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EMPOWERMENT IN MENTAL HEALTH: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE, OPERATIONAL PERSPECTIVES FOR USER SELF-DETERMINATION

Author(s): Gabriela Kelemen,Mihaela Gavrilă-Ardelean,Basile Tudoce,Samira Salime,Deloyer Jocelyn,Christine Maes,Marguerita Moraitou,Catalin Nache,Jacques Pondaven,David Munuera,Claudio Fuenzalida / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: mental health; self-determination; reintegration; social inclusion; dignity;

Health is the most important component of human life, and mental health even more so; the quality of mental health depends on the way individuals understand social relationships, manage to integrate in the family, in the group of friends, in the community, in social life. The European project KA202 - Strategic Partnerships for vocational education and training (Empow'Them) aims to develop an innovative methodology, which offers continuous, non-disruptive, free training addressed to all professionals. The project is a plea for the important role of self-determination in the recovery and reintegration of people suffering from various mental illnesses. This idea is in line with the Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2020 (WHO, 2013) and the European Commission Green Paper of 2005, which states that self-determination and empowerment of people with mental disorders are fundamental concepts in mental health to improve social inclusion. Self-determination is seen to act as a catalyst for beneficiaries' ability to make decisions about their own lives, remobilize, take responsibility for their choices and become full citizens, regardless of the illness. The project represents a reflection, search and implementation of viable solutions to support people in a vulnerable moment of their lives. The "Empow'Them" project is consistent with the actions supported by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN, 2008), as it aims to contribute to the respect and dignity of people affected by mental illness through professional practices that support their individual freedom.

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CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON TEACHER MENTORING

Author(s): Liana Crisan-Tàusan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: teacher mentoring; modern educational paradigms; initial training of teachers; the mentor's role; instructive-educational process;

From the perspective of the ideas promoted by modern educational paradigms, the role and activity of the mentor teacher must converge with them, both in terms of carrying out the practical educational activity by the mentor teacher and in terms of advising beginning teachers or the students/pupils carrying out their pedagogical practice. How they carry out the mentoring activity and how they coordinate and direct the didactic activities of the beginning teachers or students are essential factors in their initial training with an impact on their future didactic activity. A current, modern perspective of the mentor regarding the elements of the educational process, regarding its procedural teaching-learning-evaluation, will support the shaping of an appropriate, up-to-date vision for the mentored individuals, which will be reflected in their own teaching activities. The quality of the teacher mentoring activity is conditioned not only by the characteristics that define the profile of a competent mentor (pedagogical expertise, interpersonal skills, communication, the ability to provide constructive feedback, to ensure proper management of lessons, etc.) but also by the implementation in the educational practice and the mentoring activity of the trends of modern educational paradigms. In correlation with the abovementioned ideas regarding the development of the teaching mentoring activity following the characteristics of modern educational paradigms, we investigated the opinion of a group of teachers in pre-university education regarding the importance of carrying out the teacher mentoring activity and the didactic activity in general in agreement with the trends in the evolution of didactics and current paradigms.

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THE VERSATILITY OF THE MEANINGS OF CONTINUITY

Author(s): Valentina Pascari / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: continuity; principles; system; sistematization; systemic learning; evolution; succession; lifelong learning; continuity mechanisms

In the article “Versality of the meanings of continuity”a selective presentation of the phenomenon of the continuity of modern debates on the functional character of education is made. The scientific crossing of the concept of continuity in pedagogy, in search of its applicative essence, generates a vision that includes as much of the space of the respective phenomenon as possible. Approaching the problem in the title, we do not have a polemical intention in mind, but we want to show why we need to return to this problem, which is actually not a new one. The phenomenon of continuity is examined from various perspectives, from which the idea of a complex process emerges, namely: connection, system, principle, process, legitimacy, requirements, conditions, factors, functions. In order to illustrate some dimensions of continuity in learning, a complex pedagogical experiment was carried out, from which we present a sequence aimed at the initial level of development of children's specific formations within preschool education, based on a technological ensemble of the functionality of integrity -continuity

