The Development of the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice in the Examination of Territorial Disputes in Recent Times

The Development of the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice in the Examination of Territorial Disputes in Recent Times

Author(s): Ioana-Roxana Oltean / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2022

Keywords: maritime; delimitation; boundaries; territories; case-law;

Maritime delimitations refer to the legal process of determining the boundaries between adjacent or opposite states' territorial waters and exclusive economic zones (EEZs)/continental shelves. This article aims at providing an overview of the case-law evolution of maritime delimitations and the principles and methods used in resolving such disputes. The article also examines the challenges and controversies that arise in the context of maritime delimitations, including the competing interests of states, the role of international law, and the impact on resource exploitation and conservation. Finally, the article explores the consistent approach of the ICJ of this topic.

Immunity as a Circumstance Excluding the Operation of the Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute

Immunity as a Circumstance Excluding the Operation of the Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute

Author(s): Filip Andrei Lariu / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2022

Keywords: Obligation to extradite or prosecute; Personal Immunity, Functional Immunity; International Crimes;

This article is the second in a trilogy that examines the interaction between the immunities of state officials and the obligation to extradite or prosecute. It focuses on personal and functional immunities, summarily comparing them and then analysing the instance where their observance would come into conflict with the obligation to extradite or prosecute. The doctrinal and comparative legal research employed highlights the contents of each obligation, emphasising the manner in which the conflict of norms occurs. Finally, it concludes that there really is a conflict between the two international obligations, and that in the absence of a hierarchical difference between the two, other rules for solving the conflict are required.

Detangling the issue of complete dependence and effective control in the case-law of the International Court of Justice

Detangling the issue of complete dependence and effective control in the case-law of the International Court of Justice

Author(s): Maria Bodea / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2022

Keywords: state responsibility; attribution under international law; de facto organs of a State; Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua case; Tadić case; Bosnian Genocide case;

Ever since the International Court of Justice rendered its judgment in the Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua case, discussions were raised on the issue of attribution, effective control and complete dependence. While the ICJ decided on this case more than 30 years ago, the issue of attribution and the standard of control re-emerged in the light of international discussions in the relevant doctrine even more so with the judgments of the Trial and Appeal Chambers in the Tadić cases which challenged the findings of the ICJ, and, lastly, with the latter’s judgment in the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro. This study wishes to detangle the issues regarding the attribution of the actions of private entities to the State, while clarifying the findings of the relevant case-law.

Peculiarities of the Semantic Component of Communication Activities in Preschoolers with Developmental Delay

Cechy semantycznego komponentu aktywności komunikacyjnej u przedszkolaków z opóźnieniem rozwojowym

Author(s): Iryna Omelchenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: communication activities; semantic component of communication activity; implicit mentalization; explicit mentalization; developmental delay; preschoolers

The article examines the peculiarities of the semantic component of communication activity of preschoolers with developmental delay. We have determined that an emotional attitude to an interlocutor introduced into communicative actions, together with the understood meanings of created messages, means transition to the semantic level of communication. We have theoretically and experimentally substantiated that this semantic level presupposes that an interacting subject is able to express emotional attitudes towards partners, to interpret and understand their mental states, which contribute to an understanding of any event or socio-communicative situation. To study the semantic level (component) of communication activities, we examined implicit and explicit mentalization. Implicit mentalization included the respondents’ assessment of the mental properties of objects proposed as partners; recognition by them of emotions and mental causes of these emotions in socio-communicative situations. Explicit mentalization means the respondents’ ability to understand causes of behaviour based on knowledge of people’s mental states, the ability to predict other people’s behaviour based on knowledge of their own and others’ mental states, the ability to understand the moral and ethical aspects of the Other’s behaviour. We have determined experimentally that children with the mentally deficient type of communication activity are characterized by difficulties in communicative prediction, misunderstanding of the causes of behaviour, low level of implicit and explicit mentalization. Hence, these children often get into conflict situations due to misconceptions about the results of their own actions or the actions of others. The identified patterns of implicit and explicit mentalization will be the basis for the technology forming communicative activity, in particular its semantic component in preschoolers with developmental delay.

