Categorisation of regions in the European Union based on smart and inclusive growth indicators for the Europe 2020 strategy
Author(s): Tímea Győri / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 02/2023
Keywords: Europe 2020 Strategy; cohesion policy; region categorisation; principal component analysis; cluster analysis; spatial autocorrelation
Interpreting regional differences is crucial in promoting regional and cohesion policies. The different levels of development of the regions, their various historical and geographical factors, as well as diverse political attitudes, institutional conditions, and their interactions fundamentally determine the economic convergence processes in the regions. Recent research has emphasised a pluralistic approach in which composite measures of progress and well-being are prioritised. The primary goal of the research was to create a more complex region categorisation model than the traditional gross domestic product (GDP-) based categorisation. This study analyses the changes and correlations of the Europe 2020 Strategy's smart and inclusive growth indicators at the regional level between 2009 and 2019. To create the region categorisation model, the indicators of the strategy were concentrated and then expanded with other background variables into composite indicators, thus creating the main components: ‘Relative deprivation’ and ‘Innovation environment’. The regions were categorised along the dimensions of the new latent variables to form the outstanding, catching-up, and lagging groups, which can be generally characterised by development, catching-up, and lagging, respectively. The outstanding group typically includes the capital of the member states and the regions of their agglomeration. The catching-up and lagging groups in chiefly consist of member states that joined after 2004. The lagging group are mostly external border regions and can be considered underdeveloped along both dimensions; in addition to their below-average innovation environment, their labour market position also lags behind. The model developed in this research provides a more nuanced picture of regional development differences than the traditional GDP-based categorisation.
Author(s): Anna Gardocka-Jałowiec,Katarzyna Szalonka / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 3/2022
Keywords: quality of life; population aging; time; health; demographic changes; medical progress; technological change;
The paper aims at presenting the quality of life in terms of the deepening population aging process conditioned (to a great extent) by the progressive convergence of technologies. The interdisciplinary, theoretical nature of the considerations is a voice in the discussion on the interpretation, place, and role of quality of life, with particular emphasis on the extension of human life as a consequence of medical development.
The authors applied the descriptive analysis method to present the category of quality of life, the phenomenon of population aging, the specificity of technological changes, and selected issues in the field of demographic changes. Polish and foreign literature on the subject was the basis for the considerations. The theoretical aspect of the research is supplemented by the empirical part supported by available secondary data published by Eurostat and Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny).
Poland has been in the top thirty demographically old countries in the world for many years. In 1967, it crossed the threshold of demographic old age, and in 1980 — the threshold of advanced demographic old age. The demographic forecasts of Statistics Poland indicate that the number of people in retirement age will increase, and in 2035, it will reach 26.7% of the population. The observed and forecasted decline in the total population and the growth in the number of people in the senior age lead to an increase in the demographic dependency ratio of the elderly.
The convergence of technologies revealed in medicine creates a new perspective on the population aging process. Extending human life allows one to recognize that the quality of life becomes: 1. the most desirable result of all healthcare policies; 2. dependent on the change of the healthcare model, i.e., the transition from the dominant model of reactive and retrospective care to the desired proactive and prospective model.
Differentiation of expenditure on health and life insurance in households in 2006–2020
Author(s): Aleksandra Wicka,Ludwik Wicki / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 3/2022
Keywords: health insurance; households; insurance expenditure;
Along with the growing wealth of society, the demand for insurance, including health insurance, increases. In recent years, there has been significant interest in insurance products which guarantee access to private healthcare facilities. The waiting time for an appointment with a specialist is shorter than in public institutions, and such insurance offers quick diagnostics and high-quality services.The study aimed to determine the level and differentiation of health insurance expenditure in various types of households and its share in total insurance expenses. From 2006 to 2020, as shown by statistics, the highest expenditure on health insurance was recorded in the households of non-manual workers (PLN 19.72 per person per year on average) and the lowest — in farmers’ families (8.85 per person per year on average). The indicator of the diversification of insurance expenditure structures for the surveyed households calculated for 2020 showed that farmers’ households had a significantly different (various) structure of expenditure on insurance than that observed in other types of households (total vpq = 0.96).
The aim of the study is to examine the intention to engage in charity retailing using the norm activation model which has been widely used to predict people’s altruistic and pro-social behavior (De Groot and Steg, 2009, 425–449). Pro-social behavior refers to a person’s action that is intended to help other people and consists of a broad range of helping, sharing, and cooperating behaviors. Three forms of engagement in charity retailing were taken into account: buying at a charity shop, volunteering in a charity store, and donating. The current study was conducted in 2019 using the CAWI method on 766 Polish students coming from 16 universities; for data analysis, SEM was applied. We tested two variants of the model. In the first one we connected personal norm, awareness of consequences, and ascription of responsibility with the context of the natural environment protection, whereas in the second the same variables were connected with helping people in general. The findings show that the norm activation model may be applied as a mediator model for explaining intention to engage in shop charity. Both tested models were positively verified — all relations but one were proven to be statistically significant. The only relation which turned out to be statistically insignificant was the relation between awareness of consequences and personal norm. The results show that environmental context increased the strength of the relations between the analyzed variables.
