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ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL LEARNING COMMUNITY - A CASE STUDY OF THE HINKA SMREKAR SCHOOL

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL LEARNING COMMUNITY - A CASE STUDY OF THE HINKA SMREKAR SCHOOL

Author(s): Igorcho Angelov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: learning community; motivation; improving knowledge; teamwork

Every person is constantly educated and perfects their knowledge in various fields from an early age. Involuntarily or with reason, they get involved in various social diversities. They collaborate, change, build and succeed in realizing what they have acquired and learned over time. Thus, from birth, they are included in the society of their family, then in kindergarten, elementary school, high school, college, etc. When they grow up, they acquire competence, join an organization that requires them to demonstrate what they have learned so far. Thus, they start building a new system of their own operation/functioning again, which leads to the establishment of a kind of professional relationship between the organization and the new person. Based on his/her competences, this person is starting to get involved, cooperate and build first himself/herself, and then the organization. At the same time, both the person and the organization have a need for each other. When this limit is reached, and the person has become involved in the functioning of the organizational environment, relationships with other participating factors begin to be built, first internal (employees) and then external (customers, partners). This starts a circle of cooperation that must follow the organization. For successful operation, it is necessary that the new person cooperates with everyone involved in the organization. This is how the relationship begins to develop, roles begin to be distributed, action begins, the main goal and side goals are assigned, and, finally, everyone follows the whole organization. In one way or another, each of us finds ourselves in a certain cycle of events, which we then follow. Even in a learning organization, this cycle must begin and eventually be successfully completed. We conducted research on their learning organization. The teachers completed a questionnaire that helped us learn how they built their learning organization. We wanted to find out how they acquire new knowledge and how they participate in smaller or expanded activities. It was very important that we wanted to demonstrate whether they cooperated effectively and whether they were focused on the goals they had set in the annual work plan. Through the questionnaire, we wanted to find out whether they were guided, directed and motivated by the manager in achieving a certain goal. We also wanted to find out whether they followed innovative trends around the world and the promotion of sustainable development in education. In the seminar assignment, we also show what needs to be emphasized when participating in teams or assets.

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»YOU ARE NOT MY FRIEND ANYMORE AND I WILL NOT PLAY WITH YOU «Violence among first graders

»YOU ARE NOT MY FRIEND ANYMORE AND I WILL NOT PLAY WITH YOU« Violence among first graders

Author(s): Andreja Cerkvenik / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: peer violence; elementary school; first grade; prevention; action

At school, we encounter different types of violence, but most often it is peer violence. In this paper, we present the definition of peer-to-peer violence and its most common forms. In the theoretical part of the paper, we focus on peer violence in the first grade, which as a long-term teacher of the first grade I encounter the most. In a practical example, we present the methods and forms of work that we used in the 1st grade and that proved to be successful in our work. The successful prevention of violence requires creation of positive bonds between students and creation of a sense of co-responsibility in resolving conflicts, as well as cooperation of the entire team, knowledge of professional guidelines and good support from the counseling service. We can help each other with advice, protocols, literature, and general laws. It is important that we all realize that violence exists and that when we detect it, we deal with it effectively.

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PARENTING AS A SOCIOCULTURAL PHENOMENON – CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PROSOCIAL FUNCTIONING

PARENTING AS A SOCIOCULTURAL PHENOMENON – CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PROSOCIAL FUNCTIONING

Author(s): Daniela Tasevska,Sofia Dermendzhieva,Gergana Dyankova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: pre-school age; constructive communication; emotional adaptation; socializing procedures

