The Right Wing Totalitarianism in Romania 1919-1927

The Right Wing Totalitarianism in Romania 1919-1927

Author(s): loan Scurtu / Language(s): English / Issue: 13-14/1997

Keywords: Romania; political history; totalitarianism; right wing; 10s; 20s;

At the end of World War II many extremist and totalitarian movements appeared and extended all over Europe. They have been generated by the serious degradation of the living condition of millions of people, War losses, the incapacity of the existent governments to cope with the new situation, the changes worked in the mentality of the people and the desire to refresh the social and democratic structures.

The Political-Territorial Division of Bessarabia in 1940

The Political-Territorial Division of Bessarabia in 1940

Author(s): Vitalie Văratec / Language(s): English / Issue: 13-14/1997

Keywords: Romania; Bessarabia; political-territorial division; 1940;

In the evening of June 26, 1940, the minister of Romania to Moscow, Gh. Davidescu, and soon afterwards the whole world learned about the Soviet ultimatum note “proposing” to the government in Bucharest “to hand back Bessarabia to the Soviet Union”, plus “the Northern part of Bukovina”. Three days later, on June 29, the TASS news agency announced that the day before “the Soviet units crossed the Romanian border [our italics] on the entire space of Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia”, occupying the cities of Cernăuți, Hotin, Soroca, Bălți, Kishinev, Bender (Tighina), Akkerman (Cetatea Albă). In the following days the Soviet troops took over the localities of Storojineț, Noua Suliță, Lipcani, Herța, Bolgrad, Reni. On July 3, the eastern and north-eastern part of Romania, snatched away in Moscow using a red pencil on the map that had been enclosed in the ultimatum note, was totally incorporated in the Soviet Union.

The Stalinist Model of Romania’s Sovietisation

The Stalinist Model of Romania’s Soviétisation

Author(s): loan Chiper,Florin Constantiniu / Language(s): English / Issue: 13-14/1997

Keywords: Romania; Sovietisation; communism; Stalinist model;

Once it became a government party, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) was in a difficult position, generated by the existence of the two centres - one in Romania (the communists in Romania) and one in Moscow (the communists that had emigrated to the USSR) - and by the necessity to adapt their strategy and tactics to the political demands of the Kremlin, who were still interested in the maintaining of the “great coalition”.

From the Documents of the General Nicolae Rădescu Administration - The Events of 24 February 1945

From the Documents of the General Nicolae Rădescu Administration - The Events of 24 February 1945

Author(s): Dinu C. Giurescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 13-14/1997

Keywords: Nicolae Rădescu; administration; military history; political history; documents; February; 1945; communism;

On Saturday, 24 February 1945, all the citizens of Bucharest were invited to a rally by the National Democratic Front (F.N.D.), led by the Communist Party of Romania (PCdR).

Romania and the American Containment Policy

Romania and the American Containment Policy

Author(s): Constantin Buchet / Language(s): English / Issue: 13-14/1997

Keywords: Romania; American; containment policy; WWII;

The Cold War, began in Romania for it was here in a certain sense, that the first conflicts between the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, developed as they fought for the control of Central and Eastern Europe at the end of World War II.

The Romanian Treasury in Moscow - An 80-Year-Old Dispute

The Romanian Treasury in Moscow - An 80-Year-Old Dispute

Author(s): Alexandru Bârlădeanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 13-14/1997

Keywords: Romania; Moscow; treasury; dispute; post WWII;

In the following lines, I would like to add a documentary piece to the Romanian-Soviet file regarding the restitution of the Romanian treasury: it concerns the talks between the Romanian and Soviet delegations in 1965 with regard to this restitution.

