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The Influence of Bilingualism on the Production of Stop Consonants in L1 (Arabic) and L2 (English): Acoustic Analysis of Stop’s Closure Duration

Author(s): Somaya Abunima,Sumaya F. ALSHAMIRI,Shahidi Hamid,Sharifah Raihan Syed Jaafar,Alareer Refaat / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: acoustic analysis; language interaction; stop sounds; Arabic-English bilinguals; pronunciation difficulties; closure duration;

This paper investigates the impact of bilingualism on the difficulties of pronunciation for both L1 (Arabic) and L2 (English). It assesses the production of stop sounds in Arabic and English through an acoustic analysis of stops' closure duration (henceforth CD), as pronounced by Arabic-English bilinguals whose L1 is Palestinian Arabic. Additionally, the paper aims to highlight the difficulties of pronunciation in both languages. Three groups of same aged adult subjects participated in the production tests; 1) Arabic-English bilinguals whose L1 is Palestinian Arabic, 2) Arabic-monolinguals, and 3) English-monolinguals. The stops in word-medial and final positions were included in closed syllables (CVC) in meaningful words inserted in carrier sentences. The results revealed that the CD of the interaction of stops was represented in four categories; 1) unidirectional effect of L1 on L2 that caused a foreign accent, 2) bidirectional influence resulting in L1-L2 interference, 3) unidirectional impact of L2 on L1, and 4) nativelikeness in both languages without language interference. In addition, the findings showed that bilinguals faced pronunciation challenges in both similar and dissimilar sounds. This paper is expected to initiate more comprehensive studies in the field of interaction between Arabic and English in the Arabic context.

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Roles of Music-Making in the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation: A Case of International Students in Wrocław

Author(s): Emre Can Alptekin / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: music-making; sociocultural adaptation; psychological adjustment; culture learning theory; crosscultural transition; social network;

With the intensifying flow of academically motivated people between countries, the significance of research on cross-cultural adaptation increases. Although the problems and difficulties caused by cultural differences have been researched extensively, this research focused on a common practice among different cultures: participative music making in an intercultural context. Therefore, the current study explores how participative music-making shapes international students’ cross-cultural experiences in Wrocław. For this purpose, the relevance between international students’ cross-cultural adaptation and music-making as a social activity in Poland is examined. The required data were gathered through in-depth interviews with six students from various countries who made music as a collective activity during their transnational accommodation. The collected data is analysed by the inductive coding approach to explore the commonalities in the international students’ experiences. Findings concluded that collective musicmaking shapes music-maker students’ cross-cultural experiences by not merely helping them gain a specific social network but also contributing to their financial income and mood states, and finally, privileged behaviour by the host country members towards these students.

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Language Choice in the Bilingual Bugis Community in Peninsular Malaysia

Author(s): Aliah Afiqah Anuardin,Sharifah Raihan Syed Jaafar / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: bilingual; language choice; Bugis community; Peninsular Malaysia; Domain;

The Bugis community in Malaysia has to adapt to a more dominant local language, namely Malay language, for survival. The objective of this study is, (1) to identify the languages used by the community, (2) to analyse the language choice used in the primary domains that have been identified, namely family and employment domains, and (3) to discuss the factors involved in the language choice used in this community. The research methods utilized in this study are fieldworks, questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and observations. Data collection was carried out in Pontian and Pasir Gudang, Johor as well as in Pandamaran, Selangor. A total of 200 informants who were randomly selected from the Bugis community participated in this study. Data analysis was carried out based on the Fishman’s (1972) domain analysis. The results of the study reveal that most of the bilingual Bugis community prioritize Malay as the main language in their daily communication. This study provides information on the language choice of the bilingual Bugis community in Peninsular Malaysia, which has adapted to the local language. This study might be beneficial to nation building through the mastery and use of Malay language among minority communities in Malaysia.

