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ARBITRAL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES IN PROVINCES IN SHADOW OF THE ROMAN PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION

Author(s): Ivan Milotić,Ivana Jaramaz Reskušić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Roman provinces; administration; arbitration; disputes; boundary; Romanisation; criminal jurisdiction

There are many records throughout the Empire from the imperial provinces dating to 1st and 2nd century AD that mention dispute settlements between tribal communities in which the Roman provincial administration had significant role. The intention of the Romans to intervene to such disputes was not so much motivated by the need to ordain how the dispute should be settled, but to ensure all the prerequisites that the dispute was ended quickly and efficiently. Romans intervened to all disputes that they perceived as potential dangers to their smooth administration of the province. The more dangerous the dispute was the higher provincial official was concerned with its settlement. Such approach to dispute settlements resulted with a high degree of standardisation of such procedures throughout the Empire which can be qualified as some kind of administrative arbitrations. Moreover, such approach reflected a consistent policy to disputes in those provinces where stabilisation of Roman government was still going on, or where tribal communities did still not fully adapt to the new Roman administrative system and territorial divisions. In their attempts to bring such disputes to an end, the Roman provincial magistrates used certain powers which were typical for their criminal jurisdiction, especially in initiating the dispute settlement and the enforcement of the award.

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ACQUIRING THINGS TAKEN IN WAR IN THE ROMAN LAW: OCCUPATION VS. THE DISCRETIONARY POWERS OF THE MILITARY COMMANDER

Author(s): Srđan C. Vladetić,Sasha Tucakovic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Res hostiles; res nullius; war booty; occupation; the discretionary powers of the military commander

Throughout most of their history Romans led occupation wars. The booty of war was an important source of wealth which to a great extent influenced the development of the Roman state and represented the special category of things which belong to the enemy (res hostiles). Those things were treated as nobody`s things (res nullius) and as such acquired by occupation. Since their value was very significant, Romans strived to establish the most efficient looting system. In that respect a military commander had an important role because he was empowered to make decisions regarding the war booty. In this paper authors discuss whether and to what extent the general principle of occupation was supressed by the desire to collect as much war booty as possible through different periods of Roman history.

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INTERACTION BETWEEN ROME AND THE PROVINCES DURING THE LATE REPUBLIC AND THE PRINCIPATE

Author(s): Tihomir Rachev / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Principate; Late Republic; Augustus; provinces; Roman law

The Roman empire established peace in the Mediterranean that lasted for several centuries. The Roman peace – Pax Romana, to which the imperial policy aspired during the era of the Principate, determined the reformation of the administrative structures of the Roman state. The accumulated experience from the era of the Republic was developed in the foundations of the imperial model of government and facilitated the establishment of peace and stability. The present article aims to make a brief overview of the interaction between Rome, the Italian territories and the provinces in the period of transition from the republican to the imperial model of government concerning the reforms carried out in the administrative apparatus of the state, in order to trace the basic lines of the imperial administrative policies in the beginning of the Principate.

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SERVUS VILICUS AS INSTITOR

Author(s): Mirjana Miškić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Servus vilicus; actio institoria; actiones adiecticiae qualitatis; procurator; praepositio

Servus vilicus was slave placed at the head of a Roman villa rustica. The main sources in which we learn about the content of the duties and the powers of the vilicus are provided by Columella, De re rustica, I.8, XI.1, and XII.1, Varro, De re rustica, I. and the Cato, De agri cultura, CXLII–CXLIII. Having in mind that legal framework of his occupation is pretty unknown, it is justified to ask a question: was he (or maybe she) the institor? In the Digest, we find only the incidental remark that anyone appointed to cultivate the land may be considered as an institor (D.14.3.5.2). In addition, the institor was primarily engaged in trade, while the vilicus performed a wide range of the work. Beside that fact, vilicus was not exclusively engaged in agriculture, but also in some state services, which makes this notion even more complex and contradictory. However, the main question remains to be answered, whether the servus vilicus was a person who also legally obliged his master or his job was reduced to the actual management of the property?