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THE REALITY OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ALGERIA

Author(s): Ghezal Meriem,Taleb Soumya Chahinez / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: women entrepreneurs; small and medium enterprises; economic development

The role of women entrepreneurs is important in economic improvement of the country, because one idea can change many persons’ lives in a positive path, through the small and medium enterprises, where the government sought to developed strategies and policies to support the female entrepreneurs to establish their business activities. The data were collected from the Algerian Agency for Support and Development of Entrepreneurship, and the questionnaire was designed from a random sample of women entrepreneurs, according to the number of women enterprises in Algeria, to study their contribution, and the different factors that impact on their decision to create their own projects, using spss and warp pls in the analysis. As a result of this study, the value of (Cronbach's α=0.970) confirms that there is impact of women entrepreneurship on economic development through their enterprises and they are able to achieve this through the environment surrounding them.

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START-UP AND PATENT DEGREES INITIATIVE IN ALGERIA: SUPPORTING BUSINESS INNOVATION AND CREATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Author(s): Farid Belgoum,Nawel Benessalah / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: start-up; innovation; university incubators; entrepreneurship; Algeria

Government support policies today stake on the role of the university as a source of economic and social prosperity. The latest Algerian initiative to promote for star-up creation and innovation, namely in the fields of advanced technologies, put together the institutions of higher education, the Algerian start-up Fund, and the multiple research labs and business accelerators to give the students on the verge of finishing their studies, whether at the under-graduate (bachelor) level or the post-graduate (master and doctorate) level, the opportunity to start and found their own business start-up. This study aims to evaluate the practices of creation of start-ups in the university through a practical study on the mechanisms followed by the University of Oran 2 in order to accompany the students of different specialties. The creation of a business environment (training program, agreement with companies, workshops, competitions, financing...) from the university gives very satisfactory results, and the students get more and more involved in the business world.

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INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR COMMUNICATION IN DIGITAL LEARNING

Author(s): Rumyana Antova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: learning; digital environment; pedagogical communication; educational resources

Over the past few decades, our society has become more and more global. Electronic communication, thanks to the digitization of the majority of processes in society, eliminates distance as a barrier to interpersonal informal and formal communication. Education, regardless of the form of training in which it takes place, will continue to be digitized. It is quite natural that pedagogical communication changes in the direction of greater digitalization. This is not a replacement of the traditional pedagogical methods of communication, it is an enrichment and expansion of the possibilities for its implementation. When activities in all other spheres of economic and social life are digitized and a large part of communication is carried out electronically, education must also is being digitized. What's more, digitization should be first of all there - in education, because it provides the basis for the development of all areas of science, economy, politics.

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EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF INTERBANK COMPETITION AND DIRECTIONS FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT

Author(s): George Abuselidze,Salome Dumbadze / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: interbank competition; economic shocks; concentration ratio

The current economic processes in Georgia had a significant impact on the banking market. In the dynamics of certain period, a number of commercial banks faced the problem of financial stability, to eliminate which it was necessary to mobilize additional monetary resources. It is important to analyze the difficult financial and economic situation in the country, which to a certain extent has caused significant changes in the banking sector. This situation has put the creation of a competitive environment on the agenda in the banking market as an important actor for maintaining the stability and economic sustainability of the financial sector. It should be noted that the current situation in the banking market was somewhat positively reflected, as national banks began to provide a competitive environment. The existence of a healthy competitive environment is ultimately a prerequisite for the development of a developed and financially sustainable competitive banking sector. The paper discusses the data reflected in the banking market over the last 5 years, on the basis of which we conducted an in-depth study and studied the interbank competitive environment. We have calculated interbank competition by means of relevant indices, and suggestions for its improvement are offered in the paper.

