DAVIDSON ON TRUTH

DAVIDSON ON TRUTH

Author(s): Bogdan Oprea / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Donald Davidson; meaning; truth; Truth-Conditional Semantics;

Truth-conditional semantics is by far the best-known philosophical contribution of Donald Davidson. The main idea of this approach is to explain the concept of meaning by appeal to the concept of truth. Accordingly, we understand a sentence s of a natural language L, if and only if, we know its truth-conditions. Challenging in its nature, this proposal immediately caught the attention of the philosophical community, being equally appreciated and criticized. The aim of this paper is to argue that Davidson’s approach is too optimistic in its goals. In my view, truth-conditional semantics is unlikely to be the best way to shed light on the concept of meaning. By appealing to Tarski’s semantic conception of truth and assuming a primitive concept of truth, this perspective leaves too many questions unanswered and thus proves its limits.

KANTIAN VIEWS OF EMPIRICAL TRUTH

KANTIAN VIEWS OF EMPIRICAL TRUTH

Author(s): Nathaniel Goldberg / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: anthropocentric; ethnocentric; idiocentric; Kant; Immanuel; logocentric; truth

Let a Kantian view of empirical truth be any view according to which the truth of empirical claim depends on the truth of non-empirical claims, because subjects (consciously or not) constitute the empirical when applying the non-empirical to experience. Historically the most important such view is Immanuel Kant’s. It is not the only. Rudolf Carnap, Thomas Kuhn, and Donald Davidson held such views. Conversely, Willard van Orman Quine’s view was contrastingly instructive. My aim is to briefly sort all this out in search of lessons about the nature of empirical truth generally.

HERMENEUTICAL TRUTH AND AUTHORIAL INTENTION: MODERN PROJECTS

HERMENEUTICAL TRUTH AND AUTHORIAL INTENTION: MODERN PROJECTS

Author(s): George Bondor / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: hermeneutical truth; authorial intention; interpretation; understanding; hermeneutics of suspicion; Modern metaphysics;

The aim of this text is to reconstruct the meanings of the concept of hermeneutical truth, as it has been defined and explained in the main projects of modern hermeneutics (Dannhauer, Chladenius, Meier, Schleiermacher, Fr. Schlegel). I will explore the epistemological side of this concept, different from its meaning in hermeneutic ontology. Understood as correctness by modern hermeneutics, truth has been related to the authorial intention. The thesis I am arguing is that the meanings of hermeneutical truth and, related to them, the modern theories of authorial intention differ according to the metaphysical presuppositions that define the thought paradigms of modernity (Cartesianism, Kantianism, Romanticism and German Idealism): the centrality and activism of the self, the rationality of the self, the dependence of knowledge on the ideal of method, the discovery of the unconscious. Some modern hermeneutical theories express the tensions between these philosophical paradigms. However, I will argue that the authorial intention remains a limit of interpretation that prevents the risks of arbitrariness and hermeneutic relativism.

LOGICAL AND RHETORICAL STRUCTURE OF NEWS. CASE STUDY

LOGICAL AND RHETORICAL STRUCTURE OF NEWS. CASE STUDY

Author(s): Daniela Maricica Cotoară,Hanen Marouani,Paula Pompilia Tomi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: logical fallacies; manipulation; rhetoric; arguments;

Usually, we read news to form opinions and expand our knowledge. However, especially in the past years, more and more publications are moving apart from being objective. Therefore, we get biased knowledge. In this article, we aim to observe the way information is passed from a logical and rhetorical point of view in different publications. By this, we do not aim to evaluate the morality of the publications or journalists in questions, our aim is purely theoretical (i.e. logical and rhetorical). In order to be able to provide such an analysis, we picked different pieces of news with the same topic from various publications . The chosen topic is irrelevant to the theoretical content, therefore we do not aim to focus on its political or social implications. The decision was made in order to have sufficient material to provide a proper theoretical analysis. It should also be added that any evaluative terms that are going to be used in this article (e.g. ‘biased’, ‘subjective’, ‘not objective’, ‘one-sided’, etc.) are strictly directed to a theoretical perspective, not a moral, social or political one. As already mentioned, our aim is as theoretical as possible: we are interested in the logical and rhetorical structure of a piece of information.