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LEGAL REGIME OF PROPERTY OF LAND IN ROMAN PROVINCES

Author(s): Stoyan P. Ivanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Provincia; property; possession, possessio; concession; dominium ex iure Quiritium; vectigal; vectigalia publica; ager publicus vectigalis; Sicily; Roman province Asia; Roman law

The paper considers the specific problem of the land property outside Italy in the Roman provinces during the period of the late Roman Republic and the early Principate. The author studies how the Roman government faced the new problems that the conquest created and what Rome actually did when first met the Hellenistic concepts of the land property in the conquered territories and how they were applied or modified according to the traditional Roman law principles and regulations. It is emphasized that the need to organize the territory and to define the property of the people who lived on that territory or the rights which they had to the land for a very first time occurred in Sicily which the Romans organized as the first Roman provincia. The article examines the organization of Sicily according to Lex Hieronica, it considers the exemptions and immunities of some cities from the general legal regime of the province, and studies the collection of public revenues and the payments for the taxes for the exploitation of the land – vectigal et vectigalia publica. Key notions and terms like possessio, dominium, mancipatio, vectigal, vectigalia, tributum, stipendium are cleared and special attention is paid to the correct use of the Latin legal terminology. Some of the most important fragments from the Institutes of Gaius about the provincial property are examined and is made a carefully study of his language and the legal aspects of his consideration of the rights that the individuals had over the provincial lands. The research presents in details the organization of other provinces in the late Roman Republic and the early Principate and deals with the richest Roman province – Asia, which brings huge revenues to the Roman budget. Central part of the study is dedicated to the legal regime of the provincial land and the author considers the main opinions on this topic in the recent Roman legal doctrine and translates and analyzes the relevant classical Latin texts in the sources and provides an important bibliography on the problem, he tries also to define the Roman concept for „provincial property“ which for sure was not identical with the dominium ex iure Quiritium in Italy.

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THE PEREGRINI – ROME’S PROVINCIAL SUBJECTS

Author(s): Velina Stoyanova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: peregrini; latini; peregrini dediticii; status; citizenship; ius gentium

Viewed as „strangers“, the peregrini constituted the majority of Rome’s population. Although they did not have roman citizenship, still the peregrini benefited from specific rights. The main points of interests in the article are to examine the legal status of these people under ius gentium and to explore how this status differed from Roman citizenship. Lastly the study will try to give a classification of the distinct types of peregrini.

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GALERIUS, THE CO-EMPEROR OF DIOCLETIAN

Author(s): Emilija Stanković,Milica Sovrlic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Diocletianus; Galerius; Co-Emperor; Christians; Felix Romuliana

Diocletian belongs to the rank of Roman Emperors who significantly marked the times in which they lived. Yet, he owed his success to his co-emperors, among which Galerius had a special place. They had a lot in common. Both being Illyrians and cruel and brave warriors, they built magnificent palaces in their birth places. Galerius palace near Gamzigrad (Serbia), Felix Romuliana, could compete by its grandeur with the Diocletian’s palace, as well as with those in Nicomedia, Antiochia and Constantinople (although it has not been that well preserved). Diocletian chose Galerius to be his caesar and he officially received the title in 293 AD. In order to tighten his links with Diocletian, Galerius married his daughter Valeria. He was put in charge of Oriens and Illyricum and chose Sirmium for his headquarters. Diocletian made his assistants, an augustus and two caesars, the real partners in performing the Emperor’s duties. The tasks of managing the state were divided between four rulers. Each of them had his own seat in another city, his own army, executive power and his own assistant in the form of a praetorian prefect. Thanks to Galerius and his skills of a warrior, the Illyricum borders were successfully defended despite constant barbaric attacks. He was also known for his success in making new settlements by land clearingand cutting down the trees. This land was settled by the vandals whohad been attacking the Empire: Markomans, Sarmates, etc. Diocletian was very fond of his caesar Galerius, always giving him instructions and full support. On the other side, it is believed that Galerius’ influence on Diocletian was enormous. Thus, the authors believe that Diocletian’s big prosecution of Christians was undertaken under Galerius’s influence.

