skills. This research provides insights into the potential of AI to transform higher education and contribute to the development of new skills for graduates. It has important implications for educators, policy-makers, and other stakeholders in the higher education sector. The study findings suggest that AI should be more extensively integrated into higher education curricula, and that institutions need to consider the ethical implications of AI in the development and implementation of their programs. By doing so, they can better prepare graduates for the demands of the future workforce.

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Undesirable Student Behaviours and the Proposed Solutions Within the Context of Discipline Model Based on Reality Therapy in Classroom Management: A Case Study in Turkey

Author(s): Pelin Uredi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Reality Therapy, discipline model; undesirable student behaviours; classroom

This paper focuses on investigating undesirable student behaviours in classroom management at the stage of middle schools of Turkey and proposed solutions within the context of Reality Therapy. The specific objectives of the research focuses on identifying the application of Reality Therapy Discipline Model to solve problems in the class, according to teachers’ points of views and the researcher’s observations. The study relies on the method of case study and the phenomenological approach, which centers on the noted phenomenon, as well as the in-depth information that is not yet known (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2013). The study group of the research consisted of 20 branch teachers who were voluntarily chosen and had worked in the middle schools of Ministry of National Education in Turkey, within the school year of 2019-2020. Before the data were collected, the participants were informed about the content of the research and data confidentiality and voluntary consent forms were signed. In this research, the teacher information form was joined to the interview form, the teacher interview form, the observation form, and the research diary, which were used as the instruments to collect the data. Content analysis method was used to analyse the data collected by means of the interviews with teachers, the research diary,and the observations made in two teachers’ classroom environment. Expert opinions guided the transition from the draft to the final version of the interview form used in the study. A pilot interview was made with two teachers, who were not in the study group. The findings obtained indicated that the teachers did not accurately use all the steps of Reality Therapy Model to solve the discipline problems. It was determined that they used some steps of the model. The teachers first used the solution that should be applied in the end according to Reality Therapy Model, and those who chose to talk to the students at first initiated other steps before they developed a plan to solve serious problems, whose solutions needed to be made outside the class. In accordance with findings, to contribute to the field, some suggestions have been made.

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The Effect of the Building Blocks Education Program on Turkish Preschool Children’s Recognition of Geometrical Shapes

Author(s): Maide Orcan Kacan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Curriculum; geometric shapes; mathematics; preschool

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The Evolution of Students' Mental Models and Metaphors towards the Atomic Concept*

Author(s): Halit Kiriktaş / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Curriculum; geometric shapes; mathematics; preschool

This study examined the effect of the Building Blocks mathematical education program on 4-year-old Turkish preschool children’s recognition level of geometrical shapes. A pretest-posttest control group experimental design was employed. The sample group was composed of randomly selected 39 preschool children (of whom 21 were in the experimental group, and 18 in the control group). A geometric shapes recognition test was used for data collection. Results indicated meaningful differences in the mean scores of the triangle and rectangle shapes in favor of the experimental group. When the children’s responses to the geometric shapes recognition test were examined in detail, it was observed that in the post-test the children in the experimental group, as compared to the ones in the control group, were more inclined to define geometrical shapes with their qualitative features rather than visual features.It could be argued that the main goal of the teaching process is to create accurate projections of scientific models in the minds of individuals. In this context, it could be argued that it is important to determine the change and development of the mental models that individuals create for events/phenomena and related metaphors in this process.This paper seeks to reveal how the mental models and metaphors of students with similar sociodemographic characteristics have evolved throughout the teaching process from secondary school to the undergraduate level. In the present study, the cross-sectional survey model, which is one of the descriptive research methods, was used. While the population of the study consists of students and pre-service teachers who receive formal education in public schools located in the South East Anatolia region in the 2019-2020 academic year, the sample consists of 720 students in total selected in equal numbers from every grade level with similar socio-demographic characteristics (60 students selected from the 5th-grade to the 4th-year students of the undergraduate degree). The data collection tool used in the study was a four-tier conceptual understanding testcreated by the researcher, who also tested its validity and reliability. The data were subjected to descriptive statistics, content analysis, and the Chi-square test.The results reveal that the students have highly different definitions and metaphors for the concept of the atom with their mental models generally evolving up to the Rutherford atomic model and failing to reach a higher model.It is recommended in future studies that researchers follow the process longitudinally and investigate the reasons why students' mental models fail to evolve into higher atomic models.

