Spatial Information Management in Creating of Digital Atlas of Moldova

Spatial Information Management in Creating of Digital Atlas of Moldova

Author(s): Ioana Chiriac,Livia Nistor-Lopatenco,Ana Vlasenco / Language(s): English / Issue: 32/2022

Keywords: Digital Atlas; GIS technology; geodatabase; thematic map; geospatial data; school atlases;

The article presents theoretical-experimental argumentation of the methodology for creating digital geographic atlas for schools of Moldova using GIS technologies. The theoretical part of the argumentation includes the development of the structure of the geodatabase. In this part is described the mathematical basis of the database, used for maps of Moldova and a list of features classes for thematic maps. The experimental part of the argumentation includes description of the process of geodatabase creation, collection, processing, and presentation of geospatial data. In the final part of the article, some of the thematic maps of the Atlas are presented.

Lexicon of grammatical-semantic features: discontinuity

Lexicon of grammatical-semantic features: discontinuity

Author(s): Miloslav Vondráček / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: grammatical category; grammeme; grammatical-semantic property; grammeme; grammatical-semantic feature; gramm; compatibility

The contribution represents a fragment of an intended Lexicon of grammatical-semantic features. It presents only very general properties as components of grammatical categories and the results of their presence or non-presence for category value interpretation and for (in)compatibility of language means. Grammatical features of a lexical unit can be described with the help of the tagset, i.e., analytical morphological label. Similarly, it is possible to describe a complete grammeme on the principle of fractals, including inner structure of each grammatical category and their values with the help of sets of grammatical-semantic properties. Grammatical-semantic properties bound on lexical forms are not isolated from lexical-semantic features: the first can be considered as a result of grammaticalization of the latter. From the chosen point of view, the construction of grammar from a semantic basis seems to be as a multi-level phenomenon to such a level in which grammatical-semantic properties are based on similarity and contrast in the area of lexical-semantic properties.

Where Czech meets math: Implicative-causal relations in mathematical word problems

Where Czech meets math: Implicative-causal relations in mathematical word problems

Author(s): Milada Hirschová,Naďa Vondrová / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: implicative-causal relation; word problem as a text type; conversational implicature; formulaic stereotypy

The paper deals with the functioning of if-clauses in mathematical word problems and with their equivalents. First, the nature of a word problem as a text type is shown. Further, the difference between complex sentences with proper implicative-causal relation and a lay use of conditional clauses is examined. As its main goal, the paper presents a comparison of various instances of conditional clauses in mathematics word problems. Also, it shows the role of formulaic stereotypy and conventional assumptions in word problem texts as an integral part of both the mathematical and the communicative competence

Selected grammatical categories in the Czech language as understood by non–Czech speaking students

Selected grammatical categories in the Czech language as understood by non–Czech speaking students

Author(s): Kateřina Žvaková / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Teaching elementary Czech to university students is a challenging task. Given the profound complexity and numerous exceptions found in the Czech language system, a balance between oversimplification on the one hand and overwhelming students on the other hand needs to be sought. The objective of this study is to find out whether and to what extent do beginner Czech learners understand how selected grammatical categories work in Czech. The results imply that more attention should be paid to word formation processes as insufficient understanding of them was identified not only in students who were new to Czech but also in the control group.

The verb in a Czech sentence: How do foreign learners of the Czech language perceive the structure of a Czech sentence?

The verb in a Czech sentence: How do foreign learners of the Czech language perceive the structure of a Czech sentence?

Author(s): Tereza Koudelíková / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: verb phrase; noun phrase; Czech language; sentence structure; syntax; morphology; subject – predicate agreement

The aim of this paper is to illustrate through two sentences how foreign learners perceive the structure of the Czech language. Respondents were asked to write answers on how the language works, what the syntactic relations of the sentence members are, and why the chosen words have their concrete forms with respect to the whole clause. The survey collected answers of a wide range of respondents with respect to both the number of years of studying the Czech language and their native language. After a brief introduction to the Czech language focusing mainly on the syntactic and morphological properties that were at the center of attention in this survey, the chosen survey questions are analyzed. It turned out that learners of the Czech language were willing to participate in this survey; in total the respondents provided answers in 95.7 % of cases, which helped to get more exact results. It emerged that respondents of the survey fully answered the questions correctly in 52.7 % of cases. The remaining 47.3 % of responses were either wrong or incomplete depending on the form of the question. The results of this survey lead us to the conclusion that it might be worth focusing more on the system of morphology and syntax while teaching Czech for foreigners. The complete list of answers with respect to the number of years of studying the Czech language is attached in the appendix.