INTERTWINEMENT: THE MODALITIES OF THE UNGRASPABLE

INTERTWINEMENT: THE MODALITIES OF THE UNGRASPABLE

Author(s): Alžbeta Kuchtová / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Jacques Derrida; Conceptually Ungraspable; Inexpressible; Ungraspable; Iterability; Intertwinement; Deconstruction of Negative Theology;

The aim of this paper is to accentuate the distinction between the ineffable, the unrepeatable and the conceptually ungraspable. These are to be considered as three modalities of the ungraspable language that enable us to understand Derrida’s attitude to negative theology. While he distanced himself from an apophasis of negative theology Comment ne pas parler. Dénégations, in Différance he stated that différance is not a concept, not a word – it is an inexpressible. Therefore, there are at least three modalities of “ungraspable” language: “inexpressible,” “conceptually ungraspable,” “unrepeatable” as non-iterable.

THE RECEPTION OF PARTICIPATORY ART. THE CASE OF DOCUMENTA FIFTEEN

THE RECEPTION OF PARTICIPATORY ART. THE CASE OF DOCUMENTA FIFTEEN

Author(s): Gizella Horváth / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: participatory art; documenta fifteen; lumbung; reception of art; evaluation of participatory art;

Documenta fifteen in 2022 was par excellence the space for participatory art, so this edition can be seen as a touchstone for it. The research of the phenomenon of participatory art is based in this text on the one hand on the curatorial texts of ruangrupa, the collective that ensured the artistic direction of this edition of the documenta, and on the personal experience of the author as a visitor of the exhibition. Among the many issues raised by participatory art, the present text focuses on the aspect of reception of art in the case of the projects presented at documenta fifteen, and by extension, reflects on the experience of the receiver and the artistic value of participatory art projects.

REVISITING DONALD MOON ON THE MORAL BASIS OF THE DEMOCRATIC WELFARE STATE

REVISITING DONALD MOON ON THE MORAL BASIS OF THE DEMOCRATIC WELFARE STATE

Author(s): Olanshile Muideen Adeyanju / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Democracy; Equality; Social Insurance; Market Economy; Rights; Welfare State;

Donald Moon argues that neither rights nor equality can serve as adequate moral or political basis for a welfare state in addressing the Hegel’s dilemma. The Hegel’s dilemma is that organisation of economic life through the market in a democratic state produces great wealth as well as great poverty and individuals in such state fall in either category. The wide gulf in wealth among individuals in a market economy is a problem which a democratic welfare state seeks to address but, for Moon, rights or equality is not adequate moral and political basis of the welfare state for solving the problem. He proposes the principles of economic management, provision of services and social insurance as alternative and adequate bases for a welfare state in addressing the problem. This paper queries Moon’s proposal. The paper argues that Moon’s proposed institutional principles are inadequate in addressing the problem without a fundamental moral and/or political basis upon which these principles can be justifiably founded. The paper posits that rights provide a plausible and adequate foundational moral and political basis for the principles in order to adequately address the problem created by the market economy without jeopardising the idea of human self-respect.

ETHICAL ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONING IN THE XXI CENTURY

ETHICAL ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FUNCTIONING IN THE XXI CENTURY

Author(s): Vira Dodonova,Roman Dodonov,Kateryna Gorbenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: intelligence; artificial intelligence; ethics; responsibility; legal responsibility; human existential state; problem of redundancy; stupidity;

The article is devoted to the ethical aspects of artificial intelligence functioning. The problem of the safe coexistence of man and artificial intelligence is taking on increasing importance. The definition of artificial intelligence and the explanation of the difference between weak, strong artificial intelligence and super-intelligence are given. The first ethical problem of artificial intelligence functioning is the existential question of human redundancy due to the spread of artificial intelligence. The article emphasizes that artificial intelligence, on the one hand, frees a person from certain areas of activity, facilitating their existence, on the other hand, it makes them superfluous in production and in personal life. The second is the problem of responsibility for the actions of artificial intelligence. The article argues for the necessity of human responsibility for the actions of artificial intelligence because artificial intelligence does not have consciousness. The third problem is the intensification of the phenomenon of stupidity in society. Artificial intelligence creates the conditions for the increasing cleverness of some segments of the population and stupidity of others, which can result in even greater mental and property inequality.

Attachment Style as a Predictor of Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Social Comparison

Attachment Style as a Predictor of Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Social Comparison

Author(s): Nikola Z. Cocić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: attachment style; job satisfaction; social comparison

The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of prediction of job satisfaction based on the style of attachment (avoiding/anxious), with the mediating role of social comparison. 325 employees participated in the study, of which 125 female and 200 male. The data from the study shows statistically significant correlations between all variables. As for prediction, the obtained results suggest that based on the avoiding style of affective attachment, it is possible to directly predict a person’s job satisfaction level, and that social comparison has a significant, albeit a partial mediation role in that relation. The anxious style of affective attachment did not achieve a statistically significant direct effect on the predictor, but, in combination with social comparison, a total effect that is statistically significant was found, which confirms that social comparison has the role of a complete mediator in the relation. The results were discussed in terms of set theoretical assumptions, the limitations of the study were brought up, as well as guidelines for future research.

