Moldova is being forced to adapt to hybrid warfare
Author(s): MARINA BZOVÎI / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 01+02 (55)/2023
Keywords: Moldova; war in Ukraine; Russian aggression against Ukraine;
Russia’s war against Ukraine proved to the world that battles do not happen only on the ground; they are also taking place online. After Russia’s invasion on February 24th, its neighbours, including Moldova, began facing many challenges: an economic crisis, a refugee influx, an energy crisis and even cyber-attacks.
Author(s): Wojciech Wojtasiewicz / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 01+02 (55)/2023
Keywords: Georgia; war in Ukraine; Russian aggression against Ukraine;
Today’s Georgia is a country of contradictions. While most of the population has come out in support of Ukraine, the country has experienced a great amount of migration from Russia since the war. This, combined with a government uncertain of its foreign policy, has made Georgia’s future all the more unclear.
Author(s): Olena Yermakova / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 01+02 (55)/2023
Keywords: war in Ukraine; Russian aggression against Ukraine;
One third of the Ukrainian population isdisplaced – over eight million abroad and at least fiveand a half million internally, constituting the biggestforced displacement in Europe since the Second WorldWar. Curiously, around one third of those who had fledafter February 24th 2022 have already returned, with theInternational Organisation for Migration putting the numberas high as six million. Yet, they returned, against all odds.
Geopolitics, history and memory games -
Jumping from the 20th to the 21st century
Author(s): Georges Mink / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 01+02 (55)/2023
Keywords: geopolitics;
The geopolitical conceptions of Vladimir Putinare strikingly reminiscent of the visions of FriedrichRatzel, Karl Haushofer and especially Joseph Stalin. Putinbasically thinks the same things as these figures but needsmore justification. This is where a “memory masquerade”comes in, involving Nazism, racism, antisemitismand a reminder of the origins of Russia’s greatness.The portfolio of historical and memorial referencesdoes not stop at European history for Russia.
How well-brought up girls became unbeatable warriors -
The path from battle glory to modern feminism
Author(s): Andrzej Zaręba / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 01+02 (55)/2023
Keywords: modern feminism;
The role of women in conflict is often viewed asbeing on the home front, far away from the front linesof battle. Despite this, the story of Poland’s strugglefor independence in the First World War would notbe complete without acknowledging the selflessactivities undertaken by female volunteers.
Comparative Analysis of Capitalist Economies: a Focus on Europe and its Different Models
Author(s): Agostino Massa / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: Capitalism; Democracy; Political economy; Corporate governance; Europe
Capitalism is a widely discussed topic in economic as well as in sociological studies. Since the early ‘90s, after the collapse of the economic systems of socialist Countries, it has become the main way of organizing the economy in most of the world. This article is set to describe the features of Liberal Market Economies (LMEs) and Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs), as defined in the literature on the topic, with particular reference to the European context. Even if such description is based on traditional elements, it can be useful in order to study the current evolutionary patterns of the two main models of capitalism, not only in a European perspective but also in a global one.
The Risk of Destabilising Pension Fund Bodies, and the Procedural Position of Candidates for Members of the Governing Bodies of Supervised Entities
Author(s): Maciej Jankiewicz / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: financial supervision; conflict of interest; destabilisation risk; PFSA; unconstitutionality of amendments; transparency of proceedings; mitigation of risks
The author analyses the position of a candidate for member of a governing body in an entity supervised by the Polish Financial Supervisory Authority (PFSA) and discusses the related problems. The aim of the article is to identify the area of an increased risk level in financial institutions in the process of appointing members of the governing bodies of supervised entities. The PFSA assumes that the selection of the candidates for members of the governing bodies in Pension Fund Companies may be carried out by either the management board or the supervisory board. This leaves a large space for the activity of the boards. The management board can gain influence over the course of these proceedings. When the selection is conducted by the supervisory board, the risk is significantly reduced. The second aspect addressed therein concerns the position of a candidate for member of the governing bodies in supervised entities in legal proceedings. In jurisprudence it has been established that a candidate is to be treated as a party to the proceedings. The administrative courts found that inadmissibility of a candidate as a party would violate Article 77(2) of the Constitution by closing the judicial path for the candidate and preventing them from asserting protection of their rights and freedoms. Despite this, the Act of 21 July 2006 on Financial Market Supervision (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 2059, as amended) was amended in April 2021 to the effect that a candidate was not a party to the proceedings thus enhancing the risks, including conflicts of interest. The effect of these provisions has been instrumentalisation of those to whom a great deal of responsibility is entrusted – if the approval of the PFSA is obtained. The PFSA's decisions may affect the career path of candidates. In certain cases, they may even 'block' it, leaving little room for defence and narrowing the possibilities of adjusting the competence level to the positions held. There is also no timeframe for the PFSA’s decision. The risks associated with such situation have been described in the article.