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Hermeneutic Dimension of Lexical-Syntactic Word Formation (in Ukrainian Language and Literature)

Author(s): Oleh Andrishko,Anatolii Popovskyi / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: lexical-syntactic word formation; coalescence; Ukrainian language; Ukrainian literature; a priori and a posteriori occasionalisms;

The article considers lexical and syntactic word formation based on works of Ukrainian literature. Hermeneutics is closely related to philology, but most often examines the text from the point of view of literary criticism. The linguistic aspect, namely the study of occasionalisms, is much less studied. Attention to Ukrainian culture is growing, and in this context it can be an interesting source of hermeneutic research. This article examines the most interesting examples of occasionalisms, which by their function and non-standard structure are divided into two types – a priori and a posteriori. The difference between coalescences (words formed in a lexical-syntactic way) and similar words and phenomena has also been clarified. Most of these words are related to holophrases, but in Ukrainian literature there are examples that we call a posteriori coalescences, they are formed according to individual authorial models and have almost no analogues in the texts of other writers. We hope that this study will be an important step in the study of Ukrainian language and literature in the world and will draw attention to Ukrainian culture – a culture with millennial traditions.

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The Philosophical Meaning of the Author’s Myth: Evolution of the Archetypal Image of a Religious Visionary in the Dramatic Works of Lesya Ukrainka

Author(s): Ostap Bodyk,Nataliia Horodniuk,Yuliya Fedorova / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: author’s myth; phenomenon of prophetism; religious prophecy; archetypal and mythological structure; dramatic sketches and poems; existential dilemma in national issue;

The article traces and analyses the movement of the author’s consciousness of Lesya Ukrainka with regard to the research topic of the evolution of the archetypal image of a religious visionary in the dramatic works of the Ukrainian poetess through the prism of mythopoetic archetypal categories on different “sections” of her dramatic works Vavylons’kyj polon (Babylonian Captivity), Na rujinaсh (On the Ruins) and poems “Kassandra” (Cassandra) and “Orhija” (The Orgy). The author explains that, by referring the ancient subjects, Lesia Ukrainka realizes the need to breathe new life into the mythology of the ancients, look at the history of humankind as a tragic process of the struggle between good and evil, and connect the movement of history with manifestations of spiritual stability, with its tendency to the ideals of good. According to her aesthetic views in the artistic perception of antiquity, the poetess does not seek to aestheticize it, but to reveal in the ancient myth the eternal, timeless psychological state of human inner life and in this way explore the “catastrophes” of the modern soul.

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A Content Analysis of COVID-19 Pro-Vaccine and Anti- Vaccine Internet Memes in Poland

Author(s): Katarzyna Buczek / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: content analysis; memes; Covid-19; persuasion methods;

Faced with Covid-19 people are overwhelmed with information coming from governmental or health care sources but also from social media and digital communication platforms. The Internet and especially social media are often inundated with unreliable or even false information regarding COVID-19 and vaccination against it. This seriously impacts the public health, since misinformed people may be hesitant towards the health-related measures enforced by the governments and health authorities, which, in turn, contributes to their vaccine hesitancy. The aim of the paper is to investigate the Internet memes created and popularized in Poland by supporters and opponents of COVID-19 vaccinations. The data for the study include memes published between December 2020 (vaccinations become available in Poland) to May 2021 and comes from the most popular, publicly accessible social networks and meme pages with the greatest number of followers. The content analysis relays on such variables as whether the meme is pro- or antivaccine, what persuasive appeals (emotion, fear, rationality) are used, number of reactions and shares. Additionally, the analysis looks at the thematic content of the memes and tries to specify whether the pro- and anti-vaccination memes contain more gist than verbatim information. The analysis aims to define persuasion methods that pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine groups use in their memes.