The interest in the social inclusion of the child escalates in the conditions of transition, as the state of society and the well-being of future generations depend on and determine the peculiarities of its course. Given the fact that the modern age has its own ways of regulating, preserving, reproducing and developing social life, it is strongly argued that it is important to discuss its features. The focus is on social changes that give rise to atypical interventions in childhood. The social development of the "I" is characterized as a complex long process, given the complex form of internalization. Within the framework of primary socialization, preschool age is unique in laying the foundations for personality formation. The process of realization of the "I" in society depends on the characteristics of communication in the parent subsystem. It mediates the social perception formed in the child, provokes his/her activity and is the main criterion for adequate socialization. Parents are the first social reality that resists and openly opposes the satisfaction of children's instinctive desires. This experience on the part of the child is a kind of a "feedback" for the immature "I" about the interactions between them and the "significant others". This is a way for the child to differentiate itself from them, to feel like an independent "I" -with its own desires, intentions, goals. The socializing effect of parental behavior in childhood enables the child to build their own identity by developing a motivational environment for communication. This article proposes a model for constructive communication in the parent subsystem, oriented towards affective adaptation of preschool children. In the context of the proposed model, social conflict and social integration are considered as socializing procedures.

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SIX THINKING HATS METHOD FOR INTERPRETING FAIRY TALES

SIX THINKING HATS METHOD FOR INTERPRETING FAIRY TALES

Author(s): Nataša Jozičić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: lower level; literary text; critical thinking; parallel thinking; six thinking hats method

Encouraging critical thinking in pupils is important as by developing this skill they learn self-reflection, evaluation, argumentation, reasoning, tolerance for different views, empathy and striving for the truth. When teaching literature in the first educational period, teachers can encourage critical thinking when dealing with literary texts. We can implement De Bono’s thinking hats method adapted to lower-level pupils, in which we contemplate a problem from the perspective of six hats. The six hats method involves parallel thinking, in which all participants simultaneously think within the framework of one hat color. Each of the six hats is a different color and has its own meaning. Thinking under the hats takes place in the context of a selected fairy tale, which pupils interpret by presenting their points of view by taking into account the characteristics of the hats. By means of hats, pupils face the fairy tale, solve the problem that appears in it as a group, and thus get to know themselves, other pupils, and their way of thinking. The hat method has a positive effect on pupils’ literature lessons, as they show greater reading motivation and develop critical and creative thinking. They actively discuss, and participate in what they read, evaluate the text, present their knowledge, touch upon their emotions and thoughts, and seek new ideas and solutions regarding the content of what they read. The purpose of the paper is to present an adapted six hats method in teaching literature, which is carried out in the third grade of primary school.

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RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION - TEACHERS' RESISTANCE TO THE USE OF ELECTRONIC BOARDS (SMART BOARDS)

RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION - TEACHERS' RESISTANCE TO THE USE OF ELECTRONIC BOARDS (SMART BOARDS)

Author(s): Irena S. Kitanova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Management; Change management in education; Educational methods; ICT in education; Smart electronic boards

Modern and innovative management in education requires full commitment to work, responsibility, and efficiency in performing tasks that ultimately lead to the success or failure of the manager. When the managerial function is performed in the educational process, in scientific research or in the educational activity, then success is related to a number of other factors that create the character of the institution, such as the specifics of their business, the importance of these institutions for the general development of the country, qualification structure, etc. Referring to these segments of the characteristics of a successful principal manager in the school and starting from the fact that the managerial skills of a principal in the education system are evaluated in managing the innovations or changes that occur in the school and knowing the fact that these changes show resistance tendencies from both teachers and other school staff, technical, administrative and pedagogical, this theoretical-empirical work includes a concise analysis of a resistance of teachers that was presented within several years of education (2013-2019) to the use of the Whiteboard in the teaching process in high school. It is worth mentioning that, with the increase of the number of Electronic Boards in the school as an innovation, the number of teachers that show resistance to their use also increased and in the last two years; it is worth mentioning that with the measures and mechanisms undertaken by the principal (organizing trainings in the school for the use of Electronic Boards and rewards for teachers who achieve concrete success with the use of Electronic Boards) in the last two years this resistance decreases.

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Development of web application towards creating a continuous supportive learning environment for 45+, low educated and low skilled adults

Development of web application towards creating a continuous supportive learning environment for 45+, low educated and low skilled adults

Author(s): Riste Timovski,Ana Atanasova,Tome Carvalho,Tatjana A. Pachemska,Ana Isabel Herranz Zentarski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Learners motivation; Adult education; Web application; Low educated; Low skilled; Functionally illiterate

Most of the educators (teachers) are broadly versatile when they are working with learners that are literate on high levels (well educated or prepared). But, when low literate and/or low educated learners are concerned, many difficulties arise. Pretty important group of people are those who are functionally illiterate. International project was conducted in the period 2020-2022 with its main goal to ensure the adult educators to possess the necessary skills and competencies for creating motivating, productive and effective learning environment for adults with educational levels that are below the needs of the modern society regarding its professional, cultural and social aspect. The main intellectual output (out of three) was the web application integrating all the aspects of the issues targeted.