The Totalitarian Architecture

The Totalitarian Architecture

Author(s): Sorin Vasilescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 13-14/1997

Keywords: political history; totalitarianism; architecture; 20th century;

The concept of totalitarianism belongs to Mussolini who, in 1925 has begun to speak about the “totalitarian will” of the revolutionary Fascism. The philosopher Gentile has taken over the term, giving it a new significance, related to “The State” that, unlike the one of the bourgeois democracies, is not subject to “become estranged” from society. The dual significance of the Mussolini’s revolutionary totalitarianism and Gentile’s philosophic “state” concept has been taken over and adapted by Germans. Ernst Jünger, as well as Mussolini, has given this concept a dynamic significance, speaking of the “total war and total call to arms”, while the most well known German law theorist, Carl Schmidt, has developed this concept in a gentilian spiritualism by defining the fundamental political relationships between “friends and foes”, in which he inserts, as a historical antithesis to liberal State pluralism, the notion of “total identity between state and society”. The English - Saxon world, following the German - Soviet pact Ribbentrop-Molotov, has included bolshevism in the concept of totalitarianism.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Vasilj Žarković,Dragan Gligoric,Nikola Žarković / Language(s): English / Issue: 27/2017

Keywords: foreign direct investment; economic growth; the structure of foreign direct investment;

Economic theory suggests that free capital flows increase the efficiency of the resource allocation and stimulate economic growth. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is seen as a remedy for all economic problems in countries that do not have a sufficient level of accumulation to start economic growth. According to economic criteria of Copenhagen, countries that are in the process of European integration should have a functioning market economy able to cope with competition and market forces within the European Union. The greatest expectations regarding the development of a competitive economy in the Southeast European (SEE) countries are precisely related to attraction and exploitation of the positive effects of FDI. This paper explores the impact of FDI on economic growth of the Central European (CE) countries and the SEE countries. The experience of the CE countries can be beneficial for the SEE countries following them in the process of European integration. The results show that FDI flows to the SEE region are significantly lower than to the CE region. Panel analysis has shown a statistically significant impact of FDI on economic growth in both regions. However, in absolute terms the impact of FDI on economic growth in the SEE region is almost negligible.

UNIVЕRSITY STUDENTS’ ЕNTRЕPRЕNЕURIAL INTENTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM BIH (REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA)

UNIVЕRSITY STUDENTS’ ЕNTRЕPRЕNЕURIAL INTENTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM BIH (REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA)

Author(s): Saša Petković / Language(s): English / Issue: 27/2017

Keywords: personal competence; motivation; entrepreneurial university; institutional support;

This paper analytically presents the factors of entrepreneurial intentions of students in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The research problem can be defined by the question whether today a university can be called an “entrepreneurial university” which educates, prepares and encourages students to start their own business as a career option independently? Do economic policies of small countries contribute to their significant role in encouraging entrepreneurship, and what are predictors of entrepreneurial intentions of students? The study was conducted on a sample of 351 students at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Banja Luka in April 2016, based on previously empirically verified questionnaire that measures the support of closer social environment (friends and family), self-efficacy and acceptability of entrepreneurship as a career, as well as the entrepreneurial intention, through three dimensions of time - starting a business immediately after the end of their formal academic education, within 5 years after graduation and in an indefinite moment in the future. The methods of descriptive statistics, factor and correlation analyses have been applied. The aim of the research is to determine the predictors of entrepreneurial intentions of students in small countries in transition in the case of students from BiH at the early stage during their education and whether their entrepreneurial intentions are influenced by the economic policies through the construction of entrepreneurial infrastructure institutions? The research results indicate the existence of clearly defined and mutually comparable latent variables that can be identified as factors of entrepreneurial intentions of students. Personal competence and motivation of students are predictors of entrepreneurial intentions, which is not the case with the “entrepreneurial university” and the institutional support for entrepreneurs who are beginners.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES AS A SHOCK PROTECTION – THE EXAMPLE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES AS A SHOCK PROTECTION – THE EXAMPLE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Author(s): Tijana Šoja,Zumreta Galijašević / Language(s): English / Issue: 27/2017

Keywords: foreign exchange reserves; shock; adequacy; Bosnia and Herzegovina;

Significant increase in foreign exchange reserves in recent decades, including the period of the global financial crisis of 2008 and 2009, has intensified research on the importance and role of foreign exchange reserves and their adequate level. Although the financial crisis has emphasised the importance of maintaining an adequate level of foreign exchange reserves, there is insufficient consensus on the level of foreign exchange reserves that should be maintained in the event of crises and shocks. This paper explores foreign exchange reserves of Bosnia and Herzegovina and their adequate level over the period from 2005 to 2015 as well as in the event of a shock which can be generated by internal or external factors. The aim of this paper is to examine whether foreign exchange reserves of Bosnia and Herzegovina were sufficient in the observed period as well as in the event of shocks that national economy could be exposed to. For the research purposes, comparative method and the application of sensitivity analysis and scenarios were used to analyse and evaluate the adequacy of foreign exchange reserves of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The final results demonstrate that during the observed period foreign exchange reserves of Bosnia and Herzegovina were adequate. However, in the case of extreme shocks Bosnia and Herzegovina does not possess the sufficient level of foreign exchange reserves. Such findings recommend to the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with other economic policies, additional efforts to accumulate foreign exchange reserves in the medium term.

