Keywords: words; noble
Words are noble; they should always be respected and expressed wisely. Words should never be used to vincere, from Latin, meaning ‘to win’, ‘to conquer’, but rather to convincere from Latin, meaning ‘to win’, ‘to conquer’- con ‘with’, ‘together’. This is especially true for a historic period like the one we are living today, with the pandemic and wars all over the world
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Keywords: Terms of Mechanics; Determinative; Possessive; Copulative; Verbal Governing Compounds
This paper focuses on the syntactic-semantic analysis of Lithuanian and English compounds in mechanical terminology. The aim of the study is to reveal the components of semantic-syntactic relations of compounds in both languages. According to the theory and methodology of Olsen, LarssoN, and Keinys, the following syntactic-semantic relations of compounds were identified: determinative, possessive, copulative, and verbal governing. These types are dominant in English and Lithuanian. It was found that the essential feature of determinative compounds is the presence of both noun components. Possessive compounds usually have a single adjectival component and are metaphorical in meaning. Copulative compounds are both equivalent nouns that do not describe each other, and in English copulative compound components can be swapped, and the meaning would not change. The distinguishing feature of verbal governing compounds is that one component is a verb or verb-noun, which is usually the second component of a compound. The semantic-syntactic analysis showed that most of the compounds identified were determinative. The analysis of the determinative compounds by semantic class revealed that the most productive is the semantic class of purpose. This tendency was observed among the Lithuanian and English equivalents. Although while discussing the existing patterns of compound derivation, the most frequent pattern was N + N in Lithuanian and English, the present research identified other types as well. The following models dominated among Lithuanian compounds: Adj. + N, Adv. + N, and Num.+N, while the following dominated in English: Pr. + N, V + N, and N + Adj. Such results show that in the terminology of mechanics, the pattern of formation of both noun component compounds is the most productive among Lithuanian compounds and their English equivalents.
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Keywords: Theory of Planned Behavior; fresh food e-commerce; perceived risk; purchase intention; past experience; Covid-19;
Aim: The main goal is to examine the role of perceived risk in determining customers’ willingness to purchase fresh food online. Research methods: Data were collected through an online survey. Respondents were recruited via a call on online platforms. A total of 287 fresh food e-commerce consumers participated. Conclusions: The results showed that perceived risk of COVID-19 infection had a positive effect on purchase intention, perceived risk of purchase behavior had a negative impact on purchase intention, and attitude was a mediating variable between perceived risk and purchase intention. Past experience moderated the relationship between perceived risk of purchase behavior and attitude. Actual consumer behavior was explained directly by purchase intention Originality: Next to attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, the effects of perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, perceived risk of purchase behavior, and past experience on purchase intention and actual behavior to purchase fresh food online were examined in an extended Theory of Planned Behavior model. Previous studies measured overall risk perception as risk perception associated with purchase behavior and risk perception related to Covid-19 infection. The influence of both types has rarely been examined distinctively. Implications: Retailers can contribute to lowering consumers’ risk perception of purchasing fresh food online and offer creative promotions to attract repeat purchases. Limitations: Only attitude correlated significantly with purchase intention, implying that additional variables may influence purchase intention. Also, although the influence of past experience is considered, a detailed distinction was not made.
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Keywords: complex systems; disaster management;
Aim: To present a condensed but inclusive discussion of the nature of the complex global system and the impediments to, but also the advantages of, means of prediction and action in a rapidly declining society to offer a compendium of the potential to assess the difficulty of predicting complex social systems.Research methods: A review and synthesis of research material on: the function of dissipative systems, most specifically the global social system; the means to discern, measure and assess three kinds of energy through functional networks; the intractable difficulties with prediction and agency.Conclusions: Regardless the inherent difficulty in prediction and agency in complex systems, there is a benefit to having some methodology. That is, it is better to understand how the system works, and to be able to identify, if just a short while in advance, what might happen and what responses we might have, and to do that we need to have an organized way to look at things.Originality / value of the article: Offers, to a broad variety of large and small organizations, a brief guide to conceptualizing the global system, its functioning parts and sources of energy, and the imperative and difficulty of predicting and strategizing for changes in a declining system.Implications of the research: There is benefit to a thorough understanding of the complex social system, if it allows prediction and response to system changes.Limitations of the research: It is a “crash course”, and ideas are explored but not exhaustively described.