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INVESTIGATION OF STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION AND ANXIETY AT THE MILITARY ACADEMY ‘GENERAL MIHAILO APOSTOLSKI’ WHILE LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

INVESTIGATION OF STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION AND ANXIETY AT THE MILITARY ACADEMY ‘GENERAL MIHAILO APOSTOLSKI’ WHILE LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Biljana Ivanovska,Elena Trajanovska,Snezana Kirova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: motivation; anxiety; second language learning; classroom environment; difficulties

Consideration of learners’ anxiety reactions in learning to speak another language by a language teacher is deemed highly important in order to assist them to achieve the intended performance goals in the target language. This study has attempted to investigate the factors that language anxiety can possibly stem from, both within the classroom environment and out of classroom in the wider social context, and the motivation needed for improving that anxiety by giving recommendations of a variety of strategies to cope with it. This study used a qualitative semi-structured interview format and a focus-group discussion technique to investigate the issue. Students of the Military Academy -ESL/EFL learners participated in the investigation. The findings suggest that language anxiety can originate from learners’ own sense of ‘self’, their self-related cognition, language learning difficulties, differences in learners’ and target language cultures, differences in the social status of the speakers and interlocutors, and from the fear of losing self-identity. The pedagogical implications of these findings for understanding second/foreign language anxiety for enhancing learners’ communication abilities in the target language were discussed in accordance to the anxiety level with the motivation needed, as are suggestions for future research.

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A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF GERMAN AND MACEDONIAN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS WITH AN ANIMAL COMPONENT

A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF GERMAN AND MACEDONIAN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS WITH AN ANIMAL COMPONENT

Author(s): Dragana Kuzmanovska,Snezana Kirova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: motivation; anxiety; second language learning; classroom environment; difficulties

There is a lot of information and testimonies about proverbs and sayings (PSs), about their existence, duration and about their significant role in everyday life. Thanks to the global approach to scientific knowledge, we can be convinced of the unusual power of PSs, of their penetration into all spheres of society, of human activity and of their distribution. It is their popularity that has attracted our interest and pulled us into the labyrinths of language; to make the research topic more original and vivid, we inserted the animalisms through which human character traits and wisdoms are transmitted. This contrastive paper deals with the analysis of German PSs with an animal component and their Macedonian equivalents. We tried to determine the animal component that is most represented in German and Macedonian PSs, i.e., whether it is the same component or a completely different one. During our research, we tried to give an answer to questions as: Do PSs from the two languages have some similarities despite the different language groups they belong and do they have common elements? For an adequate and relevant answer, we first tried to define the terms proverb and saying and explain their similarities and differences.

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Not So Much an Axiomatic System, More a Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
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Not So Much an Axiomatic System, More a Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

Not So Much an Axiomatic System, More a Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

Author(s): Phil Budgell,Mitko Kunchev / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: system of objectives; taxonomy; education; axioms; facilitated workshops

Abstract. By analysing, in detail, the requirements of any axiomatic system, the authors have concluded that it is not possible to ‘Axiomatize the Education System’ in any meaningful way; the process cannot comply with the demands of axiomatization: – the education system is so large and complex and the number of objectives is(seemingly) endless; – although it is possible to formulate a system of objectives for education, they are not derived deductively from prior objectives; – it is not possible to demonstrate that the objectives are derived from the rules of logic; nor that – the objectives follow logically from a number of objectives that are in turn the logical result of other objectives. The authors have therefore adapted the process in order to construct a high-level description of the education system; i.e. ‘A Taxonomy of Educational Objectives’ with First and Second Order Objectives. They have also concluded that an approach using ‘facilitated workshops’ would be very useful in the professional development of politicians, administrators, school leaders, teachers and students.