The article aims to present the concept of value-based medicine (VBM) in the Polish health care system. The author reviewed the literature on the subject and formulated a research problem and two research questions to solve it. The issue of considering is health programs of the National Health Fund based on value. The author used professional scientific databases: Taylor & Francis online, PubMed, and Google Scholar to collect the bibliography. The literature on the subject covers mainly the years 2020–2022. First, the author presented the study’s theoretical framework by defining the EBM and VBM concepts, discussing the three main pillars of VBM, and highlighting its value limitations. Next, the author referred to the coronavirus pandemic and its impact on global health systems. The author characterized the current state of the health care system in Poland and listed its prospects for the post-pandemic future. Finally, the author presented three selected health programs based on the VBM model implemented in Polish healthcare: comprehensive coordinated care after myocardial infarction (KOS‑Zawał), POZ PLUS model, and comprehensive treatment of chronic wounds (KLRP-1 and KLRP-2). Of course, the discussed programs require further improvement and modification and may constitute the basis for developing other, new value-based programs. The value-based medicine model can complement the three branches of medicine — evidence-based, narrative, and integrative. Including these elements in the VBM model could benefit the entire health system, primarily medical staff and patients.
Keywords: business model (BM); canvas model; cooperation network; start-up; innovation;
The aim of this paper is two-fold. It focuses on the identification of crucial elements of the business model for the development of start-ups and for their potential to create innovation, as well as the influence of network cooperation on the components of their business model. The canvas model is used to illustrate the research outputs. Additionally, the research aimed at identifying what start-ups expect from the networks in which they exist (e.g., technological parks) in terms of creating appropriate conditions supporting innovations. The study was done using three expert panels in which 28 start-ups participated. The research and its results are qualitative and are presented as a case study. The research was conducted by the authors in 2019 and concerns start-ups participating in cooperation networks, but its results could be interesting not only for start-ups, but also for everyone interested in the issues of cooperation between various entities and its potential to stimulate innovation.
Service turnover structures in selected Central European countries between 2015–2021: An analysis
Author(s): Michał Niewiadomski,Agata Niemczyk,Paweł Zamora / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 3/2022
Keywords: high technology services; COVID-19; Central and Eastern Europe;
Services constitute an important part of the economy. From an economic development standpoint, one of the most meaningful groups is high technology services. This study diagnoses changes of turnover in services structure. The spatial scope covers Central and Eastern European countries, the time range — the years 2015–2021. The article is theoretical and analytical in nature. Research methods typical for this type of studies were used: critical literature of the subject analysis and investigation of published empirical secondary data conducted with decision tree method.
Commercial brands are increasingly running campaigns supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance in response to social events, trends, and expectations related to social responsibility. By conducting such campaigns, brands try to pursue social and marketing objectives. The pandemic period was associated with increased problems and strengthening of social trends regarding self-acceptance and self-esteem. Therefore, the importance of actions related to these issues is of particular social relevance today. The pandemic conditions may have been reflected in the content and features of advertising campaigns and the associated consumer expectations and attitudes. In recent studies, far too little attention has been paid to intentional supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance in commercial brand campaigns. The article responds to an identified need for research concerning key messages and characteristic features of contemporary self-esteem advertisements, which may be linked to the specific social context. The important research issue is also the marketing and social value of advertising supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance. The article aims to identify key messages and features of commercial brand campaigns created during the pandemic that support self-esteem and self-acceptance. It also attempts to assess such campaigns in terms of their social and marketing value. These objectives were accomplished by using qualitative and quantitative methods. The research procedure involved three stages: desk research based on studies from the pandemic period regarding self-acceptance and self-esteem issues, a collective case study of campaigns of three brands supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance and a diagnostic survey using an online questionnaire on the consumer perception of such campaigns and their value judgments resulting from expectations, motives, and impact assessments. The research is placed in the context of a pandemic, but the trends identified, key messages and features of the self-esteem campaigns, and assessment dimensions may remain relevant in the future.