Frequency and morphological behaviour of nouns in Czech and Russian

Frequency and morphological behaviour of nouns in Czech and Russian

Author(s): Ján Mačutek,Michaela Koščová,Emmerich Kelih,Radek Čech / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Slavic languages; Czech; Russian; declension; gender; animacy; case

Declensional morphology of nouns in Czech and Russian is investigated and compared. It is shown that, in general, word forms which are more similar to their lemmas are preferred, but there are differences between animate and inanimate nouns and also among grammatical genders. The frequency distribution of grammatical cases is also studied, with animacy and gender being again important factors.

English Law and Tadeusz Czacki: Analysis of References to English Legal Sources in Czacki’s Opus Magnum

English Law and Tadeusz Czacki: Analysis of References to English Legal Sources in Czacki’s Opus Magnum

Author(s): Konrad Cimachowicz,Łukasz Jan Korporowicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 102/2023

Keywords: Old Polish law; English law; Legal treaties; Legal History

Tadeusz Czacki was one of the key figures who participated in the great scholarly discussions about the history, sources of development, and the position of Roman law in old Polish law. The discussion initiated by Czacki and Jan Wincenty Bandtkie in the early years of the nineteenth century lasted for many decades. Its consequences are still present today in modern Polish legal history scholarship. Although Czacki was an author of several legal treatises, most of his pivotal concepts regarding the above-mentioned issues were presented by him in his opus magnum, i.e. O litewskich i polskich prawach, published for the very first time in 1800. Czacki is well known as a self-educated scholar who referred to numerous works, both Polish and foreign. However, the objective of this article is to analyse Czacki’s knowledge and the use of English sources. During the Enlightenment, some Polish intellectuals became fascinated by English culture, politics, and the legal system. The impact of English law, however, has never been analysed in the context of Czacki’s work. The purpose of this article is to fill that gap.

“Dieselgate is Made in Germany” – Framing Volkswagen Emissions Scandal in the German Economy

“Dieselgate is Made in Germany” – Framing Volkswagen Emissions Scandal in the German Economy

Author(s): Federico Collaoni,Eric Trevisan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Dieselgate; Abgasskandal; Corpus-assisted Discourse Studies; Framing;

This paper presents and discusses the findings of a cross-linguistic corpus-assisted analysis (Partington/ Duguid/Taylor 2013, Taylor 2014) of the Volkswagen Emissions Scandal Discourse in German and Italian news. It was conducted to answer the following research questions: − which framings are recurrently used to represent the Emission Scandal as an economic issue? − how do these language patterns influence its representation as a primarily environmental issue? The analysis was conducted by applying Frame Theory (Goffman 1974, Tannen 1993, Lakoff/Wehling 2012), Metaphor Theory (Lakoff/Johnson 20032, Larson 2011) and Erasure Theory (Van Leeuwen 2008, Stibbe 2015) within the more general framework of Ecological Linguistics (Fill/Penz 2018) – “an ecolinguistic approach to the analysis of […] ‘discourses’, ‘lexicogrammatical patterns’, ‘sense-making resources’” (Steffensen/Fill 2014). The data sets include news articles (totally 230) published from 20th September to 20th October 2015 on the websites of “Die Zeit” (115 articles) and “La Repubblica” (115 articles), and containing at least one of the following keywords of the scandal in the respective language: Abgasskandal or Abgas-Skandal, Abgasaffare or Abgas-affare, VW-Skandal, VW-Affare, Diesel-Skandal; scandalo Volkswagen, scandalo emissioni, scandalo delle emissioni, caso Volkswagen. The quantitative-qualitative analysis of collocations (Baker 2006) and concordances suggests that the framing Dieselgate damages the German economy emerges in discourse, thus backgrounding (Stibbe 2015) the environmental and ecological issues related to the Volkswagen Emissions Scandal (Dieselgate damages Environment and human health).