Is orientalism bad? Between the communication game and the non-game

Czy orientalizm jest zły? Między komunikacyjną grą a niegrą

Author(s): Arkadiusz Jabłoński / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: inter-cultural communication; orientalism; Japan; post-truth; careless narratives

Linguistics deals with communication and its pragmatic effects in terms of dynamic changes in human relationships fostered by the informa-tion circulated between the interacting parties. Such relationships may be especially complex in the intercultural context, when certain information belonging to the source environment may not be clear to the participants functioning in the target environment. Communication may relate to the facts verified with solely technical means, but also to the unverifiable convictions, views and stereotypes. Its specific manifestation in the contemorary circulation of pop-cultural (and not only) relations is the presence of orientalism-related threads. Some premises on whether such threads should be recognized as harmful and distorting the communication per-spective by their very definition – and why – are presented in the paper. The methodology of game research, with reference to the psychological games and the roles of the Child, the Adult and the Parent, being alluded on purpose by the triad of the expert, nonexpert and careless narratives, makes it possible to differentiate effectively the verifiable reports on facts from the narratives which, by their very definition, are not subject to verification, and which are of ten misleading or do not go beyond the harmful stereotypes.

Play in Poland. Promoting play in Gedania 1922 Preschool and CreoGedania alternative school

Zabawa w Polsce. Wspieranie zabawy w Przedszkolu Gedania 1922 i alternatywnej szkole CreoGedania

Author(s): Kamil Maciaszek / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: free play; well-being; early years education

This paper presents five years of introducing free play into Gedania 1922 preschool, based in Gdańsk (Poland). Attention is also drawn to the presence of play in Polish schools and the necessity of conducting changes in education, which would involve the introduction of free play in schools and increased emphasis on building soft skills in children. These skills could also be supported through free play.

Escape room jako narzędzie edukacji dorosłych

Escape room as an adult education tool

Author(s): Michał Mijalski,Martyna Cieśla,Monika Gromadzka / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: escape room; adult education; serious games; structured interviews

Games gain popularity as teaching tools. Escape rooms, how-ever, are a novelty, with most authors focusing on their description rather than the analysis of effects of their utilisation. The objective of this paper is to analyse experiences of players partaking in an educational escape game, and to observe escape rooms from the viewpoint of a scholar inter-ested in the efficiency of the tool. The research material consists of questionnaires filled in by research subjects and transcripts of structured interviews. Due to the relatively large sample (N = 258), it is possible to conclude from the gathered quantitative data that there has been a growth in the subjects’ knowledge.

Rhetorics and mechanics of player safety in the Nordic-American larp discourse

Retoryki i mechaniki bezpieczeństwa graczy w nordyckoamerykańskim dyskursie larpowym

Author(s): Michał Mochocki / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: larp; role-playing; safety; game mechanics

This paper investigates the evolution of larp safety in the Nordic-American larp community in the last decade, tracing the correlation between safety rhetorics (opinions, arguments, and policies) and mechanics (explicit rules regulating player interactions). It appears that up to around 2010 there was a general acceptance of risk, with a significant share of responsibility for risk identification and harm prevention put on the player. This correlates with mechanics such as safety words, which expected players in distress to actively signal their discomfort. Safety measures expected from the organisers consisted mainly in providing safe off-game spaces, emotional support, and intervention whenever something harmful happened. Around 2014 the safety debate put a larger share of responsibility on players initiating potentially troubling interactions. This correlates with the ‘OK check’ mechanics which requires communication between the initiator and the target of such interactions. Around 2016 the safety debate moved to the position in which it requires organisers and participants to do their best to prevent harm from ever happening. This finds its expression in the rapidly expanding toolkit of mechanics of consent and calibration, which clearly put responsibility for overstepping someone’s boundaries on the one who over-steps. To simplif y, the first approach obliged players and organisers to taking care of those who signalled they needed it. The second approach required caution and care in testing someone’s boundaries. The last one states that boundaries are to be carefully identified and respected – not tested

From Symbolism to Realism. Physical and Imaginary Video Game Spaces in Historical Aspects

Od symbolizmu do realizmu. Fizyczna i wyobrażeniowa przestrzeń gier w ujęciu historycznym

Author(s): Filip Tołkaczewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: two-dimensional; three-dimensional; navigational challenges; game space

Physical and imaginary video game spaces have been constantly evolving, starting from dark indefinable space to ultimately become an incredibly realistic world. This paper aims at illustrating how physical and imaginary spaces have evolved. The older games are, the more indefinable and iconic their physical spaces become. In more modern games physical spaces are being more and more developed. It is now possible to move the place of action from the heights of a symbolic universe to a particular land located in a specific timeline, which made it possible to create realistic settings and characters in a life-like manner.