ECONOMIC POLICY CHALLENGES OF SMALL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

ECONOMIC POLICY CHALLENGES OF SMALL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Lidija Madžar / Language(s): English / Issue: 27/2017

Keywords: economic vulnerability; economic resilience; diseconomies of scale; small domestic market; external shocks; regional cooperation; the European Union;

The aim of this paper is to study the pace and role of small states in international economic relations. The main characteristics of small states are a high degree of economic openness, export concentration and high dependence on strategic imports. In addition, their significant features are also indivisibility of overhead costs and diseconomies of scale. There is no single definition of small states since the size is a relative term. In addition to the size of population, sometimes other indicators are used as size criteria such as territory size or gross domestic product. This paper emphasizes the endogenous and macroeconomic characteristics of small states in detail and some small countries’ problems that can be challenging in developing their economies. Furthermore, the concepts of small states’ economic vulnerability and resilience are covered. This paper pays special attention to arguments in favor of regional cooperation among small countries. The final part of the paper is dedicated to the similarities, and also economic differences among the small European states. It also highlights the benefits of small states’ membership into the European Union. Numerous economic benefits for small countries arise from the process of regional integration, especially with regard to strengthening economic resilience, foreign trade, strengthening their bargaining power, joint management of regional public goods, receiving technical assistance and geopolitical aspect.

FROM DEFECTIVE TO EFFECTIVE BiH DEVELOPMENT POLICY

FROM DEFECTIVE TO EFFECTIVE BiH DEVELOPMENT POLICY

Author(s): Vjekoslav Domljan,Goran Miraščić,Goran Riđić,Ognjen Riđić / Language(s): English / Issue: 27/2017

Keywords: Macroeconomics; economic growth; savings; upper middle income;

After 21 post-war years Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) found itself in a “middle-income trap”. It is not classified into low income countries because workers and citizens do not accept low wages and low standard of living, nor does it fit into high income countries because those workers do not produce sophisticated products that ensure competitiveness, export and the basis for high wages and the standard of living. The development vision of BiH is to become a high income country. However, the state has neither suitable strategy nor policy. This paper represents a detailed research of multifaceted secondary sources (i.e. journal articles, government publications, internet sources, etc.), conducted in a cross-sectional time manner. By utilizing secondary sources of data we conducted our own calculations based on data from the World Bank, the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We hold that key sectors which would provide return to pre-crisis GDP growth rate of 6-7 percent per year, should be: financial system, diaspora and digitalization of industry (with the introduction of suitable strategies and policies), each of which would contribute to GDP growth of two percent per year. The key agents of change should be the leaders of value chains (large-scale companies), cities-regions, gazelle companies (fast growing small and medium size companies) and micro digital companies.

Communist Myths Stakhanovism

Communist Myths Stakhanovism

Author(s): Dan Cătănuş / Language(s): English / Issue: 13-14/1997

Keywords: Stakhanovism; communism; myths;

The “besieged stronghold” complex stemming from the “capitalist surrounding”, the civil war aftermath that caused enormous damage to the country’s economic and military might, drowning in additional complexity the psychosis of an impending foreign intervention, as well as the need for a tighter control over the domestic rivalries have altogether made Stalin impose severe austerity on the USSR economy and eventually turn it into a war one.

The NIST Agenda

The NIST Agenda

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English / Issue: 13-14/1997

Keywords: National Institute for the Study of Totalitarianism; Conference; scientific life; 1997;

The N.I.S.T. agenda describes the activity of the institute’s researchers during the first half of this year. This is a short review of participation in symposiums, round tables, book releases, openings of document exhibitions, where the participants discussed issues related to the access to documents from the communist period and the debunking of certain huge historical mystifications. The exchange of ideas was the great advantage of these encounters and the published works show the true value both of the organizational effort and of this serious scientific approach.