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Keywords: Srebrenica genocide;
The denial of the Srebrenica genocideis one of the biggest issues facing Bosnia andHerzegovina today. In this sense, the completeannihilation of a nation or an ethnic group requiresthe destruction of testimonies and memory as well.It is clear that without justice and paying tribute to thevictims, peace cannot be achieved. And without peace,Bosnia and Herzegovina will eventually collapse.
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Keywords: German Baltic Sea Council;
Berlin’s ongoing presidency of the Councilof the Baltic Sea States could not have come ata more crucial time. Faced with increasing regionaluncertainty in light of Russia’s aggression in Ukraine,Germany must now take decisive action to ensurecontinued high-level cooperation in the area.
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Keywords: energy; Turkmenistan;
Turkmenistan has the potential to becomean important energy source at the crossroadsbetween Europe and Asia due to the drastic energy shiftin European, Eurasian and Asian energy landscapes.Recent developments indicate Turkmenistan couldchange future energy flows due to the war in Ukraine,which could also help its over-reliance on China.
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Keywords: Vlach transhumant economy; Bosnia; Dalmatia; transhumant pastoralism; Napoleonic era
French rule over Dalmatia in the Napoleonic era (1806–1813) resulted in the gathering of the information about this region, as well as neighboring Bosnia. Travelogues and reports on those lands are so rich and detailed that they can serve as an informative source on the populations inhabiting those areas. This paper focuses on a very precise element of this depiction: the specific status of the Vlach communities and their economic activity in Dalmatia and Bosnia (transhumant pastoralism). The comparison of the depiction of shepherding in those two regions leads to two main conclusions which concern the differences and similarities behind those two depictions. The differences are partially related to the presumed ineffectiveness of the Vlach economy of Dalmatia. On the contrary, in the case of Bosnia, local stock raising was depicted as diversified and able to bring considerable commercial benefits. The similarities between both depictions of the Vlach population in Dalmatia and Bosnia is the transhumant and traditional form of their activity, which was perceived as primitive, i.e. dependent on the natural conditions.
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Keywords: Visual literature; Cinema; Hollywood; Novel Writers; Policy
Researchers, journalists, and critics of the Classical Hollywood cinema period worked a lot on the hunt against communists in Hollywood and on the literary value of a screenplay. However, some fundamental questions remain still partially open: firstly, besides the guaranteed lavish studio salaries, what led the best writers in the American literary scene to enter and remain in the field of cinema, which they had harshly criticized? Secondly, what drove the US government to see in Hollywood screenwriters (indeed, it should be remembered that in the List of the “Hollywood Ten", nine of them were screenwriters) a ramification of the Communist Party dangerous to the American society? Thirdly, given the unprecedented presence of talented writers in the film industry during Classical Hollywood cinema, can we affirm that the discipline of screenwriting improved its status in visual literature? This article will try to answer the above-mentioned questions – which as we will see are deeply intertwined – and aims to reopen the issue of whether screenwriting can be accounted for visual literature, as most cinema employers and many academics judge it as a technical blueprint.
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Keywords: Colonial; postcolonial; other; satire; identity
Nineteenth-century British explorers are satirized in this reverse travelogue by South African novelist Christopher Hope. This article analyzes the novel, Darkest England, which turns colonialism inside out, sending a Bushman on a mission to the Queen of England - a hazardous journey indeed among the pugnacious, uncivilized muggles in that sodden land. The story, set in 1993, is narrated in the unexcitable tradition of 19th-century-explorer narratives by David Mungo Booi selected by his people to visit the Queen (Booi is the only one with a knowledge of English) to remind her of her grandmother Victoria's pledge to protect them from harm. The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between two cultures, dominant and oppressed one in Swiftian satire manner on how members of these cultures view one another and how visitors to the metropole are treated in often quite horrifying, laughable, embarrassing and ultimately eye-opening way. The article suggests that both those who used to be oppressors and those who suffered must learn to get to know one another and find some modus vivendi in new circumstances observing heart more than reason.