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Epistemic Words on the Confidence Scale

Author(s): Vasyl Dmytrovych Byalyk,Liudmyla Ivanivna Nizhnik / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: epistemic words; modal strength; level of confidence; confidence scale; component analysis;

The article examines a group of 107 epistemic words in order to determine their integral and differential semes and place them on the confidence scale. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the interest in studying the stance of a speaker’s utterance. The article analyses the notion of epistemic words, their linguistic and non-linguistic properties. As a result of definition and semantic analyses of epistemic words, epistemic words with high, medium and low modal strength were singled out. Such a categorization is possible, because epistemic words have the same integral semes but various differential semes. Epistemic words have a scalar nature and the level of their modal strength reflects the speaker’s commitment to the utterance that ranges from confidence to uncertainty.

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Reading Othello Through the Prism of Conceptual Metaphor Theory: Animals as Source Domains

Author(s): Mirka Cirovic / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: Othello; conceptual metaphor; source domain; animals;

This paper aims at reading Shakespeare’s play Othello through the prism of cognitive linguistics, more specifically, through the lens of conceptual metaphor theory. Metaphorical linguistic expressions that have animals in the source domain are extracted from the play so that matters of race and gender could be discussed from below the level of words, where cognition and conceptualization occur. As the analysis of metaphorical linguistic expressions progresses, the representation of evil will appear to be intertwined with the perception of gender and race, becoming yet another cognitive interest of the literary text. While African American studies, critical race theory, post-colonial studies, Marxist and feminist readings have immensely benefitted the comprehension of the play, conceptual metaphor theory promises to explore and explain how a derogatory perception of “Other” emerges in Othello, along with the offensive language that embodies it. Additional relevant concepts that account for the disturbing pace of the plot towards the catastrophe and tragic end are indoctrination and manipulation. These are specifically related to Iago’s perceptual playing around with unstable and highly sensitive notions such as race, gender, fallen virtue, degraded and demonic human nature, which he presents through disquieting mental images conveyed by powerful metaphorical language.

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The Corpus of Discourses on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. Research Project Assumptions

Author(s): Beata Duda,Ewa Ficek / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: pandemic; discourse; linguistic analysis of discourse; corpus linguistics; corpus of COVID-19 texts;

The article presents a research project on linguistically profiled (quantitative and qualitative) analyses of the (sub)space of pandemic-related discourses, as well as the corpus of Polish texts concerning the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that broke out in 2020, prepared for analytical purposes. The authors describe the following: 1. the reasons for the interest in this issue, the subject and purpose of the research and the research theoretical and methodological background -- discourse linguistics (mainly from the perspective of Jürgen Spizmüller and Ingo Warnke); 2. source material of the project (mainly individual/non-institutional Internet statements that constitute the basis for the shaping of specific systems of meaning, i.e. comments posted under posts on Facebook or Twitter and the dialogical relations among them); 3. problems related to the development of the pandemic discourses corpus (criteria for the selection of texts, methods of the corpus balancing, categories of metadata that shall be used for the material description); 4. conclusions drawn from an exemplary analytical procedure where a section of the corpus was used; 5. the potential of the above-mentioned research and possible applications of the research results.

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From Syntax to Stylistics: A Case Study of Selected Haikus

Author(s): Sezgi Saraç Durgun / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: syntax; pedagogy; stylistics; poetry;, haiku; literature; linguistics;

A writer’s style reflects how textual meaning-making processes are achieved through a literary text's form, which includes various textual strategies employed. Available literature suggests that almost every linguistic theory takes the sentence structure as a combination of ‘form’ and ‘content’, whose taxonomic amplifications provide a springboard for description that leads to a more comprehensive extension of linguistic analyses revealing the semantic and symbolic aspects of language making up a text. Hence, although textual analysis may start by identifying its form and content, a comprehensive approach that engulfs a text’s syntactic and semantic aspects provides a broader perspective. Keeping these in mind, this study is based on the premise that structural analysis enables the identification of the poet’s recurrent method of composing different literary texts of the same genre and guides analysts to semantic interpretations. Examining the poetic language of a selection of haikus written by Wright, with a focus on the syntactic and semantic identifications, it is observed that the poet has an uncompromising style toward utilizing a pattern with minor alterations to construct various poems. The poet achieves an effective diction using a restricted number of lexical and grammatical items, which fits into the terseness of haikus, a poetic form known for its brevity and conciseness.