INFLATION, EMPLOYMENT AND FDI IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

INFLATION, EMPLOYMENT AND FDI IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Author(s): Goran Popović,Maja Ibrahimbegović / Language(s): English / Issue: 26/2017

Keywords: currency board; BIH; inflation; unemployment; FDI; monetary policy; Phillips curve;

The monetary policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter referred to as BIH) operates under the currency board system, responsible for strengthening the market economy and price stability. On the other hand, the economy of BIH is facing longterm unemployment, unfavorable business environment and feeble competitive position. This discourages economic development. Further retaining the currency board system in BIH attracts great interest. The paper analyzes the relation among inflation, unemployment and foreign direct investment (FDI). Statistical analysis (coefficient of correlation and simple linear regression (period 2004/2014)) indicates that there is no inversion similar to the Phillips curve between inflation and unemployment. Thus, it is implied that BIH renounces employment, aggregate demand and economic growth for the sake of stable prices. Moreover, the ratio of inflation and participation of FDI in GDP is inverse with a negligible correlation. Analyses demonstrate that there is no optimal combination of inflation and unemployment in BIH that would improve business environment and stimulate FDI and aggregate demand. Correlation and regression analyses fail to provide the arguments to statistically challenge the currency board as the monetary system model of BIH.

Expediency and scope of using AI in civil justice

Expediency and scope of using AI in civil justice

Author(s): Nino Kharitonashvili / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, justice; decision making; civil procedure; family law

At first, people obeyed the rules out of fear of the gods. By the time when Nietzsche declared that "God is dead," faith had been replaced by the rule of law. But now the reality has been changed. Modern technologies are playing an increasingly important role in the digital era. The world is changing rapidly and the achievements of technical development are so fast, that they are only followed by legal regulations. The rule of law is rivaled by the rule of code. Artificial intelligence is a modern trend. Nobody knows how it can change the world. It is used in different fields but its usage in justice is the most controversial. The purpose of this article is to discuss how reasonable is the use of AI in the decision making process on civil cases where the creativity and human feelings play the most important roles - especially in the most untouchable sphere from globalisation such as family law.

Law under Totalitarianism: "Sotsialisticheskoe Pravovoe Gosudarstvo"

Law under Totalitarianism: Sotsialisticheskoe Pravovoe Gosudarstvo

Author(s): Lavinia Stan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/1997

Keywords: totalitarianism; law; socialism; rule by law;

The study analyzes the “socialist state rule by law” concept, as it was put into practice from the October 1917 revolution until the time of Gorbachev. The author makes a comparative analysis, focusing on the totalitarian character of that regime.

The Questionnaire

The Questionnaire

Author(s): Dragiša Vitošević,Đorđije Vuković / Language(s): English / Issue: 178/2022

“Way Beyond-The-Pale”: Anna Burns’ Milkman аs а Gendered Trauma Narrative

“Way Beyond-The-Pale”: Anna Burns’ Milkman аs а Gendered Trauma Narrative

Author(s): Ksenija M. Kondali,Aleksandra Č. Vukotić / Language(s): English / Issue: 178/2022

Informed by trauma theorists, including Cathy Caruth and Laurie Vickroy, this paper interrogates how the 2018 novel Milkman by Anna Burns, set in the polarized and violent context of Northern Ireland and the 1970s Troubles, portrays the gendered trauma experience and its counter-discursive dimension. This paper aims to bring together two strands of interpretation which situate the novelistic discourse in its historical and socio-political context, while investigating the textual strategies employed by the protagonist who doubles as narrator, as she seeks coping mechanisms amid terrorist retaliation, sexual abuse, objectification, and social exclusion due to tribalism. The present study establishes that the structure of traumatic experiences, the victim/survivor response to them and the resulting resistance signify a type of counter-narrative against the dominant political and social forces which traumatize the heroine, whose destiny and narrative style highlight the position of disempowered members in any society.

Narrative Worldmaking Revisited

Narrative Worldmaking Revisited

Author(s): Jeppe Barnwell / Language(s): English / Issue: 178/2022