Keywords: structural security; personal security; organizational culture; hierarchical units
Nowadays, we are observing the growing role of leadership not only in organizations but also in hierarchical units. This importance is related to shaping the organizational culture of individuals and teams working in them. The aim of the article is to present the importance of leadership in shaping the security and organizational culture of hierarchical units on the example of the War Studies University. The analysis was made using Geert Hofstede's organizational culture model using participant observation. On the basis of the conducted analysis, it can be indicated that the discussed hierarchical unit is characterized by a high power distance, collectivism, masculinity, a high degree of avoidance of uncertainty and short-term orientation in time. Such dimensions of organizational culture as: avoidance of uncertainty, collectivism and power distance have the greatest impact on the occurrence of a specific leadership style, and their verification should be an integral element of the exercised power in order to increase the level of structural security of the institution and personal security of members of this organization.
The Project: “Implementation of the educational program »Politics – Religion – Security. Conflicts and attempts to resolve them« basing on international cooperation.” Presentation of the Content of the Training Module – Teaching Materials
Author(s): Cezary Smuniewski,Karolina Kochańczyk-Bonińska,Konrad Majka / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
The article is a presentation of the teaching materials which were one of the key elements for the preparation and implementation of the training module under the project: “Implementation of the educational programme »Politics – Religion – Security. Conflicts and attempts to resolve them« basing on international cooperation.” This publication is made up of the following parts: presentation of the main assumptions of the project; presentation of entities involved in the implementation of the project; description of ideas underlying the project and its objectives (“Issues”); discussion of the contents of twelve sets of teaching materials (textbooks) and academic documents (syllabuses) developed by project promoters. The educational program prepared by the authors has been dedicated to Polish students – project participants. The project has been aimed at preparing its participants for their future roles as employees or employers effectively functioning in the religiously and culturally diversified labour market. Having this objective in mind, twelve sets of teaching materials have been profiled, which address issues covering the time space from the Antiquity until the present. These issues are linked with: biblical texts; ancient Greek philosophy and tragedy; the legal and political situation of first Christians; the Church at the late Antiquity; the medieval project of uniting Europe; modern times and ideologies; modern sources of totalitarianism; the religious dimension of political ideologies; relations between the Church and nationalists; contemporary Catholic social teaching.
Investigating War Crimes and Human Rights Violations Committed in the Hawaiian Kingdom, edited by Dr. David Keanu Sai, Head of the Hawaiian Royal Commission of Inquiry, 2020, 380pp.
Author(s): Anita Budziszewska / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
COVID’19 vs. Resentments. At the Source of Corona-Scepticism Movements in Poland
Author(s): Alicja Lisowska,Marzena Cichosz / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 3/2022
Keywords: corona-skeptics; social movement; COVID-19 pandemic; social attitudes; Poland
Among the social and political outcomes of the pandemic in Poland, one should list the development of anti-COVID social movements. Their specific character, as compared to other social movements, is the subject of exploration in this paper. The basic objective of the paper is thus to analyse the motivations of members and supporters of the so-called corona-sceptic movement at the early stage of its presence in the Polish political arena. Key questions the authors sought to answer concern individuals’ assessment of their situation associated with the pandemic and their attitude to public institutions managing the crisis on behalf of the government. The paper is based on the results of a quantitative research carried out in December 2020.