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A BRIEF REVIEW OF ROMAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS’ TITLES

Author(s): Milan Milutin / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Rome; province; governor; title; magistrate; promagistrate; consul, praetor

At first, provinces were governed either by magistrates (consules, praetores) or by promagistrates (proconsules, propraetores, privati cum imperio). The expression pro magistratu was used to designate a citizen who, despite not being a magistrate, used to perform a magistrature, either as a consequensce of an extraordinary appointment (privati cum imperio), or due to a prolongation of the duration of the imperium even posterior to the end of the term (prorogatio imperii). In such cases, their titles would, instead of consul, praetor or quaestor, respectively become proconsul, propraetor and proquaestor. Regardless of whether a governor performed the duty of a magistrate or a promagistrate, he was classified either as a consular or a praetorial one. During the reign of Octavian Augustus, provinces were divided into two groups – provinciae senatus vel populi and provinciae Caesaris vel principis. Irrespective of their titles, every provincial governor was refered to as praeses. Depending on the rank of their governor, both senatorial and imperial provinces were classified as provinciae consulares and provinciae praetoriae. Regardless of whether they were of a consular or praetorian rank, governors of all senatorial provinces held the title of proconsul, giving the senatorial provinces an alternate name: proconsulares. In the imperial provinces, the title of proconsul was held by the princeps himself, which resulted in the need of creating a title for those who actually governed the provinces in question – legatus Augusti pro praetor. Depending on their rank, they were divided into legati consulares and legati praetorii. However, it was not until the Dominate, that the richness of Roman provincial governors’ titles reached its peak.

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SOME PARTICULARITIES OF THE IURISDICTIO IRNITANA: COMPETENT COURTS AND ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATIVE RESPONSES THAT SUPPORT AND SUSTAIN THE PREVALENCE OF THE AGREEMENT OF THE ADVERSARII

Author(s): Juan M. Alburquerque / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Iurisdictio; lex Irnitana; Lex Flavia; adversarii; municipium; magistratus; duumviri; praefectus

We will make a brief review and a summary analysis of the most characteristic and particular profiles of the iurisdictio Irnitana, of the more traditional notion of iurisdictio, and, in a more detailed way, we will focus our attention on the competent organs and courts (duumviri, aediles, prefects, municipal senate and court of five decuriones). We will also highlight the different options of the adversarii in the different courts and the special relevance granted by lex Flavia Municipalis to the agreements of the subjects in the lawsuits of the municipality.

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PROVINCE OF SYRIA AND THE LAW SCHOOL IN BERYTUS

Author(s): Milena Polojac / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: province of Syria; law school in Beirut; Roman law; ecumenical professors

In 64 BC, Pompey officially annexed Syria as a Roman province which was, from times of Alexander the Great and his successors, strongly hellenized. The establishment of Roman rule in Greek-speaking areas including province of Syria did not have as a consequence their Romanization. However, the law school in Beirut was an exception since it was most romanised school of law in Orient. School has its interesting development with three generations of professors, the golden age being period of 5th century. It was the only city apart from Rome and Constantinople where the teaching of Roman law was permitted by the public authority of the emperor and earned the prestigious title of nutrix legum.

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THE ROMAN ARMY AT THE NORTH OF THE DANUBE: AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE ROMANIZATION OF DACIA

Author(s): Cristina Pop / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Roman army; soldier; Dacia; province; latin inscriptions; romanization

The Roman army was one of the most effective institutions of Ancient Rome. The Eternal City conquered and globalized the world through its soldiers. Dacia, as a future province of Rome, was no exception to colonization, so Dacia capta est. Therefore, the Roman model was also implemented in this territory, the army contributing in a direct way to the colonization of the people from the North of the Danube.

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ADMINISTRATION OF THE ROMAN PROVINCE DACIA

Author(s): Maria Albu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Roman administration; Province; Dacian people; legislation; organization

At the time of the conquest of Dacia, Rome was in terms of the form of government, in the phase of the Principate, the era inaugurated by Octavian Augustus. In terms of territory, Rome ruled a vast territory stretching from England to the Middle East and from Gaul to Egypt. Immediately after the conquest, Dacia entered the process of administrative, economic and military integration, as provided by the rules of Roman public law. According to these rules, it was organized as a separate province, with its own administrative, military and fiscal authority.