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An Extended Translation Service Portfolio in Research Translation

Author(s): Konrad Klimkowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: translation as a service; Service-Dominant Logic; translation service portfolio; service customisation; research text translation;

This article is a proposal to think about translation service portfolio in categories of contemporary service provision. As observed in the recent literature of the field, today’s services rely more and more on customisation, interactivity and relation-building. This article presents examples of opening a standard portfolio to opportunities identified by the translator through direct communication with the client. Benefits and limitations of such portfolio modifications are also discussed. The article is an invitation for the readers to rethink their portfolio strategies in search of competitive market advantages.

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A Warfare Metaphor and its Functional Aims in an Actual Armed Conflict – the Forty-Four Day War

Author(s): Gayane Muradian / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: the forty-four day war; news media; multimodality; warfare metaphor; metaphor framing, recontextualization;

The present case study in general and the multimodal analysis of the warfare metaphor in particular tend to focus on the prevalence of metaphor framing related to news schemas documented over the period of the forty-four days of an actual war - the 2020 Nagorno-Karabagh war. Certain questions (Why was the warfare metaphor so widely used in this forty-four day war? How and in what ways did this type of metaphor realize its functional aims?) are addressed in the present case study by analyzing theoretical and empirical data on the subject and by advancing my own account of the functions of the warfare metaphor in war discourse presented in mass-mediated communication. Metaphor framing and its effects usually depend on words (the linguistic or verbal metaphor), however, such effects also depend on multimodal representations of the verbal metaphor, namely on the visual image. I therefore argue that metaphor framing and metaphor effects should be examined and explicitly described within the frames of multimodal analysis which can disclose how the convergence of verbal and the visual metaphor affects rhetorical war situations and increases the audience’s reception of the message of the war. Hence, this case study will show that the wartime metaphor, with the application of multimodality, conveys information of the war and impacts public opinion, thus striving to achieve positive outcomes. The results show that metaphor framing and the given type of metaphor is encountered in actual war to draw and capture public attention through emotionally charged multimodal devices aimed at informing and impacting public opinion, thus persuading and motivating the world to take urgent steps to stop the further escalation of the conflict. The usage of such metaphor framing closely connected with the context of war might result in certain outcomes illuminating that the warfare metaphor contributes to the understanding of complexities and abstractions of war discourse at large.

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Addressing the (ELF)ant in the Room: The Views of Polish Teachers of English on English as a Lingua Franca

Author(s): Tomasz Paciorkowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: ELF; Polish; FL teachers; Poland; FL teachers’ attitudes; FL teachers’ beliefs;

Students' and teachers’ attitudes towards English as a lingua franca (ELF) have been a fertile research area in recent years. Nevertheless, Polish in-service teachers' views have been neglected. The present study addresses this gap in research and examines the beliefs and attitudes held by a group of eighty Polish in-service teachers towards ELF. The participants completed a survey that consisted of quantitative and qualitative questions. The data were analysed using both statistical and thematic analysis. The results obtained in the study suggest that teachers' awareness and views on ELF are rather negative and distrustful. They mostly see ELF as a useful and necessary concept, yet continue recognising native pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary models as their teaching goals. The data also suggest that a gap in teacher education programmes exists as the respondents either do not know or do not believe that Outer Circle Englishes are legitimate native varieties. Teachers also retain stereotypical views on Polish and native accents, perceiving the latter positively and the former negatively. This paper strongly suggests that teacher education programmes in Poland should ensure students and future teachers are aware of developments in the field of English Language Teaching.