System analysis of the problem of workers’ rights in the encyclical “Rerum Novarum” by Leo XIII
Author(s): Krzysztof Zaborek / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 3/2022
Keywords: Catholic Social Teaching; cybernetics; Leo XIII; Polish School of Cybernetics; Rerum Novarum; sociocybernetics; system analysis; workers’ rights
The article uses the method of system analysis to analyse the vision of society outlined in the encyclical “Rerum Novarum” by Leo XIII. The system analysis concerned the identification and problem analysis with elements of mathematical analysis (according to the Konieczny division). In the course of the analysis, used were the concepts developed at the Polish School of Cybernetics, the main representatives of which were Mazur and Kossecki. The basics of system analysis, autonomous systems were presented and the division into systems was made for further analysis. System energy/material processes in terms of energy, power and freedom factor of the systems as well as the information processes in terms of social norms were taken into account. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the system of social control proposed by Pope Leo XIII assumes primacy of ideological norms (Catholicism) and ethical norms, with simultaneous occurrence of economic and vital norms. The system of society proposed by Pope Leo XIII is coherent, resistant to disturbances and striving for effective expansion, and what is more, it solves a given social problem. The weakness of that system is susceptibility to ideological indifference, weakening ethics and disturbing the process of ideological and ethical programming. The implementation of ideological and ethical norms into the society takes place mainly through the educational process. Further research possibilities and limitations of the tools used were also indicated.
Author(s): Piotr Głowacki / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 3/2022
Keywords: national security; state security; economic security; risk factors; critical processes; sovereignty; economic stability; Poland
The article discusses the conceptualisation of fundamental concepts referring to interdependence between security and the economy. The concept of economic security that is dominant in Polish literature on the subject is in most cases identified with macroeconomic disequilibrium and instability. This makes it primarily an economic category. Hence the need to develop a catalogue of risks that are more extensively and comprehensively associated with national security. The article outlines two approaches to these issues. The sectoral approach delineates subcategories of security by industries and sectors of the economy (e.g. energy security). The problem approach singles out individual risk factors understood as mechanisms and phenomena carrying threats to the critical processes in the state. Basing on the problem approach, a catalogue of economic risk factors has been proposed: ownership structure, access to sensitive information and espionage, dependency on key raw materials, dependency on suppliers, state interventionism, corruption and fraud, social and economic instability, dependency on external decision-making centres, difficulties with financing security structures, and immigration.
Stepping from College Classrooms to the Political Front. The Emergence of Feminism in the Norwegian Maoist Movement before 1973
Author(s): Michał Gęsiarz / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 32/2022
Keywords: Maoism; student activism; Marxist feminism; second wave feminism; Kvinnefronten;
The aim of this article is to investigate the origins of the Women’s Front, a women’s movement co-founded by Norwegian Maoists in the 1970s. The analysis seeks to capture the dynamics of women’s activism in relation to the broader political landscape and, concurrently, to understand the Women’s Front in a broader temporal perspective. The sources used were newspapers and publications issued by different branches of the Norwegian Maoist movement. Women’s politics are analysed both as a grassroots phenomenon and a part of agitation which emerged under the 1972 anti-EEC campaign. This makes it possible to show how women’s politics found a place on the agenda of Norwegian Maoism and what kind of obstacles it had to face on its way to gaining autonomy. The patterns of feminist mobilisation demonstrated by this analysis can make a contribution to the broader debate on the role and place of feminism in traditional political structures.
Kinship, Orthodoxy and Political Ideology: The Byzantines and the Balkans after the Catastrophe of 1204
Author(s): Vlada Stanković / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1-2/2022
Keywords: Byzantine political identity ;core identity marker ;rare innovative attempts ;wider orthodox world ;Constantinople ;Byzantine commonwealth ;Byzantine empire ;Dimitri Obolensky;
The concept of the Byzantine Commonwealth, conceived by Dimitri Obolensky more than half a century ago, remains one of the rare innovative attempts to study the relations of Byzantine Empire with the wider Orthodox world that leaned toward Constantinople. However, Obolensky paid little attention to the idea of Romanness as the core identity marker of the Byzantines, focusing mainly on the second element of the Byzantine political identity, especially after the fall of Constantinople in 1204: Orthodoxy and its bonding potential. The present paper offers a new perspective by arguing that the bases of the gradually strengthening bonds between the Byzantine states, both the empire of Nicaea and the state of Epirus, with the Bulgarians and the Serbs, are to be found in the system of kinship networks established both within the now destroyed Byzantine empire, and beyond its borders, from the beginning of the twelfth century onwards.