"God and War". The Jewish Population of Stettin in the Face of World War I

"God and War". The Jewish Population of Stettin in the Face of World War I

Author(s): Dorota Kurek / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2023

Keywords: German Jews; German Jewish History; World War I; history of Western Pomerania

The article looks at the problem of the involvement of German Jews in World War I and their perception of those times, using as an example one of medium-sized industrial centres of Germany at the time. Stettin, then belonging to Pomerania province of the Kingdom of Prussia, while not a major centre of Jewish life nationwide, still had at that time a well organized Mosaic community and was an important local centre of the thinking and culture of German Jews. In her research the author reached for source materials which have escaped historians’ attention so far but which make it possible to look at the problem from several different angles. A review of a selection of articles printed during the war in the local periodical Jüdisches Gemeindeblatt für die Mitglieder der Synagogengemeinde Stettin sheds light on the position of leasing members of the community on problems related to the ongoing conflict, examined both from the theological as well as political or financial angle. Copies of Stettiner Werner Cohn’s letters from the front show how involvement in the hostilities and related developments impacted the daily reflections of a rank-and-file Jewish soldier. Meanwhile, the documents of the Stettin Jewish community produced post-World War I, dealing with questions of commemorating the dead and the growing threat of anti-Semitism, which are currently stored in Moscow archives, provide access to a reply to the question about the community members’ ex-post perception of their participation and involvement in the conflict and about some long-term consequences of such involvement for them. An analysis of these sources makes it possible to identify the specific ways in which these developments, unquestionably important for the German Jews, impacted this specific community.

Security policy challenges in the light of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Introduction

Security policy challenges in the light of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Introduction

Author(s): Tomasz Orłowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Italy on the international stage at the time of the Draghi government

L’Italia sulla scena internazionale ai tempi del Governo Draghi

Author(s): Ferdinando Nelli Feroci / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Italian foreign policy (after 1989); European policy; National Recovery Plan; migration policy; Ukraine

Mario Draghi’s cabinet was formed in February 2020 on the basis of an unusually broad parliamentary majority that gave it the characteristics of a government of national unity. It was produced by an extraordinary situation requiring the fight against the pandemic through an effective vaccination program and post-COVID economic recovery based on Next Generation EU funds subject to approval of the National Recovery Plan. The challenge required agreement on an organic program at home, and a fully achieved demonstration of Italy’s credibility in its relations with the EU. The Draghi government reaffirmed Italy’s traditional position in NATO, strengthened the agreement with the U.S. on multilateralism, and sought to regain a leading role in the EU through solid relations with France and Germany. Despite clear tensions within a complex parliamentary majority, he condemned Russian aggression against Ukraine provided arms and military equipment, economic, financial and humanitarian aid. In contrast, it has failed to influence EU migration policy. One must hope that if not exactly the agenda, then at least Draghi’s method will continue to inspire the next executive.

Cyber operations and Article 42.7 of the Treaty on European Union

Cyber operations and Article 42.7 of the Treaty on European Union

Author(s): Ewa Suwara / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: cyber-attack; cyber operations; armed aggression; armed attack; aid and assistance clause; Article 42(7) TEU; Article 51 of the UN Charter

The threat posed by the occurrence of cyber-attacks constitutes a challenge to national security. Such attacks may target and disturb the daily functioning of any state. Faced with complex and diverse crises, the European Union (EU) has improved its response capacities over the last decades, introducing a so-called ‘aid and assistance clause’ into Article 42(7) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) applicable in the case of armed aggression against an EU member state on its territory. The main objective of this publication is to examine potential conditions for the application of Article 42(7) TEU in response to cyber operations. The author argues that under certain conditions, the aid and assistance clause in Article 42(7) TEU may be invoked in response to certain cyber operations against an EU member state on its territory.

THE IMPLICATIONS OF MANAGERIAL AND LEADERSHIP STYLES, AND ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

THE IMPLICATIONS OF MANAGERIAL AND LEADERSHIP STYLES, AND ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

Author(s): Jose Vargas-Hernández,Omar C. Vargas-González / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Leadership styles; motivation; organizational citizenship behaviors; organizational management variables;

Aim: This study analyses the implications of organizational management, leadership and innovation variables in the enhancement of organizational citizenship behaviors. Methods: It departs from the assumption that management, motivation, commitment, leadership styles, innovation and other relevant factors affect organizational citizenship behaviors. Results: The method employed links the analysis, description and reflection based on the theoretical and empirical literature review. The analysis results on management and leadership styles express appreciation to their employees and promote organizational citizenship behaviors to create an atmosphere of motivation to organizational innovation. Conclusions: It is concluded that organizational management variables enhance the self-efficacy of organizational members and the effectiveness of the organization involved in organizational citizenship behaviors. The work is original.

CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL HOUSING IN UKRAINE

CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL HOUSING IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Marta Barna,Taras Vasyltsiv,Joanna Rakowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: social housing; social vulnerability of the population; war; internally displaced persons;

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the conditions, tools and mechanisms necessary for the statepolicy of Ukraine to provide Ukrainians with social housing during and after the war. Methods: The studyused a set of scientific methods, including generalization, theoretical and methodological grouping, analysisand synthesis. Results: Based on the analysis of the solutions in Ukraine and selected European countries sofar, the conceptual apparatus was generalized, and the features of social housing were defined. Conclusions:A list of entities entitled to social housing, sources and mechanisms of its financing and support programswere defined. Based on the obtained results, recommendations were presented for the policy of supporting social housing in Ukraine.