A Play of Bodies. How We Perceive Videogames by Brendan Keogh

A Play of Bodies. How We Perceive Videogames by Brendan Keogh

Author(s): Agata Waszkiewicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Time and Temporalityin Live-Action Role-Playing

Percepcja oraz systemy reprezentacji czasu i czasowości w larpach (live-action role-playing games)

Author(s): J. Tuomas Harviainen / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: Live-action role-playing; Magic circle; Temporality

This article examines perceptions and systems of time and temporality in live-action role-playing (larp). Taking cues from the work of management game scholar Timo Lainema, the article presents examples of the effects of game duration, asynchronicity, and boredom, and then offers a new option for viewing time at, and in, larp play.

The value experience of the emotional immersion in games

Doświadczenie wartości w przeżyciu emocjonalnej imersji

Author(s): Jan Franciszek Jacko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: immersion in games; emotional immersion; rational player; ethics; impression management

The study presents a phenomenological analysis of the value experience in the emotional immersion in games. The text shows two possible variants of this experience: emotional illusion and delusion. In the emotional illusion, players emotionally distance themselves from their hierarchy of values to enjoy the game. With emotional delusion, emotions motivate players to deny their hierarchy of values. The study explains this distinction in the context of certain theories of rational action.

An-Other world, an-Other creator. Éric Chahi’s „Another World” as a parable about the Face

Inny świat, inny twórca. Another World Érica Chahiego jako przypowieść o Twarzy

Author(s): Filip Jankowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: video game; philosophy in games; game authorship; Other

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the relationship be-tween Another World and Emmanuel Lévinas’s philosophy of dialogue. The researcher, taking into account the French philosopher’s reflections on separation, atheism and Face, proposes to read the work of Éric Chahi as a self-reflective form of authorial expression. Another World is not only a thorough look at the relationship between players and the Other, but also a reflection on programming as a simultaneous catalyst for isolation and opening up to the Other.

Similar but not the same: Application of EEG frontal alpha asymmetry to game research

Podobne, ale nie tożsame: zastosowanie asymetrii czołowej, mierzonej w paśmie alfa, w badaniach gier

Author(s): Michał Leszek Mycka / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: electroencephalography; frontal alpha asymmetry; player experience; video games; engagement

In this study we investigate the efficacy of frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful games. Participants (N = 27) came to the lab setting on two occasions, playing one commercially available game on each visit while being measured by electroencephalography (EEG). The results revealed that FAA can be suc-cessfully used to differentiate between games, even when the differences between them are too small to be captured by self-report methods. The differences in the elicited FAA in two games correlated with the differences in player behavior measured immediately after the game sessions. However, FAA was not related to the enjoyment reported by the players.

Reflections of practitioners: Students participating in school LARPs in 1999–2017 and their transformations in socio-cultural context

Refleksje praktyków. Uczniowie biorący udział w LARP-ach szkolnych w latach 1999–2017 i ich przemiany w kontekście społeczno-kulturowym

Author(s): Jerzy Zygmunt Szeja,Augustyn Surdyk / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: LARP; Live-Action Role-Playing games; education; theatrical role-playing games; activating teaching techniques

The article is an outcome of the analysis of student transformations observed in the participants of 27 live-action role-plays which took place in the years 1999–2017 in a high school in Łochów (Poland). Seven ar-eas of observations of the transformations have been identified: 1) the difficulty of introducing the LARP technique at school; 2) the attractiveness of voluntary participation; 3) incidents of hate speech; 4) playing for the pleasure of participation and playing for a measurable outcome/mission accomplishment; 5) student attitudes to historical realities and fantasy conventions; 6) type of engagement: focus on private history and participation in major social events; 7) student attitudes: commitment on the side of evil and on the side of good; selecting moral and immoral methods to achieve goals. The authors attempted to hypothesize about the possible reasons for the transformations (or their lack) and draw conclusions.