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THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AND “THE GREAT RECESSION”

Author(s): Maria Papadima / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: economic crisis; economic cycles; financial crisis 2008; causes

Economic crises are common as instability is an inherent feature of the economic system. The purpose of the following paper is to present the impact the financial crisis in 2008 had on the worldwide markets and economies. A bibliographic review of the subject is presented to provide the reader with more integrated knowledge about the conceptual framework of the economic crisis. Special emphasis is given to the content of the economic crisis, the causal factors that contribute to the outbreak of the economic crises and the effects that they may have, as well as the different types of economic crises to come to the impactful financial crisis in 2008. Finally, an attempt is made to research the origins and the key events that triggered its beginning and spread to the whole world.

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ANALYSIS OF THE INFLATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

Author(s): Biljana Tasheva / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: inflation; economic growth; energy crisis; Republic of North Macedonia; Republic of Bulgaria

As a consequence of global instability, the economy of almost all countries of the world has significantly deteriorated. The outbreak of war between Russia and Ukraine has led to an even bigger energy crisis and high import inflation. The policies of most countries are proving to be inadequate and ineffective. From that aspect, the purpose of this research is to analyze the situation with inflation movements and economic growth in the Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria in 2022 (Q2). From the research, it has been determined that in the analyzed period, in both analyzed countries, economic activity has decreased, economic growth has slowed down, on the contrary, inflation has accelerated further, and external debt has increased. Constant analyzes of macroeconomic trends contribute to vigilant monitoring of the current situation, hence the adoption of appropriate domestic policies and proper management of enterprises from the energy sector.

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THE INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC DEMOGRAPHICS IN ISRAEL ON THE PERCEPTION OF CSR OF MEGA COMPANIES

Author(s): Tamir Rozental / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: corporate social responsibility; public perception; Israel; education; ages; occupation; gender

The article was written as part of a study that focused on the public perception of corporate social responsibility in Israel. Israel is a relatively young country operating in the world market and multiple mega-corporations have a major impact on its local production, its currency value and the formation of the labor market of its residents. The goal of the study is to bring a better understanding of CSR effect, to improve both the implementation and the volume of social activities, as a beneficial action for both the society and the corporation.The article describes the public perception that the Israeli public has regarding the corporate social responsibility of mega companies in Israel, according to a demographic cross-section that includes ages, education, income, size of locality and more.

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GOOD PRACTICES IN HOTEL BRANDING – SUSTAINABILITY TRENDS OF INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL GROUP

Author(s): Veselin Stoimenov / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: hotel branding; sustainable development; good practices

The branding strategy has been used by hospitality companies for many years. Recently, the positioning of a hotel or hotel chain as a company that follows an active sustainable development policy has been particularly successful. One of the reasons behind branding is to reach different segments and create customer loyalty. Branding plays a crucial role in maintaining a long-term relationship with the guest. Guest loyalty is very important for hospitality companies because loyal guests are more profitable and less price sensitive. The firm commitments of a company that has already created loyalty among its customers make demand even more inelastic. This study makes a review and analyses good practices in hotel branding. The subject of the study is sustainable development in hotel branding. The object of discussion are the good practices of IHG in this area. The strategy of the Intercontinental Hotel Group has been analysed based on its sustainable development program. The company is investing colossal sums to improve its digital presence and to make the general public aware of its sustainable commitments and good practices. Few hotel chains, even of IHG's stature, publish so much information about these commitments and actual progress of their implementation.

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BEING A WOMAN IN ACADEMIA: RESEARCH IN THE CONTEXT OF CAREER EXPERIENCES

Author(s): Fidan Bural Yayla,Mustafa Yildirim / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: gender; female academics; career barrier;

This study was carried out to understand why women academics, who are adequately represented and have an advantageous position, are subject to various obstacles. Methods: In the research, phenomenological research design – one of the qualitative research methods – was used. The research’s study group consisted of 20 female faculty members, including three research assistants, six teaching assistants, six assistant professors, two associate professors and three professors working in various cities in Turkey. The branches of the participants and the institutions they work vary. The study group was determined by using the snowball sampling method. In this study, a semi-structured interview type was used. As a data collection tool, a semi-structured interview form was prepared by the researcher. Results: After, expert opinions were taken, and final corrections were made and used as a data collection tool. As a result of the research, the obstacles that female academics face in their work lives, the reasons for these obstacles and the coping strategies that female academics have developed to cope with these obstacles have been revealed. Conclusions: The results of the research indicate that even academics, who have a status in society and require a high level of education, are exposed to various career barriers. Therefore, it is possible to say that gender discrimination affects all women regardless of their status and education level, albeit at different levels and forms.