Competitiveness of cities in the post-pandemic time: The perspectives of residents and tourists
Author(s): Aleksandra Sztuk / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 3/2022
Keywords: city image; territorial marketing; pandemic; tourism; society;
The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked an unprecedented crisis in the globalized, modern economy. Cities actively promoting their image faced the challenge of maintaining a positive perception of the place and modifying their offers due to massive coronavirus infections. As a time of gradual stabilization, the post-pandemic period requires cities to introduce or continue appropriate changes in their marketing strategy to ensure competitiveness to the effects of the pandemic. This paper aims to present selected changes in the city offers addressed to residents and tourists during the pandemic and to determine how these changes may affect the city’s image as one of the factors of competitiveness. A review of literature and research published in the years 2021–2022 was used, presenting solutions implemented by cities to maintain a positive image, demand, and stakeholder satisfaction. Examples of changes applied by territorial units are described from the perspective of two primary target groups of the cities: residents and tourists. Based on the analyzed secondary data, the author notes an increase in the interest of local communities in nearby tourist destinations and the need to transform marketing messages that encourage residents to engage in local tourism. Among some of the city’s recipients there was also more attention given to the use of coworking spaces. Also, a positive impact of temporary urban planning on community participation in urban marketing was observed. Referring to the literature related to the city image, these changes can directly affect the competitiveness of cities and support the gradual economic recovery after the crisis caused by the global pandemic.
Keywords: secondary education; efficiency; public expenses; DEA; Malmquist index interregional comparison;
Research on the efficiency of public spending on the education sector hardly addresses the territorial distribution of educational attainment. This paper tries to fill in the gap by verifying whether the analysis of spatial differentiation of educational attainment could provide crucial information on the financial policy in this sphere and assess the impact of the socio-economic factors upon the education level evaluated through school tests. Our article aims to identify the relationship between spending on public education and the degree of educational attainment and inter-regional inequality in Poland. The research results showed that the spatial approach should not be ignored when assessing the relationship between public education expenditure and the degree of educational achievement. We note that the applied public financing of second-level education in Poland does not reduce regional disparities in education but maintains them at a constant level.
This article discusses elements of criminal vocabulary (criminal dialect) that appear in the statements of people serving prison sentences in Poland and Great Britain. A fundamental difficulty in the process of researching criminal vocabulary is access to reliable sources of research material. The literature on the subject points in particular to the lack of studies in the given area. In the case of the prison environment, some characteristic words or phrases of the criminal subculture may penetrate into the colloquial language. Some, especially young people, fascinated by criminal life, the underworld, pride themselves on knowing the criminal dialect and are freely using it. Phrases of the prison dialect often appear in musical works performed by rappers, which testifies to its pervasion behind the "prison walls".
Intrigues are a tool of purposeful and hidden, or more precisely – concealed influence of the social environment of the addressee of the intrigue, e.g. of a selected person. The roots of intrigue as a way of influencing interpersonal relationships for the purpose of fulfilling someone´s idea can already be found in the prehistoric human population. Ultimately, the goal of the intriguer is to obtain a certain profit for itself by a targeted social “shutdown” of the addressee of the intrigue. It is in the interest of the intriguer to remain anonymous. The basis of intrigue lies in the effort of the intriguer to influence many recipients of the intrigue while contravening morals. An intriguer tries to influence an individual or a group of people forming specific environment anonymously and “behind the scenes”. This is what makes the defence against intriguers and intrigues so difficult. The danger of intrigue bringing social disruption, moral and material damage, the breakdown of interpersonal relationships and their disintegration is imminent not for large groups of people only, but also to the work team and the individual. The current role of the state is to rid the intriguers of their social positions and influence and eliminate their position at all levels of governance.
PROJECTIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN POLAND BASED ON LABOUR MARKET TRENDS
Author(s): Anna Dziurny / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2022
Keywords: Educational System; Labour Market Trends; Education; Development;
In the article "Projections of the educational system in Poland based on labor market trends. The article "Forecasts of the educational system in Poland based on the labour market trends" presents the changes that have occurred in recent years, as well as development trends have been occurring in the education system in Poland and on the labour market. The text presents determinants which influence the education system and the market. It also shows the developmental trends have been selected on the basis of the analysis of education and the labor market. It should also be added that these are changes that have been observed for many years, as well as those that have occurred recently.
MARTIN HEIDEGGER AND HIS UNCOVERING OF THE ESSENCE AND SENSE OF BEING
Author(s): Miroslav Gejdoš / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2022
Keywords: Martin Heidegger; man; education; pedagogy;
Martin Heideggerv. He studied theology, later philosophy. The most important work-1927-Being and Time. The author of the study returns to the question of being - which is the basic question of the whole of philosophy, pedagogy, anthropology and other related sciences. Fundamental ontology = the current philosophy took place in the forgetfulness of being before everything in some way is, was. The author points out that Heideger is interested in being the being himself, that he is. Being is the most general concept and therefore indefinable. We gradually explain this problem.
This article presents the assumptions of bloodstain pattern analysis as forensic science. Thanks to its application, it is possible to carry out better DNA genetic research, aiming to reconstruct the event. The article is based on literature research, the study of criminal case files and the author's personal experience as an expert witness. The paper aims to create a scientific discussion about the proper documentation and prioritisation of blood traces for genetic testing.