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Issues of the Use of Intermediated Securities in Cross-Border Transactions

Author(s): Tomáš Kirner / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Securities; Investment Securities; Intermediated Securities; Securities Holding Systems; Registry of Securities

This paper explores issues arising from international transactions using securities either in sale and purchase contracts or as collateral. Once paper securities were transferred to registered ones and book-keeping took virtual form, the complexity of the financial international system further increased. At the same time it facilitated trades across the globe that previously would not take place due to high transaction cost and legal uncertainty.Logical step in this evolution was, therefore, the introduction of intermediated securities holding systems where one or more securities intermediaries can hold securities for their clients across various jurisdictions and perform book-keeping and corporate proxy roles for a plethora of customers. Nevertheless, the system is still not harmonized as various legal regimes implement holdings of securities differently.This paper analyzes the structure of these systems and discusses the legal issues they pose on the transacting parties. The analytical part discusses possible solutions and provides alternatives to the current academic literature proposals by implementing private sector participants where the public and international community struggles to succeed.

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Market Power, Economic Dependence, or Bargaining Power: Why Do Titans Still Enjoy Protection in Several Member States?

Author(s): Michal Nový / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: bargaining power; market power; economic dependence; supplier and buyer; buyer power; agri-food chain; unfair trading practices

The paper addresses a long-standing discussion on what are the major sources of power asymmetry among the suppliers and the buyers in the agri-food chain, and thus, a primary cause of pursuing various kinds of so-called unfair trading practices. Basically, three theoretical frameworks stay beyond combating against these practices: market power, economic dependence, and bargaining power approach. The setting of personal scope in the new EU Directive 2019/633 profoundly prefers the lastly mentioned theoretical framework. But does such a preference signify the true triumph of the bargaining power conception? The paper intends to scrutinize it using an evaluation of the major traits of the frameworks, stressing that some of them may allow for the protection of those entrepreneurs who are not in need of it. The analysis of the ways how the Directive has been implemented in the Member States then indicates that such giant suppliers continuously enjoy protection in several countries. A special attention is devoted to Czech legislation whose development may serve as a kind of a natural experiment of how these competing conceptions function in the practice.

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Factors Shaping the Employment of Military Force from the Perspective of the War in Ukraine

Author(s): Michal Hrnčiar,Jaroslav Kompan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Military Power; Operating Environment; Operational Factors; War in Ukraine

The study presents a meritorious view of the traditional operational factors of space, time and force. On the background of the first and second phases of the War in Ukraine, it examines how the relevant factors shape the use of military force in operations, clarifies their mutual correlation, interference, application connections and also causality. The results of the study demonstrate the necessity of a correct and holistic perception of operational factors for effective deployment and employment of military forces in the contemporary operating environment. The main benefit of the study, applying the heuristic and inventive function of analogy from the open sources of available identified knowledge from the deployment of military forces in the War in Ukraine, is the mediation of model examples of a comprehensive vision of the effects of how operational factors shape the use of military force in contemporary high-intensity warfare operations.

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Integration of Women in Combat Operations and Warfare: Possibilities of Integration into Pakistan Armed Forces

Author(s): Shamaila Amir,Saman Zaid / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Combat Forces; Combat Operations; Warfare; Women in War

The participation of women in the armed forces creates many challenges to their integration in a masculine-dominated mechanism. Traditionally, military service embodies the macho culture where a certain type of physical strength is required, attainable only through the male frame. The traditional military personnel model represents a young male force that is supported by spouses who stay at home but modern warfare and the inclusion of technology have opened many chances for women to be included in the armed forces. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to highlight various fields of armed forces where women in Pakistan may or may not be suitable to be integrated. The paper descriptively analyzes the participation of women in armed forces in general and in the Pakistan Armed Forces in particular. Recommendations highlight the combat operations relevant to the Pakistan Armed Forces context which women can or cannot be integrated into.

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One Standard, Different Approaches: Language Assessment in the Military Context. A Visegrad countries analysis.

Author(s): Ivana Mrozková,Mária Šikolová / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Language Test Analysis; Descriptors of Language Skills; Test Format;Language Assessment; NATO STANAG 6001

The article describes how one standard set for language testing is perceived in Visegrad countries and how it is transformed into designing their language proficiency tests. It focuses on analyzing the methods of how the four countries use the identical descriptors to develop their own distinct tests. In their comparison and analysis, the authors concentrate on the test format, testing methods, tester training, and assessment techniques. The gathered data have shown some similar approaches to test design and administration, however, some differences in certain aspects were also observed.