Diagnostics of the Parameters of the Syllaborhythmic Speech Structure in Pre-School Children with Complex Disoders

Diagnostyka parametrów sylaborytmicznej struktury mowy u dzieci przedszkolnych z zaburzeniami kompleksowymi

Author(s): Nataliia Babych,Kateryna Tychyna / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: syllaborhythmic speech structure; syntagmatic constructions; rhythm of speech; pre-school children with complex disoders; speech development disorders

A child’s language development is one of the main factors of the personal formation. The level of personal development determines the formation of social and cognitive skills in children. Speech development disorders, in particular mastering of syntagmatic constructions with different structural complexity, complicates children’s communication with peers and adults and impedes written language development. The purpose of this study is to examine the basic parameters of the compositional rhythmic speech structure (movement, rhythm and space) and to determine its development level in preschool children with multiple disabilities (disabilities in sensory, motor and speech systems). In order to examine these parameters a special technique consisting of four diagnostic units (“rhythmic movement”, “rhythmic space”, “rhythmic pronunciation” and “complex rhythm of speech”) was developed. First, an empirical study for each diagnostic unit was conducted, and the findings suggested that majority of preschool children with sensory, motor and speech disorders have underveloped compositional structure of speech, which requires further targeted interventions. The study found that preschool children with multiple disabilities have a reduced ability to pronounce words with different structural complexity, impaired perception of lexical units and a disturbed ability to perform dynamic and rhythmic serial movements, which indicates an insufficient level of motor, rhythmic and spatial skills development. Then, a correlation analysis was performed, the results of which indicate that the diagnostic units – “rhythmic movement”, “rhythmic space”, “rhythmic pronunciation” – are inextricably linked. When the skills assessed by the above-mentioned diagnostic units are developed, the skills, assessed by the “Complex rhythm of speech” diagnostic unit can begin their development as well. Determination of the child’s functioning level in each diagnostic unit will allow describing the effective strategies to influence parameters of compositional rhythmic speech in children with multiple disabilities based on potential capabilities and their maximal implementation in the speech therapy process.

Aesthetic Education of a Child in the Field of Visual Arts. Historical Contexts Towards the Present Day

Wychowanie estetyczne dziecka w zakresie sztuk wizualnych. Konteksty historyczne ku współczesności

Author(s): Anna Boguszewska,Urszula Szuścik / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: aesthetic education; art education; early school education; children’s creativity

The issue of aesthetic education, including that of a child, has a long tradition in Polish and foreign research and pedagogical concepts. The article presents the value and purposefulness of aesthetic education and education through art. Education through art has its transfer to other spheres of human life, which is often forgotten. This leads to the omission of art in education. Particular attention was paid to art education, in other words, art or, more broadly, visual education in contemporary pedagogy. Socio-cultural conditions shape social awareness in terms of the place of art, the development of pupils’ creativity in kindergarten, at school and outside. Significant magazines related to this subject were cited, which were published in Poland in the interwar period, and they are currently lacking. The content of the article systematizes the scientific view on art education embedded in the Polish tradition and its contemporary proposals. This allows the reader and those interested in these issues to see the value of tradition and contemporary concepts in art education. It provides an inspiration for new research and teaching practice.

The Training School as a Community of Mutual Learning between Teachers and Students. A Research Perspective

Szkoła ćwiczeń wspólnotą wzajemnego uczenia się praktyków i studentów. Perspektywa badawcza

Author(s): Renata Michalak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: training school; teachers training; mutual learning community; practical student education

The text attempts to show the value of the training school for the process of preparing students for the role of teachers. It is based on the assumptions of “Wielkopolska Training School in the Cogito” project, the implementation of which was completed in December 2020. The content of the article reflects the key aspects of teacher candidates’ education through their versatile involvement in a peer-learning network for in-service teachers and students. It also shows the empirical substance from the study of teacher training students, confirming the value and meaning of the teachers education model by creating training schools.