DETERMINANTS OF ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF BIG DATA AND CLOUD COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS CONDUCTED FOR CYBERCRIME ISSUES OCCURRED IN THE PERIOD FROM MAY 2017 TO FEBRUARY 2019
Author(s): Sylwia Gwoździewicz,Dariusz Prokopowicz / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2022
Keywords: cybersecurity of ICT networks and systems; security of data transfer; Big Data systems; information technology; cybercrime; cyber-attacks;
Currently, the process of improving techniques ensuring a certain level of security of internet data transfer is underway. The procedures for secure processing and sharing of information are improved. The continuation of these processes is the improvement of security systems for data transfer on the Internet carried out by permanently updating and adapting the risk management process of IT systems to the constantly changing ICT and Industry 4.0 technologies. For the purposes of the subject discussed in this study, the authors presented the results of research in the field of sentiment analytics in the Big Data database system. In the field of sentiment analysis of issues regarding the security of data transfer on the Internet, the term ransomware was chosen. Research on sentiment analysis of the ransomware term was conducted from June 2017 to February 2019.
AN ANALYSIS ON SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT, AS A STIMULUS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA. (1988-2018)
Author(s): Adedoyin Temilade Akinola / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2022
Keywords: savings; investment; economic growth;
The purpose of this study is to analyse savings and investment as a stimulus to economic growth in Nigeria. This study employ the Ex- post facto research design to analyse savings and investment as a stimulus to economic growth in Nigeria. The regression method using secondary data was employed and the approach used was the Granger Causality test, Unit root test and cointegration. The research findings from the unit root test depicts that the variables are a mixture of stationary and non-stationary variables. The research findings from the cointegration test revealed that there is no longrun relationship between gross domestic savings, gross capita formation and economic growth. The findings from the Granger Causality shows that there is a unidirectional relationship between Investment and economic growth. Similarly, the study found out that there exist a unidirectional relationship between savings and investment. The paper also found out that there exist a positive relationship between economic growth and savings, while there is a negative relationship between economic growth and investment. This study is original / valuable because it help us to know that that savings is a stimulus to economic growth in Nigeria while investment is a detriment to economic growth in Nigeria.
Motivation to work is an essential element that entrepreneurs want to influence. The top level contributes to a higher efficiency of the company and to the creation of a competitive advantage in the market. Looking at younger and younger groups of workers, it can be seen that their demands on employers in terms of job motivation principles and tools are changing. This article refers to generation Z, i. e. persons born after 1995 and entering the labour market. The cognitive aim of this article is to understand the prerequisites for the work motivation of the representatives of Generation Z. Its utilitarian aim is to answer the question of how many representatives of the generation are candidates for the precarious and accept this way of life and work.
ACHIEVING SDG 8: DECENT WORK AND OLD PENSION SECURITY NEXUS IN GHANA
Author(s): Steve Asirifi Yeboah / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2022
Keywords: Decent Work; Social Security; Pension; Sustainable Development Goal;
Jobs are pivotal in the economic and social development as well as providing the bases for better standard of living. This paper will thus, assess the concept of Decent work and its relevance to contemporary times that is, its contribution to economic development and future of all persons. The paper will zoom in on Ghana’s road to achieving all-inclusiveness and job creation goal of the SDG. Goal 8 of the Sustainable Development Goal suggest the creation of decent jobs for all and its contribution to economic growth and sustainable development. An analysis will be done with the intent to understand social security and the pension system of Ghana. It is imperative that we understand the Pensions Act, Act 766, with specific interest in old age pension benefit. In the final analysis, the paper will provide evidence of a nexus between decent work and a secured old pension.
UNDISCLOSED (INVISIBLE) ASSETS, INTELLECTUAL (HUMAN) CAPITAL.THE ESSENCE, AND THE NEED AND METHODS OF ANALYSES
Author(s): Dariusz Poniewierka,Piotr Stolarczyk / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2022
Keywords: Intellectual capital; human capital; structural capital; undisclosed assets; invisible assets; methods of analyses; customary financial analysis of a business and intellectual capital;
Even though there are many existing definitions of intellectual capital, there is still much scope for individual interpretations of that which is intellectual capital and that which it consists of. The aim of the article is not to propose a novel, further definition, but to assess the problem from the aspect of an analyst (specifically, external) who conducts financial analyses of businesses. It is important that the person knows different opinions on the issue that result from different definitions, and above all that the person knows what determines that in an analysed business there are components of undisclosed (invisible) assets. There is a brief discussion of the four most popular methods of valuing intellectual capital that can be used by an external analyst and an indication of the disadvantages of them. There is also an indication of the effect and importance that an analysis of intellectual capital has on the final result of a financial analysis of a business.
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