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denk an Pasolinis »verzweifelte Leere von Casarsa«”: Considerations on the Influence of Spanish Mysticism and of Pasolini’s »Friulian« Poems on Peter Handke’s Noch einmal für Thukydides and Versuch über die Jukebox

Author(s): Alessandro Pulimanti / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: Peter Handke; essay on the Jukebox; Once Again for Thucydides; Pier Paolo Pasolini; poems in Casarsa; comparative method; ethno-anthropological perspective;

The aim of this paper is to reflect on Handke’s reception of Spanish and Friulian traditions. The first part of this paper will mention Miguel de Cervantes’, Teresa of Ávila’s and John of the Cross’ influence on Handke’s works, while also focusing on Handke’s fascination with the Spanish tradition and Pasolini’s works through the use of the comparative method. Pasolini’s vision of modern cultural customs is also taken into consideration in Handke’s Essay on the Jukebox, where clear references to Spanish authors also appear. The same occurs in Handke’s Glowworm Epopee, where Pasolini’s critical view of the “vanishing of the fireflies” indirectly shines throughout a tribute to the Poems in Casarsa. In the second section, an anthropological perspective will be employed, seeing as Handke’s ‘mysticism’ can be said to have drawn inspiration from the Romantic motif of “Mother Holle” (Höller 2013). In this regard, Ginzburg’s (1989) and Nardon’s (1999) studies will be used to assume Handke’s attachment to Friulian folk topics dating back to the 17th century. As opposed to Handke’s reception of Pasolini’s critical views and of Spanish mysticism, the influence of Friulian ethno-anthropological aspects on the Carinthian author’s works still needs to be demonstrated and its study improved.

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Allas and weilawei: Interjections in Some of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (Fragment III: Wife of Bath, the Friar, the Summoner)

Author(s): Elisabeth Reber,Hans Sauer / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: Chaucer; Canterbury Tales (Fragment III); interjections; inserts; pragmatic noise; etymology; meter; characterization of figures;

We investigate Chaucer’s use of interjections in Fragment III of the Canterbury Tales, which comprises “The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale”, “The Friar’s Prologue and Tale”, and “The Summoner’s Prologue and Tale”. We discuss the problem of how to distinguish interjections from other word classes, and we distinguish primary interjections such as allas, buf, ey, fy, hayt, lo, weilawei and secondary interjections, such as hayl, look, now, peace, welcome, why. As a third group we also take corroborative phrases such as by God into consideration. We look at the frequency of the various interjections: Now, lo, nay as well as a, by God, and pardee are frequent and occur in all the tales of Fragment III; on the other end of the frequency scale there are buf, which is a hapax legomenon, and the rarely attested hayt. We describe the interjectional spectrum used in Fragment III based on their functions. Interjections can, for example, serve as indicators of emotions (allas, weilawei), as corroboratives (by God) and expletives (a devel weye), as discourse markers (now thanne), as response forms (nay, ye, yis), as polite speech act formulae (grant mercy, no fors), etc. The paper further offers an analysis of the phonology, morphology, verse meter and stress pattern. As can be said of the Middle English vocabulary more generally, the etymology of the interjections is mixed: some go back to Old English, especially weilawei, but many were borrowed from French (or ultimately from Latin), e.g., allas, ey, fy, pardee. Chaucer’s characters often use not just one, but two or three interjections in combination, e.g., Allas! and weylawey! or allas nay, nay, mainly probably for additional emphasis. We suggest that that the interjectional spectrum in Fragment III (1) expands on Biber et al’s. (1999) inserts and Culpeper & Kytö’s (2010) pragmatic noise; (2) undergoes change like words; and is indexical (3) of a multi-lingual social context (4) and of oral and literary conventions.