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COMPETITIVENESS OF POLISH DAIRY PRODUCTS IN THE OPINION OF MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL

Author(s): Piotr Bórawski,Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska,Andrzej Parzonko,Tomasz Rokicki,Lisa Holden / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: milk; milk product; imports; exports; balance; dairy managers;

In this paper we aim to recognize competitiveness of Polish dairy products by surveying managerial personnel in dairy companies. The opinions of dairy plant managers on dairy product diversification constitutes a valid research problem. The study was conducted in 100 dairy companies in Poland in 2021. An online questionnaire was initially designed for surveying all dairy plants in Poland (163). However, the survey proved to be problematic, and the study was ultimately carried out with the personal involvement of the research team. The results were processed and presented with the use of tabular, graphic, and descriptive methods. To check if COVID-19 pandemic had impact on competitiveness we used the logit model. The respondents evaluated dairy products, variations in product prices, determinants of product success, product-related activities, and other factors. Dairy products received the highest scores for quality, demand, and brand on a scale of 1-5 points. Production, marketing, and reputation were regarded as the key determinants of market success.. We wanted to recognize which factors decrease the negative impact of COVID-19 in Polish dairy enterprises. We found that it was ease of shopping, use of transport companies and competition in the sector.

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DIFFERENTIATION OF THE LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AND SEMI-URBAN MUNICIPALITIES OF THE WIELKOPOLSKIE VOIVODESHIP IN 2004–2020

Author(s): Iwona Pomianek / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: socio-economic local development; spatial differentiation; LAU-2; Wielkopolskie; Poland;

Aim: The study aims to identify the spatial diversity and possible concentrations of the 207 rural and semiurban municipalities of the Wielkopolskie voivodeship (Poland) regarding their level of socio-economic development. Methodology: Measuring the local development requires the use of several variables due to its multidimensional character. The Hellwig development measure was used, which is one of methods of multidimensional analysis. The LAU-2 administrative units were ranked according to the level of socio-economic development. The research period covers the years 2004–2020, i.e. from the year of Poland’s accession to the European Union until the end of the previous financial perspective. The variables used in the study concerned the main spheres of local development: demography, social activity, labour market, infrastructure, entrepreneurship, and local finance. Results: Rankings constructed for 3 periods – 2004, 2012 and 2020 – made it possible to observe the improvement in the level of development of municipalities surrounding the main city of the Wielkopolskie voivodeship, Poznań, whereas municipalities located peripherally in the eastern part of the voivodeship were characterised by a low or very low socio-economic development level. Conclusions:A positive impact of the city on the surrounding rural area can be noticed, complementing its functions by locating enterprises in areas with lower rents and taxes as well as settling people commuting to the city every day to work. On the other hand, peripheral municipalities were characterised by some undiscovered or unexploited development potential, including tourist attractions.

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COMPLEMENTARITY OF BILATERAL TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN POLAND AND UKRAINE

Author(s): Bohdan Semak,Serhiy Semiv / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: complementarity; bilateral trade relations; Polish-Ukrainian trade cooperation; strategic partnership; comparative advantages; competitiveness;