Author(s): Michael Angold / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1-2/2022
Keywords: John Vatatzes ;George Akropolites ;rival byzantine ruler ;strong dynastic claim ;Constantinople; Nicaean court; military force;
John Vatatzes’s accession in 1221 was not quite the bland affair that the historian George Akropolites would have us believe, but the historian was not an eyewitness of events and had to make do with the sanitised version of events that was circulating more than ten years later, when he arrived at the Nicaean court. He played down the fact that it was a disputed succession, which pitted those that supported a continuation of the alliance with the Latin Empire of Constantinople against those around John Vatatzes, who were opposed. The latter had support from within the administration and from the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, who used the novel rite of anointing with chrism to compensate for Vatatzes’s lack of any strong dynastic claim to the throne. This had been coming under scrutiny from a rival Byzantine ruler, Theodore Doukas, who had to his credit stronger dynastic credentials and notable success against the Latins, which brought the city of Thessaloniki within his grasp. Anointing gave John Vatatzes an advantage in the propaganda war between them over legitimacy. The debate that ensued helped clarify the ideological significance of anointing with chrism by linking it to the sacerdotal status of the imperial office. It stamped John Vatatzes’s understanding of imperial authority and conduct of office with a philanthropic character that was remembered with gratitude by later generations and earned him popular canonisation. It was less to the liking of the aristocracy. Some of Vatatzes’s relatives and original supporters conspired against him because they felt deprived of rewards to which they were entitled. It was a more serious episode than George Akropolites allows and required a display of military force, but once the conspiracy was crushed by the autumn of 1224, John Vatatzes was securely in power.
Unlocking Two Marginalia in Old Permic Script in a Fifteenth-Century Slavonic Manuscript (Russian State Library, Volok. 437) with Athanasius’ Orations Against the Arians
Author(s): Viacheslav V. Lytvynenko,Alexander I. Grishchenko / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1-2/2022
Keywords: Old Permic script ;Old Slavonic translation ;Orations Against the Arians ;Athanasius of Alexandria ;Abur notes ;Greek inscriptions ;Medieval Europe ;Slavonic scribe
This study examines two marginal notes made in Old Permic script (also known as Abur) in a fifteenth-century manuscript that contains the Old Slavonic translation of Athanasius’ Orations Against the Arians. It begins with a brief discussion of the Old Permic script within the alphabetic systems of Late-Medieval Europe and explains the current state of research. After this, the authors explore the content and meaning of the marginal notes by studying the text of the Orations where these notes appear, the scribal peculiarities of the person who recorded them, and the religious context in which they were composed. The article raises the question of why the scribe chose to write these notes and draws a parallel between him and another Slavonic scribe, Vasily Mamyrev, from whom we have the first precisely dated case of Abur notes in Slavonic along with Greek inscriptions.
Alexander in Jerusalem: Scribal Innovation and Biblical Propaganda in Kyivan Rus
Author(s): Susana Torres Prieto / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1-2/2022
Keywords: Alexander of Macedon ;limited literary corpus ;De Gemmis ;Israel ;Macedon ;East Slavic ;George Hamartolos ;Jewish Temple
Alexander of Macedon’s life as narrated in the Alexander Romance was inserted early in historiographic works in East Slavic. One of the most innovative details was the inclusion of the visit to Jerusalem of Alexander of Macedon in the First Book, following the wording found in the chronicle of George Hamartolos, an episode he had borrowed from Josephus. More surprising was the later interpolation within this interpolation of a part of Epiphanios of Salamis’ treatise De Gemmis, precisely the part describing the robes of the high priest in the Jewish temple and its relation to the filiation of the tribes of Israel. Neither addition was accidental, and their resonances echoed loudly in the limited literary corpus in Kyivan Rus’ dealing with sacred kingship. The present article explores the functionality and instrumental use made by Kyivan scribes of the figure of the Macedonian king and his special relation to the chosen people of God. It was by means of these additions that Alexander acquired exclusively in East Slavic the special status of a king whose deeds are key in the salvation of Israel and of all Christianity.
While some Slavic calendars of saints from the 12th through 14th centuries contain Church Slavonic translations of fragments of textual formulae from the Constantinople Typikon (hereafter “CT”), and while there are Church Slavonic translations of an entire typikon (viz., the Studite Typikon), it is highly unusual to come across a Slavic menology that constitutes for the most part a close translation of the commemorations in a more minor Greek menology tradition, without major mediation by Slavic ancestors. This study focuses on such a calendar, the full menology to the long lectionary Karpino Gospel, a manuscript with Macedonian dialect features which was produced in western Bulgaria and has been dated to the late 13th century (hereafter “KE”).
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