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Digitalization of civil proceedings in the light of openness, equality and immediacy in the Polish legal system

Author(s): Berenika Kaczmarek-Templin / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Civil procedure; digitalization; rules of civil proceedings

This article is a voice in the discussion on the aims and function of digital transformation of the Polish civil procedure. The author also points out the changes in the Polish legal order introduced by the legislator in recent years, in particular those connected with temporary solutions for the time of Covid-19 Pandemic. She analyses ITtools used in civil proceedings in the light of procedural rules. At first glance, it seems that digitalization may have quite an impact upon all the construction rules of civil procedure. However, contrary to this impression, it does not directly affect all of them. The greatest correlation can be seen in the case of the principle of openness, the principle of equality and the principle of immediacy. As the conclusion the author indicates that digital transformation allows for a more complete implementation of procedural principles and it supports the realisation of those rules.

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Quality management and relation between innovation and knowledge & technology output

Author(s): Enriko Ceko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Innovation; knowledge & technology output; ISO standards; quality; quality management; competitive advantage

My goal in conducting the research was to show real links between innovation and knowledge management (knowledge & technology output index) within a quality management approach worldwide in a response to the pandemic and the post-pandemic period. This is because innovation, knowledge, and technology output are becoming important questions related to quality and quality management issues, currently being discussed with increasing interest in a broader perspective from the worldwide audience. They are also part of factors of production theories and enterprise theories too. The research methodology was (1) collecting data and information on the innovation index and knowledge management (knowledge & technology output index) worldwide, (2) describing the newly introduced ISO 56000 family of standards (ISO standards for innovation) and the newly introduced ISO family of standards (ISO standards for knowledge). The method of the research was (1) dealing with descriptive statistics for innovation index and knowledge & technology output and handing (2) correlation and regression analysis (inferential statistics) for relationships between innovation index and knowledge & technology output. This procedure resulted in the main outcome of this research that the relationships between innovation and knowledge & technology output, statistically verified, are strong. Saying this, the general application of ISO standards and specifically, the ISO 56000 family of standards are necessary to achieve a competitive advantage. The key recommendation of the research is that the application of ISO standards and the application of the ISO 56000 family of standards help companies to strengthen their commitment to their customers, improve outcomes of innovation and knowledge &technology output activities, improve processes and procedures and economies around the world to gain a competitive advantage in response to the crisis and post-crisis.

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Exploring human rights violations in post new era Indonesia

Author(s): Manotar Tampubolon / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Human rights violation; Suharto; Indonesia; Authoritarianism

Although human rights have been officially recognized in Indonesia, human rights violations have persisted since Suharto's authoritarian regime. The purpose of this article is to examine why human rights violations that have occurred in Indonesia since the New Order era, when the Suharto regime was in power, but have yet to be resolved. With a human rights perspective, the author employs qualitative research methods in conjunction with secondary data from credible sources. Human rights violations committed during the New Order regime went unpunished, and impunity reigned. To this day, there are challenges to impunity for human rights violations in Indonesia, where the government does not have good faith to fulfil the rights of victims of human rights violations, and civil society organizations both on the national and international levels are powerless to support the resolution of these human rights violations. This situation will have an impact on Indonesia's international standing as one of the largest democratic countries that recognizes, protects, and fulfils human rights.

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COVID-19 vaccine equity for the Global South: Vaccination challenges and opportunities for small and poor countries

Author(s): Dastan Bamwesigye / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccine inequity; public health; diplomacy; economic accessibility

The effects of COVID-19 have significantly interrupted countries and the socialorder across the globe. However, the developing countries which could not manufactureor even buy the most wanted commodity: COVID-19 Vaccine, looked on as the situationgot worse even in the wealthy nations. Diplomacy seems a ray of hope among developingcountries as wealthy nations have used almost all the vaccines themselves. The goal ofthis study was to critically analyze the challenges and opportunities around the COVID19 pandemic, especially vaccine distribution and access, and the role of diplomacy in thisprocess in selected countries in Africa. We used the narrative literature review approach.We examined the cases of Uganda, Ghana, and South Africa on the COVID-19 vaccinedistribution. We found minimal accessibility and affordability of vaccines in developingnations. African and other developing countries have since depended on vaccinedonations. Affordability makes it challenging for wealthy countries to lend a hand whileensuring their population and market needs are catered for. We propose that nationals inthe Global South must strengthen their diplomatic systems and negotiation skills withwealthy countries while reinforcing public health systems. Developing countries mustbuild alliances to engage with high-income countries as equal partners.

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