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SERBIA ROMAN PROVINCE. NIŠ IMPERIAL CITY

Author(s): Marija Ignjatović / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: ancient Naisus; Roman municipality; Mediana; Constantine - the Roman emperor

Ancient Niš, better known as Naisus, was a developed settlement with a certain population that tended to grow over time. Historical sources say that the city had the status of a Roman municipality, which means that it had a very organized system of life. The size of ancient Naisus has not yet been fully determined, but considering the existence of the suburban part of Mediana, as well as the widespread villas around Mediana, it can be said that it occupied a good part of the Niš basin, crossed by the river Nišava as the main and largest watercourse in that region and that as an impregnable military stronghold, it was an important economic and cultural center of the Roman Empire. Naisus occupied a central position in the Roman province of Upper Moesia, which spread over the territory of today's Serbia. The original military fortification was created in the last decades of the 1st century BC on the right bank of Nišava and was the center of the various tribes: Dardanians, the Thracians and, briefly, on two occasions, the Celts, whose homeland is distant Gaul. A new period in the history and life of Naisus began at the beginning of the 4th century AD with the arrival of Constantine on the throne of the Roman Empire, the Roman emperor, one of the historical rulers who completely redirected the future of not only Christian Europe, but also the civilization known to us today.

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ROMAN LAW AND THE SERBIAN MEDIEVAL STATE

Author(s): Nebojša Ranđelović / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Dušan's Code; Serbian medieval state; Byzantine Empire; Roman law

The geographical space of the development of the Serbian medieval state was part of the origin and development of Roman law. The Serbian medieval state and its law would inevitably be created on the basis of the Byzantine tradition. The Byzantine Empire itself was the Eastern Roman Empire both by tradition and by all the features of society, state, law, and even by name. Its law and state organization, adapted to the new social relations and feudal order, were not negations, but a continuation of the Russian state-legal tradition. In such an environment, the Serbian medieval society and the Serbian state developed on the foundations of this tradition, incorporating their customary law into it. Serbian medieval legislation, rounded off by Dušan's Code, is a material witness to the aforementioned postulates.

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BELA PALANKA AS A ROMAN PROVINCE

Author(s): Sara Mitic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Bela Palanka; Roman Empire; Remezijana; Rumizijana

Bela Palanka, today a city in southern Serbia that entered the Guinness World Records Book with he most doctors of science per capita, was once an important part of the Roman Empire. Founded around 280 BC under the name Remezijana, it later developed into an autonomous city (municipium) during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117). Remezijana became a very important factor for the central Roman government due to its mineral wealth, the center of one of the six areas of the Metalli Dardanici mining complex. In addition, it was the seat of the imperial cult, as evidenced by the monuments from the year 202, erected by the then governor of the province Q. Ancius Faustus to Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Julia Domnа. It was also the Christian center of the whole area, especially during the time of the eminent bishop of Niketa. Even during the reign of Emperor Justinian, Bela Palanka was important for the Roman state.

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HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF TARSATICA AND SENIA IN THE ROMAN AGE

Author(s): Željko Bartulović / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Tarsatica; Senia; administrative organisation; Roman period

The paper analyzes the history of the organization of Tarsatica, which in an earlier period had the status of a municipality, as well as preserved data on municipal officials, while in the second stage of its development it became a military center that defended the Italy from barbarian invasions. The second part of the paper analyzes the history of the organization of ancient Senia, which was an important traffic center and port, also in the status of a municipality, as well as preserved data on municipal officials. The authors analyze and compare different organizational and legal statuses of ancient settlements: oppidum, municipiums and colonies, as well as the structure of the population in them, which speaks of the degree of Romanization in the area of the eastern coast of the northern Adriatic.