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Informal Educators as a Subjects of Pedagogical Interaction in Pedagogy of Informal Education
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Informal Educators as a Subjects of Pedagogical Interaction in Pedagogy of Informal Education

Informal Educators as a Subjects of Pedagogical Interaction in Pedagogy of Informal Education

Author(s): Tanya Zhelyazkova-Teya / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: educational triad; educational pyramid; formal education; nonformal education; informal education; Pedagogy of Informal Education; informal educators; Homo creabilis

The article presents the characteristics of informal educators as subjects of pedagogical interaction in Pedagogy of informal education, created by the author in 2020 as a new self-contained branch of pedagogy. Against the background of the new global and European goals until 2030, the prehistory of the PIE and the characteristics of informal education as a complex three component category with integral meaning are presented. The features of informal educators as drivers of PIE are revealed. A relatively complete list of informal educators is compiled and their typology is shown according to two criteria. They are described through the six substantial questions of being. The personal qualities of the person who wishes to take on the role of an informal educator are specified: knowledge, skills and competences, psychological characteristics and attitudes. Examples are given of how each person can become an informal educator of himself or someone else, and how through informal education a hobby can become a profession.

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Dialectic of Fear: Centre-Liberal Media Discourse on Gender, LGBTQIA+ and Abortion in Contemporary Poland

Dialectic of Fear: Centre-Liberal Media Discourse on Gender, LGBTQIA+ and Abortion in Contemporary Poland

Author(s): Aleksandra Krzyżaniak / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: abortion; Poland; fear; gender; LGBTQIA+; centre-liberal; media discourse; right-wing;

References to fear are often associated with narratives created byright-wing parties and media, especially while talking about issues such as gender,LGBTQIA+ or abortion. However, similar practices can be found in centre-liberaldiscourse, proving that the creation and reproduction of the dialectic of fear canapply to all agents, no matter their political affiliation. The article aims to challenge popular academic perceptions of the sources of fear by proposing a counterperspective that means to shift perception on agents of polarisation. Used examples focus on contemporary Polish mainstream centre-liberal newspapers whichreproduce fear in their narrative, adding to both local and worldwide phenomenaof political polarisation and radicalisation.

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The debt buildup process: Bosnia and Herzegovina – Republic of Srpska versus other European countries

The debt buildup process: Bosnia and Herzegovina – Republic of Srpska versus other European countries

The debt buildup process: Bosnia and Herzegovina – Republic of Srpska versus other European countries

Author(s): Velimir Bole,Janez Prašnikar,Domen Trobec / Language(s): English / Issue: 18/2013

Keywords: Republic of Srpska; debt; GDP per capita; recession; financial investments; indebtedness;

Financial and economic crisis from 2008 created debt problems throughout the world, in developed and developing coutries. Although the problems cause by the crisis were similar for all coutries there were some specific diferences between them. Here, effects of firm’s indebtedness in the Republic of Srpska are analysed in comparison with 15 European countries before and after the crisis, which serve as a benchmark. In the RS and also other considered countries in the collapse year (2009), the relative debt increases of under and over median firms differed drastically. In the main crisis year of 2009 the RS had 2 percentage points higher impact (relative to the Core European countries) of the financial accelerator or/and correspondingly different effect of the shape of firm investment distribution on the debt increase. In 2009, country specific effects on the debt build-up process disappeared for all other observed countries except the RS, while in the year after the collapse they disappeared in the RS and picked upped again in all other countries, showing lagging of the impact of the crisis as well as a milder effect in the RS.