Neuromyths among Polish Teachers – Research Results and Practical Implications

Neuromity wśród polskich nauczycieli – wyniki badań i praktyczne implikacje

Author(s): Małgorzata Chojak,Ela Luria,Maya Shalom / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: neuromyth; teacher; brain; neurofact; education

The article presents the results of research conducted among Polish teachers. Their aim was to check the prevalence of neuromyths in schools and kindergartens, and to identify predictors of both belief in neuromyths and the level of knowledge about the structure and functioning of the brain. The obtained results partially confirmed the reports from international studies. Neuromyths turned out to be very popular among Polish teachers, even despite the high level of basic knowledge in the field of neurobiology. The research also revealed a number of factors that determine the level of the above-mentioned knowledge. The influence of age, gender, seniority, workplace, interest in training in neuroeducation, earlier access to knowledge in the field of neurobiology or the use of neuromyths-based work methods in educational practice has not been confirmed.

Students’ Attitudes Towards Reading in Polish and English – the Case of ESL (English as a Second Language) Primary School Students. A Pilot Probe

Postawy uczniów wobec czytania po polsku i po angielsku – studium przypadku uczniów uczących się języka angielskiego jako drugiego języka w szkole podstawowej. Badanie pilotażowe

Author(s): Ewelina Kamasz,Karolina Kucera / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: pupils; reading books; emotions; English teaching

The aim of this article was to investigate students’ attitudes towards reading in Polish and English. Two self-constructed questionnaires were administered to 48 ESL (English as a second language) pupils (26 boys, 22 girls) of primary school. The first questionnaire consisted of 15 questions about various attitudes, problems and opinions on reading books. The content of the survey’s questions also raised issues related to reading in Polish and English, and emotions connected to reading. The second questionnaire consisted of 5 follow-up questions. The results indicate that pupils simply like reading for pleasure and reading makes them feel good. However, they do not fancy long and difficult words. They enjoy adventure books and stories about animals. Pupils like adults reading books to them. However, there is a significant diffrence between boys and girls – boys like when adults read to them, girls – do not. They prefer reading by themselves. Reading to children evokes in a classroom a nice and friendly atmosphere, combined with an effect of surprise. The children react positively to a teacher, listen to them with interest and get involved in a lesson by repeating the text that has been read to them. When it comes to reading in English students confirmed that they read books in that language. The pupils enjoyed the lessons where the teacher read English books to them.

The Ambiguity of the Concept of “Culture” in a School Institution

Wieloznaczność pojęcia „kultura” w placówce szkolnej

Author(s): Krzysztof Zajdel / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: culture; culture perception; countercultural activities

This article describes the ambiguity of the concept of “culture” and its understanding in a broad and narrow sense in the area of school activities. Teachers in a school institution should educate students also in relation to themselves, to others, to teachers, parents, but they face many problems in this area, because quite often students define and understand the concept of culture, personal culture and behavior towards others diffrently. In response to the demands of the school and the pressure expressed in the school law, it is quite common for counter-cultural actions to be taken by the wards, which are usually not accepted by both the school authorities and some parents. The institution should be a place of freedom to the extent that all the actors in it respect certain established norms, but at the same time give a certain amount of freedom to the pupils to be different, individualistic (e.g. in dress, behaviour, preaching, artistic activity), as long as they do not harm their relatives or impose their views. In my research, it can be seen that this is not the case. The message from the organization is: “you can be different, but we will show you who we would like you to be”, which effectively inhibits mutual communication in this respect.