Poland and Ukraine and to substantiate on its basis the priority areas of further mutually beneficial cooperation built on the principles of complementarity and strategic partnership. The authors of the article applied a comprehensive approach to the analysis of bilateral trade relations between Poland and Ukraine, in particular, the Trade Complementarity Index (CI) and the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) were used in the analysis. The statistical data of the State Statistics Service (Ukraine), WTO, Ministerstwo rozwoju i tekhnologii (Poland) and Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Poland) were the sources for the calculations. The trends in the development of bilateral trade relations between Poland and Ukraine were analyzed on the basis of statistical information. The main prerequisites that form the basis of mutually beneficial Polish-Ukrainian economic cooperation have been identified. It is proposed to use a complex methodical approach in the process of analyzing the complementarity of bilateral relations, in particular through the use of the complementarity index and the index of revealed comparative advantages. The dynamics and product structure of export-import trade between Poland and Ukraine are analyzed. The main differences between the structure of Polish imports to Ukraine and Ukrainian exports to Poland have been revealed. A conclusion was made about the high level of optimality and balance of bilateral relations, the existence of mutual dependence both in terms of imports and exports. The conducted analysis proved the fact that trade between Poland and Ukraine is symmetrical and equal, which makes trade relations mutually attractive. Indicators of revealed comparative advantages within the framework of bilateral cooperationbetween Poland and Ukraine were calculated. Calculations showed that Ukraine has the highest comparative advantages in foreign trade in such goods as ferrous metals, ores, slag and ashes, fats and oils of vegetable or animal origin, furniture, wood and wood products, edible fruits and nuts. Instead, Poland achieves the highest level of comparative advantages in the supply to the Ukrainian market of ground transport means (except railways), plastics and polymer materials, nuclear reactors, boilers and machines, fertilizers, mineral fuels, products of oil distillation, printing products, rubber and rubber products, electric machines and equipment. The economic, organizational and institutional components of the perspectivemodel and priorities for the development of bilateral Polish-Ukrainian trade relations in the conditions of сurrent global challenges are substantiated. The most important strategic priorities for the development of foreign trade relations between Poland and Ukraine in the near future are proposed, namely: creation of a system for monitoring the complementarity of bilateral foreign trade relations between Poland and Ukraine; implementation and comprehensive support of interstate agreements on the development of mutually beneficial trade in complementary goods, including on a barter basis; supporting the development of complementary exports and imports in the sectors of small and medium-sized business, smallscale production, in particular on the basis of production cooperation; support of complementary foreign trade relations not only at the level of industries, but also of individual regions of Poland and Ukraine, in particular within the framework of cross-border cooperation; further improvement of the system of consulting support for exporters in Poland and Ukraine, assistance in entering foreign markets and in the process of searching foreign partners. It was concluded that the development of complementary trade relations should be transformed into joint projects of Polish-Ukrainian production cooperation with the aim of joint production and supply of competitive products and services to the domestic and global markets.

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PROSUMER BEHAVIOR RELATED TO HOUSEHOLDING IN THE ASSESSMENT OF RESPONDENTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN POLAND

Author(s): Paulina Trębska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: prosumption; consumer behaviour; household; COVID-19 pandemic;

The aim of the article was to assess consumer behavior in terms of various forms of prosumer activity on the market of goods and services related to running a household during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. In order to explore the subject, a direct study was conducted using the diagnostic survey method using the CAWI survey technique. The research was carried out in July 2022. During the research, various types of prosumer activities of households were defined, these were activities related to food production, simple household chores, but also tasks requiring certain skills or expertise. During the data analysis, the prosumer behavior within the household was grouped into five areas and the individual prosumption index was calculated for the surveyed households. Then, the obtained results were analyzed for correlation with the variables describing the characteristics of households, i.e. place of residence, income, the number of children under 14 in the household, the total number of household members, and the fact of being in quarantine. Statistical, descriptive and comparative methods were used. Research shows that consumers are very active in the field of prosumption during the COVID-19 pandemic and plan to continue prosumer activities in the future.