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Limited Possibilities of Adapting the Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the External Pressures of the Economic Crisis

Limited Possibilities of Adapting the Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the External Pressures of the Economic Crisis

Limited Possibilities of Adapting the Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the External Pressures of the Economic Crisis

Author(s): Rajko Tomaš / Language(s): English / Issue: 17/2012

Keywords: economic crisis; Contagious Currency Crises; currency board; real effective foreign exchange rate; balancing effective foreign exchange rate;

The economic condition in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is dependent on the continuous inflow of money from foreign countries. Under the impact of the economic crisis, there is a reduction in foreign donations, remittances from abroad, foreign investments and exports are made more difficult, which threatens its economic and social stability. In this paper, we investigate the influence of external disturbances on the balance of payments of BiH, as well as possibilities of conducting an economic policy which equalizes the real effective and balancing foreign exchange rates. The analysis shows that BiH is open up for an external pressure on the balance of payments since the Central Bank of BiH conducts neither an exchange rate policy nor a foreign exchange reserves policy, and the crisis of the exchange rate and the crisis of the foreign exchange reserves take turns in BiH. In order to reduce the negative eff ects of the deviation of the real effective and balancing foreign exchange rates, in BiH it is necessary that prices and salaries be flexible and that structural reforms which would increase the competitiveness of domestic enterprises in the foreign market be implemented.

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GEOPOLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICIES OF SMALL COUNTRIES

GEOPOLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICIES OF SMALL COUNTRIES

GEOPOLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICIES OF SMALL COUNTRIES

Author(s): Ljubomir Madžar / Language(s): English / Issue: 26/2017

Keywords: geopolitics; development policies; great powers; interdependence of decisions on international arena; the conflict between elevated national goals and the pragmatic exigencies;

Unlike competitive markets with theoretically infinite number of agents whose decisions merge into a large mass of other agents’ decisions, forming prices as allocation parameters controlled by no one, international arena is characterized by a limited number of discernible subjects whose decisions have system-wide impacts and turn out significant for policies of other agents. Policies pursued by any country concern not only the country in question but influence other countries and oftentimes significantly affect the degree and manner of reaching their policy objectives. Due to the limited number of acting entities the nexus of international interactions has a notable conflict potential. Small countries are in a special situation due to their almost implied modest power implying further a significant number of independent agents whose interests have to be seriously taken into account in framing their own development and many other policies. Policies of various countries come out visibly interdependent so that other agents’ interests and actions uninterruptedly define wide enough set of constraints to be observed in formulating and implementing development policies of the country in question. Particularly important are the large, economically developed and militarily powerful countries. Their aspirations have to be carefully observed and meticulously studied by the small and relatively weak countries. There might emerge, and in Serbian countries almost regularly emerges, a conflict between highly valued national goals deeply rooted in history, popular myths and collective memory, on the one hand, and interests of the big powerful international players on the other. These are settings in which baleful strategic mistakes are occasionally made and in Serbian history the frequency of such mistakes was rather pronounced. There has been far above the optimum courage in Serbian history conspicuously exercised by both elites and popular masses. The consequences of such “determinations for the kingdom of heavens” are perilous and mistakes are dearly paid in terms of hundreds of thousands of lost lives and wasted chances for economic and general social development. The paper ends with recommendation that the small countries endeavor to carefully fit into interests and policies of great powers, invest equally large efforts into choosing the right allies and adjust pragmatically to their aspirations and, as the case might be, even to their orders. No matter how strange it may sound, bending flexibly to the interests of the mighty may be the optimal strategy of pursuing the genuine national objectives. For, no matter how elevated and majestic they are, they dwindle to little value if they are blocked in the process of realization and the high-minded efforts invested in their realization get ultimately frustrated.

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THE REASONS FOR ADDITIONAL GROWTH LIMIT OF CONSUMER NONPURPOSE LOANS IN THE BANKING SECTOR OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

THE REASONS FOR ADDITIONAL GROWTH LIMIT OF CONSUMER NONPURPOSE LOANS IN THE BANKING SECTOR OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

THE REASONS FOR ADDITIONAL GROWTH LIMIT OF CONSUMER NONPURPOSE LOANS IN THE BANKING SECTOR OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Author(s): Dragan Jović / Language(s): English / Issue: 26/2017

Keywords: consumer non-purpose loan; direct regulation of credits; banking sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina; credit growth; crowd out effect; current account;

The growth in consumer non-purpose loans leads to the reduction in BiH current account balance and amplifies the current account deficit. According to regression models, the commercial loan has the same effect on the current account. However, in dynamic VAR models, a commercial loan has, either neutral influence on the current account balance, or contributes to its mild growth. A commercial loan is necessary for BiH economy, because the private sector is the main factor of the economic growth, while a consumer non-purpose loan generates mainly demand for import. When a credit growth is very low, the credit is economic and not free good and additional need for the direct regulation of credit appears, especially in countries with underdeveloped financial market. The share of private companies in the credit distribution is reduced and from the economic point of view, redistribution of loans can be made only at the expense of consumer loans. Additional growth limit on the consumer non-purpose loan, which is composed of 74.2% of total consumer loans, and 34.9% of all bank’s loans (10/2016), is one of the preconditions for the decrease of current account deficit, economic growth and economic development acceleration.