Students’ and Teachers’ Feelings During the DAD Era. A Challenge Enlightened by a Psychodynamic Analysis of Traditional References in Education

Odczucia uczniów i nauczycieli w erze nauczania zdalnego. Wyzwanie podparte psychodynamiczną analizą tradycyjnych odniesień w edukacji

Author(s): Maria Gabriella Pediconi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: feelings in education; online teaching and learning; COVID-19; psychodynamic analysis

This article presents an exploratory study about how the pandemic period impacted feelings of teachers, children and teens. We analyze the materials of a narrative from within, made up of words that tell of the experience as it happens. In particular, through these materials we present the feelings experienced by the students and the teachers at school in the DAD era. The validity of traditional references in pedagogy is confirmed by the fundamental roles of actors, i.e. teachers and students of educative action even in the pandemic period.

Education: Commitment Between the Past, Present and Future

Edukacja. Zaangażowanie między przeszłością, teraźniejszością i przyszłością

Author(s): Ana Paula Alves / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: education; lifelong learning; change; commitment

Education involves compromises, as well as balances, and involves pedagogical action by linking the world of doctrines with different realities (individuals, systems, representations). The teacher is not alone. He/she is made up of different layers that intertwine and make him/her a reflective element, fundamental for contemporary societies. When we talk about layers, we want to emphasize the importance of the multiple pedagogical, philosophical, social, historical, and cultural currents that affect teaching as well as social, reflective autonomous individuals, i.e. students. The layers that involve the professionalism of teachers come from different horizons (personal, academic, communities of practice) and have an influence on their actions. In this article there are presented some of the layers that affect the construction of the teaching profession centred on ethics, rigor, tradition and modernity. It is in this constant coming and going between the past and present, pedagogy is created in an increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous world.

Fairy Tales – Yesterday and Today

Baśnie – wczoraj i dziś

Author(s): Justyna Sala-Suszyńska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: child; fairy tale; tradition; modernity

Fairy tales play a key role in a child’s life because they stimulate emotional development, shape sensitivity, enrich vocabulary, and create social attitudes. Thanks to fairy tales, the child has the opportunity to identify with his favourite heroes, experience adventures, get used to difficult emotions and learn the rules governing the world. In addition, fairy tales have been passed down from generation to generation creating unbreakable bonds between the child and the parent, which affects their relationship and provides an attractive way of spending time together. By listening, reading and watching fairy tales, the child builds his worldview, shapes moral values, learns about positive models and prepares for a life in which he will have to make constant choices. Thanks to fairy tales, a child becomes more aware, interprets the various experiences of the characters, overcomes fear and becomes more flexible in overcoming the encountered difficulties. However, living in such dynamic times, with rapid technological development, a person should be prepared to receive modern fairy tales that differ in form, theme, personality of the protagonist, as well as extraordinary adventures of characters. Also, the adaptations of fairy tales produced in cinemas are famous for their excellent music, phenomenal special effects, and the selection of a talented cast. Therefore, while moving forward, man should not close himself to modernity. On the contrary, he should willingly participate in the reception of modern forms of fairy tales, which will make it easier for him to compare the classical form to modern one and provide knowledge, making it a sophisticated person, and also help encourage the child to reach for the book. In the article, the author describes the concept of a fairy tale and its necessary elements, emphasizes its significant impact on the development and education of a child. She also pays attention to the specificity of a modern fairy tale, detailing the differences between its traditional and contemporary form.

Education Through Visual Arts in the Process of Preparing a Child in Middle and Late Childhood to Be Visually Competent

Edukacja przez sztuki wizualne w procesie przygotowania dziecka w okresie średniego i późnego dzieciństwa do stawania się kompetentnym wizualnie

Author(s): Hanna Krauze-Sikorska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: image culture; visual literacy; visual arts; child; educating through visual arts

In this article, I would like to make an attempt at a kind of return (probably incomplete and limited) to a unique, due to the potential of its content and forms, process of education of a child through visual arts (optical arts, visual arts) that allows the child to perceive, understand and create the surrounding iconosphere, gradually acquiring competences connected with “visual literacy”. The activities that foster such an activity of the child do not abandon the traditional assumptions of “education through art”, but complement them with new challenges and perspectives. The area of analysis, pointing to theoretical foundations and a review of literature, is reduced in the article to a discourse on the importance of visual literacy as one of the basic human competences and the possibility of using the potential of visual arts in the process of preparing children, already at the level of middle and late childhood, to become visually competent persons in the future.