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“What sort of a world is this, where killing and pain are the norm? What on earth is wrong with us?” Nature Strikes Back in Olga Tokarczuk’s Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead (2009)

Author(s): Monika Sosnowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2022

Keywords: Olga Tokarczuk; eco-fiction; posthumanism; the Anthropocene; anthropocentrism;

The article seeks to explore the theme of nature’s revenge in Olga Tokarczuk’s novel Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead (2009, translated into English in 2018). The book may be classified as Anthropocene fiction or eco-fiction. Tokarczuk’s treatment of vengeful nature in Drive Your Plow… manifests as a literary representation of a physiology of an ecosystem in disequilibrium, pervaded by images of blood in a snowy landscape. The author renders her female protagonist, Janina Duszejko, a proponent and practitioner of a theory proposing that nature wreaks revenge on humans. Tokarczuk presents new ways of imagining agency beyond anthropocentrism. Drive Your Plow may serve as an example of literary fiction from which posthumanist reflections may spring, while simultaneously it oftentimes (even if unintentionally) draws on posthumanist philosophy and ethics. I also refer to Olga Tokarczuk biography and views in search of her environmental concerns and solutions.

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Uncertainty in games – potential benefits and disadvantages

Author(s): Katarzyna Skok / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: uncertainty; games; randomness; game mechanics

The aim of the article is to indicate different types of uncertainty in games and to present them in the light of neurophysiological research and selected theories of motivation. The paper analyses pure, system-generated randomness (gambling and accidental luck), game complexity, and elements that relate on a tactical or strategic level to the human factor. In particular, the application of rules enabling games based on the power of the mind is discussed. The article concludes with the presentation of benefits and disadvantages following the potential implementation of elements inducing uncertainty.

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Can a Developed Structure be Transparent? The Analysis of Witcher 3: Wild Hunt Interface with Regard to its Influence on the Player’s Immersion

Czy rozbudowana struktura może być transparentna? Analiza interfejsu gry Wiedźmin 3: Dziki Gon z uwzględnieniem jego wpływu na immersję gracza

Author(s): Katarzyna Gozdowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: witcher; interface; immersion; emersion; Andrzej Sapkowski

In this article I analyze the interface of The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt with regard to its transparency as well as its influence on the player’s immersion. Furthermore, I scrutinize all measures used by the interface to decrease the effect of emersion, which might appear as game informa-tion is being read by the player. I also consider the literary context in my research – I reflect on how the interface refers to Andrzej Sapkowski’s Witcher cycle and how these references have been implemented in the interface structure.

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Perma-dying Worlds and the Limit of Eternal Return in Digital Games

Światy, które umierają na zawsze. Granica wiecznego powrotu w grach cyfrowych

Author(s): Eleonora Teresa Imbierowicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: permapermadeath; permadeath; eternal recurrence; mechanics of death

The article discusses the types of death in selected digital and tabletop games; sorting them into two groups: ones that follow the pattern of eternal return and allow the player to endlessly respawn in their worlds; and ones that limit the possibility of coming back. The article focuses on the latter; and analyses the mechanics limiting the access to the game – from permadeath; through the randomness and unique character of the events happening in online multiplayer games; up to permapermadeath – and the effects of the application of these mechanics.

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Uncanny Valley in Video Games: An Overview

Dolina niesamowitości w grach komputerowych: przegląd badań

Author(s): Dawid Ratajczyk / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: uncanny valley; virtual characters; video games; CGI

The uncanny valley is an idea proposed by Masahiro Mori (1970) regarding negative emotions present in contacts with almost human-like characters. In the beginning, it was considered only in the context of humanoid robots, but this context was broadened by the development of highly realistic animations and video games. Particularly evident are players’ interests in the uncanny valley. Recently there have been a grow-ing number of reports from empirical studies regarding participants’ perception of highly realistic characters. In the paper, a review of publications concerning the uncanny valley hypothesis in video games is presented, as are deliberations about the impact of the uncanny valley on the game industry. According to the results, there is a need to recognise which attributes of virtual characters cause the uncanny valley effect.

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