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OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANISATION AS A DETERMINANT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSITION COUNTRIES

OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANISATION AS A DETERMINANT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSITION COUNTRIES

OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANISATION AS A DETERMINANT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSITION COUNTRIES

Author(s): Branka Zolak Poljašević,Gordana Ilić,Darko Milunović / Language(s): English / Issue: 26/2017

Keywords: ownership structure; human resource management; transition countries;

Transition period of the post-socialist countries and opening of their markets have led to the positive shift in understanding the role of employees in organizations and the importance of proper management of this specific resource. An important factor in spreading modern principles of human resource management in transition countries is the arrival of foreign companies on their market. In that context, this paper focuses on the relationship between the ownership structure of the organisation and the level of development of the core activities of human resource management. The subject of the empirical research was companies which operate on the territory of the Republic of Srpska, and employ more than 200 employees. Empirical data were collected by using questionnaire, and some of them were generated from the official websites of the observed companies. Testing of hypothesis was performed with the Analysis of Variance. The research results show that in the foreign-owned companies there is a statistically significant difference in the level of development of human resources management, compared to the state-owned and national private companies. On the other hand, among foreign-owned companies, which differ in the country of origin of the majority owner and the number of years in business in the domestic (BiH/RS) market, there is no statistically significant difference in the level of development of basic activities of human resource management.

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THE EFFECTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ENLARGEMENT ON FOREIGN TRADE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

THE EFFECTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ENLARGEMENT ON FOREIGN TRADE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

THE EFFECTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ENLARGEMENT ON FOREIGN TRADE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Author(s): Milenko Krajišnik,Aleksandra Krčmar / Language(s): English / Issue: 26/2017

Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina; the European Union; enlargement policy; foreign trade; economic growth;

In times of globalization, there is a worldwide trend of creating various regional economic integrations which aim to benefit for their members. Almost all of the countries belong to or aspire to belong to a group. One of them is Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a member of CEFTA since 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina has built its foreign trade position together with other members, with which it has had exceptionally immense level of cooperation. Bosnia and Herzegovina is committed to joining the European Union, but the accession process is facing a lot of difficulties and going slowly, so that the time of receiving full membership is completely uncertain. Croatian withdrawal from the zone of free trade for the sake of joining the European Union has had inevitably serious consequences for the rest of the countries, reflected in decreasing the volume of mutual trade, stricter standards for export and differences in tariff and non-tariff barriers relative to those that existed during the membership in the same integration. At the same time, there is a change for the new member of the European Union, which improves its trade relations with foreign countries and confirms some theoretical standpoints on the effects of regional integration. Although mostly positive, these effects are not equally distributed to all members of the European Union. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the European Union enlargement on the foreign trade positions of new member states, as well as the countries which are in the accession process and have a significant exchange with the European Union. Through the analysis of indicators of the member countries, a possible direction of foreign trade development of Bosnia and Herzegovina on its path towards full membership in the European Union is presented.

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ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE EU OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO THE WESTERN BALKANS

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE EU OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO THE WESTERN BALKANS

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE EU OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO THE WESTERN BALKANS

Author(s): Ognjen Erić / Language(s): English / Issue: 26/2017

Keywords: Official Development Assistance; the European Union; the Western Balkans; economic development;