Fear of Mathematics Cognitively Tamed. About a New Monograph by Urszula Oszwa

Urszula Oszwa, Lęk przed matematyką. Poglądy, badania, rozwiązania, Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin 2020, pp. 274

Author(s): Tomasz Knopik / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Report on the Third International Scientific Symposium “Tradition and Modernity in Education”, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, 24 May 2021

Report on the Third International Scientific Symposium “Tradition and Modernity in Education”, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, 24 May 2021

Author(s): Joanna Sikorska,Hanna Krauze-Sikorska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Report on the Second National Problem-Methodical Conference in the Series: “Let Children Think”. Topic: “Logical Thinking in the Service of (Not Only) Mathematics”, Opole, 22 April 2021

Report on the Second National Problem-Methodical Conference in the Series: “Let Children Think”. Topic: “Logical Thinking in the Service of (Not Only) Mathematics”, Opole, 22 April 2021

Author(s): Urszula Oszwa / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Promoting the use of technical standards inindustry-oriented engineering education

Promoting the use of technical standards inindustry-oriented engineering education

Author(s): Oscar Bonastre,Alejandro Bia / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2019

Keywords: Technical Standards; Education; Team Based Learning; Competences; Ethics

The role of technical standards (TS) has become increasingly important for engineering over the past years. Nowadays, undergraduates are not only our future colleagues in industry and academia, but they also constitute the future workforce of a very significant part of the industry. The accomplishments of professional activities require a correct understanding of the role of technical standards applied to the industry, especially within the computing and the telecommunications fields. One of the challenges is to find the right way to introduce technical standards to enhance the learning experience by pointing students to the best practices of the industry. We found a stimulating alternative to overcome this challenge through the IEEE Student Branch Program. This paper presents one case of success, the IEEE's Student Branch in Spain during 2014, 2015 and 2017 and the Exemplary Student Branch Award (2017 to 2019) of Region 8 (Europe, Middle East and Africa).

Challenges and Opportunities in Adapting Minority and Diaspor a Policies to 21st Century Reality: The Case of the Slovenians

Challenges and Opportunities in Adapting Minority and Diaspor a Policies to 21st Century Reality: The Case of the Slovenians

Author(s): Dejan Valentinčič / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Slovenia;Diaspora;Minority

The paper examines and offers a reflection on how global trends change minority and diaspora communities. After presenting the current situation, the author suggests some approaches on how to adapt minority and diaspora policies to contemporary reality. The author offers some theoretical analysis as well as findings from his practical experience in the field. The paper examines Slovenian communities abroad as a case study, but its conclusions and suggestions can be applied to other countries facing similar issues.

Youth in Action: An Attempt to Chronologically Structure the Institutionalization of Hungarian Youth Organizations in Romania

Youth in Action: An Attempt to Chronologically Structure the Institutionalization of Hungarian Youth Organizations in Romania

Author(s): Georgina Kiss-Kozma / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Hungarian Youth;Minority;Romania

The purpose of this paper is to attempt to chronologically outline the institutionalization of Hungarian youth organizations in Romania following the Romanian revolution of 1989 and divide them into discrete segments. This study examines the phenomenon of potential fault lines within the political and youth elite. While examining these fault lines it is crucial to note that political differences of opinion within Hungarian youth organizations do not reflect divisions within the entire Hungarian youth community; these conflicts primarily concern the inner circles of youth elites.