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THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON PURCHASING CHICKEN MEAT ONLINE (A CASE STUDY OF INDONESIAN CONSUMERS)

Author(s): Silvia Dewi Sagita Andik,Joanna Rakowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: chicken meat; consumer behavior; COVID-19; Indonesia; Online Purchasing;

Aim: This study analyses the characteristics of consumers who purchased chicken meat through online shopping channels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Respondents were asked how often they purchase chicken meat online, the types of chicken meat they purchased, and the main reason they purchase chicken meat online. Method: A total of 108 respondents completed the questionnaire through an online survey from August to September 2020. Non-parametric tests were applied to process the data. Results: The results show that in terms of purchasing chicken meat online, the majority of Indonesian consumers have shifted to online purchasing due to the outbreak of COVID-19. Young people, people with adequate income, the level of education, and gender have an impact on the frequency of purchasing chicken meat online. Conclusions: Most consumers shifted to purchasing chicken meat online during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in terms of sociodemographic factors, male consumers and young people are more concerned about the delivery procedure. The research provides evidence that Indonesian consumers shifted to the online purchasing of chicken meat during the COVID-19 pandemic, which means consumers adapted to the new situation.

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CHANGE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM IN THE ORGANIZATION IN CRISIS CONDITIONS

Author(s): Natalia Fedynets / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: changes; crisis; change management; change management mechanism;

Changes in the organization are inevitable. Changes can be planned or unplanned, the need for their implementation can arise spontaneously. The aim of making changes in the organization is dissatisfaction with the existing state of affairs, indicators of its activity. Most changes are planned by the organization, some changes are carried out urgently, and some can be delayed. A crisis is an important indicator that always determines the need for changes. Changes caused by the crisis conditions of business operation need to be implemented as soon as possible. Postponing the implementation of changes in crisis conditions for a significant period of time negatively affects the indicators of the organization's activity and operational processes. Apart from the theoretical definition of change management this paper aims to define an effective change management mechanism in crisis conditions.

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DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVATION OF RISK MANAGEMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE IN MARTIAL LAW AND POST-WAR CONDITIONS

Author(s): Olena Vynogradova,Nina Drokina,Alina Zakharzhevska / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: risk; risk management; telecommunications enterprises; martial law; Ukraine;

Aim: The aim of the research was to determine the risks of telecommunications enterprises in Ukraine in martial law and post-war conditions. Methods: During the writing of the article, scientific research methods were used – namely: dialectical, analysis and synthesis, generalization and specification, monographic; forecasting and abstraction; systematic; factorial, statistical analysis; the abstract method, methods of system analysis, and a systems approach. Results: The authors analyzed the changes and systematized the specific risks of telecommunications enterprises in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author’s definition of the concept of the “activation of risk management of telecommunications enterprises” was proposed, taking into account the specifics of risks in the field of telecommunications. Conclusions: The article builds a triangle of directions of activation of risk management of telecommunications enterprises, which are interconnected and cover the stages of the risk management process that relate to management functions. Based on the obtained results, recommendations were presented for the risk management mechanism of the telecommunications enterprise.

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SHRINKING RURAL AREAS AS DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEM AREAS – THE EXAMPLE OF POLAND AND AUSTRIA

Author(s): Agnieszka Wojewódzka-Wiewiórska,Klaus Wagner / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: depopulation; problem areas; rural areas; demographic potential;

Aim: The work focuses on demographic problem areas perceived as important types of problem zones. The study aimed to identify rural demographic problem areas in Poland and Austria. Methods: The study covered rural areas identified based on the DEGURBA classification. Data from statistical offices in both countries for the years 2002–2018 was used. When identifying demographic problem areas, changes in the population and the development of selected demographic indicators were taken into account, for which their limit values were set (decisive for including a territorial unit <LAU 2> in a problem area). Results: The studied countries differ in the intensity of depopulation and spatial extent. In both countries, it was found that the number of problematic phenomena increases with the decrease in the rural population. In Poland, 4% of communes classified as rural areas were recognized as problem areas, while in Austria, problem areas covered 9% of communes. Conclusions: The demographic potential is closely related to the socio-economic development of rural areas, which for many communes in the surveyed countries may constitute a barrier to their development in the future.

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