Official development assistance (ODA) implies the movement of capital with a minimum of one quarter of grant. It was established in the second half of the previous century, with the aim of getting developed countries to set aside a part of their gross domestic product (GDP) as an aid intended for developing countries. In the European Union, development assistance implies a policy which was established at the very beginning of the integration process, but it was not until the Treaty on the European Union was signed that it obtained its legal basis. Today, the European Union is a key partner of developing countries, and together with member states it ensures more than a half of the ODA assets. The countries of the Western Balkans are categorized among the developing countries and receive aid via loans and grants from developed countries and international institutions. The European Union’s support is divided into the aid intended for the countries that are in the process of accession and the aid which is meant for other, less-developed countries. The distinction between these two forms of assistance is very difficult, because the character of the support changes in the course of accession process. The scientific problem that this paper deals with pertains to identification of the intensity of the European Union Official Development Assistance and the level of development of the Western Balkans. The assets of the European Union’s assistance to the region of the Western Balkans are necessary, yet not sufficient for achieving a higher level of development and the European standards in all directions.

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MODEL OF MANAGING MATHEMATICAL RESERVE OF LIFE INSURANCE

MODEL OF MANAGING MATHEMATICAL RESERVE OF LIFE INSURANCE

MODEL OF MANAGING MATHEMATICAL RESERVE OF LIFE INSURANCE

Author(s): Mira Pešić - Andrijić / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2011

Keywords: life insurance; mathematical reserve; managing mathematical reserve; portfolio of investment; model of optimisation investment;

Life insurance is a mutual guarantee of a large number of people with the same danger where the danger is random and can be measured and evaluated. The guarantee is represented by establishing the fund which is formed by money deposits made by endangered individuals who by doing that become members of the community of life insurance risk. These funds are used only to pay off the arranged amount to the member of the community when the insured accident occurs. A part of the financial means of the fund includes a mathematical reserve which serves as a collateral of future risks. These means are temporarily free means and are managed by the insurance company. The task of the insurance company is to keep the real value of the mathematical reserve as well as to increase its value. Therefore, the insurance company invests them, till the moment when these resources need to be used as collateral for the risk, in order to gain additional income. In order to achieve an efficient and economically efficient investment of the mathematical reserve, the original model has been designed. Designed and written model and its solution are the contribution of this paper. The key to the model provides a structure of the portfolio for investment of the mathematical reserve which ensures the required income from its investment with the minimum risk. Value added of the key to the model is the fact that it enables a post?optimal programming and simulation. This enabled a calculation of a sufficient number of investment portfolios? structures. Furthermore, this enabled a decision maker to use a high quality tool for managing risk of mathematical reserve investments as well as the overall risk of the life insurance.

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Modernization of Higher Education – Willful Action or Wishful Thinking? The Case of Bulgaria

Modernization of Higher Education – Willful Action or Wishful Thinking? The Case of Bulgaria

Modernization of Higher Education – Willful Action or Wishful Thinking? The Case of Bulgaria

Author(s): Elena Blagoeva / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: Bulgarian Higher Education; Bulgarian HE Strategy; modernization of HE

The impact of the last global economic crisis (2008) on the European economy put a strain on higher education (HE), yet it also pushed the sector towards intensive reforms and improvements. This paper focuses on the “Strategy for the Development of Higher Education in the Republic of Bulgaria 2014-2020”. With a case study methodology, we explore the strategic endeavors of the Bulgarian government to comply with the European directions and to secure sustainable growth for the HE sector. Our research question is ‘How capable is the Bulgarian HE Strategy to overcome the economic and systemic restraints of Bulgarian higher education?’. Because the development of strategies for HE within the EU is highly contextual, a single qualitative case study was chosen as the research approach. HE institutions are not ivory towers, but subjects to a variety of external and internal forces. Within the EU, this is obviated by the fact that Universities obtain their funds from institutions such as governments, students and their families, donors, as well as EU-level programs. Therefore, to explore how these pressures interact to affect strategic action on national level, the case method is well suited as it enabled us to study the phenomena thoroughly and deeply. The paper suggests the actions proposed within the Strategy have the potential to overcome the delay, the regional isolation and the negative impact of the economic crisis on the country. Nevertheless, the key elements on which the success or failure of this Strategy hinges are the control mechanisms and the approach to implementation. Shortcomings in these two aspects of strategic actions in HE seem to mark the difference between gaining long-term benefits and merely saving face in front of international institutions.

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