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Keywords: Preschool children; bilingualism; English language learning; code-switching; code-mixing
The research aims at investigating the communicative abilities of Italian children in a bilingual (English-Italian) preschool, focusing on the benefits of bilingualism in children’s cognitive, social, and cultural growth. After an introduction on the role of bilingual education in early childhood in promoting a child’s life-long love of language and bilingual proficiency, through the support of some European documents and key studies in the field, the research design is presented. A variety of instruments were used, such as video recorded class observations, field notes and observation sheets, semi-structured interviews with L1 and L2 teachers and structured interviews with children, questionnaires for parents, as well as language knowledge tests for children and teachers. Children’s lexicon development was taken into consideration, especially the frequency of use of English language, thus showing a significant growth of the perceptive and productive lexicon for the investigated age range. This provided evidence that the children in this study were still at the sensitive age for lexicon acquisition. The linguistic phenomena that, among the preschool children, were practised the most were: code-switching and code-mixing. This study provided new findings on the early acquisition of English language in bilingual children with the home language Italian. This language experience usually takes place along five dimensions: the materiality of language and its use, children’s perceptions about them, beliefs about self and others in the speech community, emotional responses about language and about language users.
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Keywords: English-medium instruction (EMI); Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL); Integrating Content and Language in Higher
In the last decades, the growth of English-medium instruction degree programs all over the world has been considered an opportunity by many institutions and stakeholders involved, e.g., institutional visibility abroad, increased enrollments and international staff. However, it has also raised questions and concerns about the role played by English in such contexts. Indeed, English-medium instruction is typically described as the use of English to teach and learn disciplinary content in non-English speaking countries where such programs are offered. Under this view, language seems to be used merely as a medium to convey information and enable exchange. This paper describes the features of English-medium instruction and presents the numerous definitions and labels given to it. Comparisons are made with other educational approaches, namely Content and Language Integrated Learning and Integrating Content and Language in Higher Education, with which it shares the use of a foreign language to deliver subject content but differs in the aims and outcomes. This study identifies possible actions to be put in place to place much emphasis on language matters in English-medium instruction programs.
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Keywords: Belarusian poetry; the Church; sensuality; national identity and language; flowers; wine; music
Valiancina Aksak’s gentle yet mysteriously strong lyrics cover a wide range of topics including the Church and Christian belief, Belarusian identity, and indignation at the betrayal of national values, wine, music, flowers and the language itself, which she handles with a very individual mastery. Much of her verse is subtle and understated, although she is also capable of very clear descriptions of people and places and the various qualities and effects of wine. A highly musical poet, she also makes several references to classical music, and her verses about family, both children and parents are very touching indeed. She is a poet whose work deserves to be better known.
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Keywords: Belarus; „Świat”; Polish-centric discourse; strategy
The purpose of the article is to trace the presence of Belarusian issues on the pages of the Warsaw weekly “Świat” [The World] in 1918–1919. Content analysis of the publications showed that the editors of the widely read weekly did not decide to clearly determine their stance on the future of Belarus. The periodical developed a strategy of including the Belarusian issue in a Polish-centric discourse, which emphasized Poland's cultural maturity and the importance of Polish arms in the struggle against the Bolsheviks, who were seeking to take over Belarusian lands.
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Keywords: Oksana Bulda; Liza Bezvershenko; interview;
An interview with Oksana Bulda and Liza Bezvershenkofrom “Promote Ukraine”, a Brussels-based media platform for expertise and civil society initiatives in Ukraine and the EU. Interviewer: Agnieszka Widłaszewska
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PHOTO-REPORT BY WOJCIECH KOŹMIC
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Keywords: war in Ukraine; Russian aggression against Ukraine;
Germany’s decision to pursue the European Union’s plans to stop importing crude oil from Russia has stirred up social tension in the East German town of Schwedt. Despite reassurances from the government in Berlin, the town, which hosts Germany’s largest oil refinery dependent on Russian oil, is fearful of the aftereffects of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
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Keywords: war in Ukraine; Russian aggression against Ukraine;
Poetry may not have the power to stop Russian missile strikes but Ukraine’s literary festival season, which carried on in spite of the horrors of war, became a testament to the importance of defending culture during the invasion. After all, the Russians have been very clear that they do not recognise the Ukrainian identity.
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Keywords: war in Ukraine; Russian aggression against Ukraine;
In the current Russian war in Ukraine,history and the historical narratives underpinning the conflict are featuring front and centre. The Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, has been very effective in his use of historical references, especially when addressing international audiences.
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