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Territorial capital in the European Union: Measuring the territorial endowments of the EU-28 NUTS 2 regions over the 2010s

Author(s): Balázs István Tóth / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2023

Keywords: territorial capital; material and non-material resource endowment; EU-28 NUTS-2 regions; 2010s; components of territorial capital; classification of regions; regional heterogeneity

Territorial capital encompasses all tangible and intangible assets that represent the growth potential of a place. This study reviews the concept of territorial capital and highlights its components. A database of territorial capital indicators for 270 regions of the European Union at the NUTS 2 level is employed, and a classification of regions based on the material and non-material assets of territorial capital is presented. Mapping differences across regions provides insight into the key dimensions of territorial capital, namely the material resource endowment, non-material resource endowment, and material–non-material asset relations. The results reveal that European regions have been differently endowed with territorial capital during the 2010s; a sharp divide is visible between the Western and Eastern European regions, according to the degree of urbanisation and according to the relative development of regions. The findings of this study have the potential to contribute significantly to the ongoing discussion and evolving research on territorial capital.

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Interlinkages between human development, residential energy consumption, and energy efficiency for the EU-27 Member States, 2010–2018

Author(s): Mohammad Kashour / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2023

Keywords: human development; energy consumption; life expectancy; education; gross national income (GNI); energy efficiency

This study aims to highlight the importance of human development in light of residential energy consumption and its relationship with energy efficiency. It investigates the influence of the human development indicator (HDI) on residential energy consumption inequality for the EU-27 Member States for the period of 2010–2018 by using the Gini coefficient. It also analyses the effect of the HDI components life expectancy, education, and gross national income (GNI) on residential energy use with the help of the least squares dummy variable (LSDV) model. The novel results indicate that territorial inequality in energy use would drop if all member states had the same HDI value. The LSDV model results show that life expectancy negatively influences energy consumption, the education index has no effect, and GNI shows a positive relationship. In addition, energy efficiency is found to exert a significant influence on human development on the basis of the energy efficiency scores for all member states. The results divide the member states into high, low, and average groups according to their energy efficiency scores and HDI values. Through this classification, this study provides policy recommendations for each group.

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Yield spreads and business cycle downturn predictability across Texas, 1991–2018

Author(s): Aaron D. Nazarian,Steven L. Fullerton,Thomas M. Fullerton / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2023

Keywords: yield spreads; regional business cycles; Texas; recession predictability

This study analyzes Texas state and metropolitan economic downturn predictability. Publicly available Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas dynamic factor business cycle indices are used in the analysis. Sample data cover Texas and nine of its largest metropolitan economies from January 1991 through May 2018. Dynamic autoregressive probit downturn models are estimated using the United States yield spread plus other regional and macroeconomic variables. Predictive accuracy is analyzed using in-sample model simulations. Results indicate that narrowing yield spreads, real peso appreciation, and oil price declines are generally found to increase recession likelihoods. Varying lag structures and equation specifications indicate that the state and metropolitan economies exhibit distinct timing patterns and follow different paths and each has an individual business cycle. Good predictive properties are also documented for the equations.

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Resilience of Russian regions in the face of COVID-19

Author(s): Olga Anatolyevna Chernova,Danil Sergeyevich Gridnev / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2023

Keywords: regional economy; resilient development; coronavirus; cluster analysis

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has radically changed our views on regional resilience. This article examines the responses of Russian regional economies to the pandemic, identifying the common features and differences between them. This study emphasises that regions adapted to the factors of the pandemic in a non-linear manner. Thus, the socio-economic situation in the regions at the beginning of each wave is described by a new data structure. The latter, in its turn, is determined by the adaptation capabilities of the region. An affinity propagation algorithm was employed to cluster these regions. They were then grouped according to their responses to the pandemic. The results of the analysis showed that regional responses to the pandemic depended on sectoral specialisation, the level of socio-economic development, and the degree of urbanisation. Low-urbanised regions with agro-industrial specialisation demonstrated a higher level of resilience. Innovation-active regions with many external linkages were the most vulnerable to shocks. One of the main conclusions is that economic diversification in the form of ‘unconnected diversity’ acted as a shock absorber, diminishing the impact of the pandemic.

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