MARKETING FACTORS OF THE TOURISM MARKET’S OPERATIONS IN UKRAINE

MARKETING FACTORS OF THE TOURISM MARKET’S OPERATIONS IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Olha Vovchanska,Liliya Ivanova,Irena Ozimek / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: tourism; tourism market; marketing factors; martial law; Ukraine;

Aim: The article is devoted to analyzing marketing factors of the tourism market operations in Ukraine under martial law. Methods: The study used the method of secondary data analysis. Results: The authors determined that the tourism market always reacts very sensitively to crisis events (pandemics, devastating natural disasters, political or military crises, etc.) and highlighted the changed format of the tourist market in Ukraine in the conditions of the protracted Russian-Ukrainian war. The authors identified the main factors of the current market of tourist services in Ukraine under martial law conditions. The functioning of the tourism market during the war is strategically important for the state and citizens. Conclusions: The authors summarized the experience of the tourism sector of countries that have been through a similar crisis and became leaders in the regional markets of tourist services to implement it in Ukraine effectively and determined the main factors of the functioning of the market of tourist services in the segments of domestic and inbound tourism after the victorious peace and innovative directions of recovery and further development.

Moby respią się dla leveli – a Corpus-Based Study of English Lexical Influence on the Polish Community of Minecraft Gamers

Moby respią się dla leveli – a Corpus-Based Study of English Lexical Influence on the Polish Community of Minecraft Gamers

Author(s): Katarzyna Faliszewska-Łukasik / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: anglicisms; gaming community; gaming sociolect;

Polish online gamers remain in continuous contact with English, either while playing games, communicating with other gamers or using social media. Given the relative intensity of language contact, one may expect gaming sociolect to be a rich source of anglicisms of various type. Nevertheless, the influence that English exerts on the sociolect of Polish gamers has attracted little scholarly attention thus far. The present paper aims at investigating anglicisms occurring in the sociolect of Polish Minecraft gamers, basing on the corpus compiled from 21 YouTube gaming videos and 10 Internet forum threads devoted to the game. More specifically, the author seeks to analyze to which extent the loanwords are adapted into Polish in terms of phonology, morphology and spelling as well as to discuss the examples of calques and hybrids that have been attested in the corpus. Additionally, the paper tries to identify the meaning and function of borrowed elements. Overall, the corpus gathers 122 loanwords (simple lexemes, compound nouns and acronyms), 20 calques and 1 hybrid loan. The analysis has shown preliminarily that although a majority of loanwords is integrated into the Polish language in terms of morphology and phonology, nearly all elements retain their original spelling. Moreover, the corpus reveals a group of lexemes whose pronunciation is based on spelling, which indicates the fact that lexemes are transferred to the sociolect of gamers in a twofold way, namely graphic and spoken. As for the use of loanwords, the study exemplifies both anglicisms used exclusively in the Minecraft community as well as those constituting a universal part of the lexical repertoire of all gamers and thus points out the diversity of the gaming sociolect.

EFFECTS OF THE NEW TAXATION SYSTEM ON RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN ALBANIA

EFFECTS OF THE NEW TAXATION SYSTEM ON RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN ALBANIA

Author(s): Albana Gjoni,Etleva Muça / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: tax system; household; farmer; Albania;

Aim: The tax system is a key pillar of the conceptual framework for the design and implementation of economic policies in Albania. This system, being constantly subject to changes and reforms, sometimes uncoordinated or without follow-up, in certain cases contains contradictory or unclear provisions that do not provide accurate decisions on certain transactions or situations. Changes in tax law provisions and enforcement regulations have recently resulted in unintentional errors by Albanian taxpayers, which are reflected in most cases in small businesses or rural households. The situation is more complicated in rural areas since only 10–12% of the total number of farms are equipped with a Tax Identification Number (NIPT). The main objective of this study is to assess the effects of changing tax rates on the personal in- come of farmers. Methodology: To carry out this study, the descriptive study research method was used, and primary data were collected through 100 interviews with farmers, and also secondary data were sta- tistically performed as well as analysed with the aim of making conclusions. Results: Findings show that the new income tax rate has changed many times in a decade, and this change has not positively helped farmers. Conclusions: Tax rates have changed irregularly and without a well-studied long-term policy. This must be improved quickly so as not to discourage farmers from following through with their activity and business in Albania.

ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOLOGICAL AGENT USE IN ECOLOGICAL POTATO PRODUCTION – SYSTEM DYNAMICS SIMULATION

ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOLOGICAL AGENT USE IN ECOLOGICAL POTATO PRODUCTION – SYSTEM DYNAMICS SIMULATION

Author(s): Mariusz Maciejczak,Krzysztof Treder,Janusz Urbanowicz,Jerzy Osowski,Igor Olech / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: potato; biocontrol; beneficial microorganisms; system dynamics; scab; rhizoctonia; economic simulation;

The aim of this study is to assess the economic viability by calculating the potential profits and ex-penses for farmers, and to simulate the impact of the application of a microbiological agent on the potatoplant in a field trial. The field experiment aimed to identify the role of the biological agent while substi-tuting the synthetic plant fertilization and protection. Methodology: The system dynamics method wasapplied to the data provided from one planting season of field experiments conducted in the framework ofthe PotatoMETABiome project. From eleven tested varieties on six different scenario plots, the most eco-nomically viable variety – Pasja Pomorska – was tested. The comparative approach was applied to showthe results of inoculating potato plants with biological agents and using synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.Results: The results show that the application of biocontrol agents increases the quality and quantity of thepotato yield compared to a variant in which no synthetic agents are used. These are, however, higher whileapplying the latter. It can therefore be argued that the microbiological agent could support ecological po-tato production, yet it does not reach the economic break-even point yet. Conclusions: Bearing in mind thelimitations resulting from the experimental nature of field research, the level of economic profitability ofinnovative biological preparations and the importance of their use in agriculture have been demonstrated.

INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPERVISORY BOARDS AS ONE OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE AMENDMENT TO THE CODE OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES

INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPERVISORY BOARDS AS ONE OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE AMENDMENT TO THE CODE OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES

Author(s): Renata Anna Stefaniuk / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: supervisory board; efficiency; corporate governance; corporate governance; amendment to the Code of Commercial Companies;

Aim: The purpose of this article is an assessment of the legitimacy of introducing changes to the Commer- cial Companies Code regarding the effectiveness of a Board of Directors, then comparing the results of the research performed by the author of the article to the current practices of the functioning of Boards. Method- ology: The research covered the practical activities of company supervisory board members. A quantitative survey was conducted from 2018 to 2021 in the form of a questionnaire distributed via email, the website www.webankieta.pl, and delivered in person in paper form. A survey was conducted on people in managerial positions (54%) where men were the majority of those polled (71%). The surveyed population was chosen based on their professional experience as managers and members of the board in the state-owned enterprises. Results: On a sample of 100 respondents, it was observed that, provided the supervisory board is committed to their duties and consists of qualified personnel, the supervisory board contributes to the improvement or good functioning of the company, and often even its development. Conclusions: The main conclusion that has been formulated is confirmation of the legitimacy of introducing legal changes aimed at increasing the effectiveness of supervision, especially in the advisory and information areas, which are of key importance in the correct diagnosis of the company’s situation and in the proper shaping of the development strategy. Due to the confidentiality that members of supervisory and management boards are subjected to, it is very difficult to obtain from them the precise answers necessary to study the functioning of supervisory boards and management boards.

INDIVIDUAL FARMERS’ BANK LOANS AND DEPOSITS IN POLAND UNDER ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

INDIVIDUAL FARMERS’ BANK LOANS AND DEPOSITS IN POLAND UNDER ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Author(s): Monika Utzig / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: economic uncertainty; farmers; loans; deposits; COVID-19;

Aim: The paper aimed to evaluate changes in farmers’ bank loans and deposit value under economic uncer- tainty, mainly caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The statistical data from Narodowy Bank Polski for the span of January 2018–September 2022 was used and the dynamic indexes were computed. The Global Economic Policy Uncertainty Index was also used to show if the COVID-19 pandemic increased economic uncertainty. Results: The results show that in the analyzed period, an increase in the value of farm- ers’ bank deposits and a drop in farmers’ bank loans were observed. An increase in the value of farmers’ bank deposits occurred when interest rates were extremely low, so it can be stated that the growth of the value of farmers’ bank deposits resulted from economic uncertainty, and not from the rising profitability of deposits. At the same time, the value of farmers’ bank loans decreased, but it is difficult to indicate if this is an effect of the tightening of banks’ loan policies or of the farmers’ aversion to risk. Conclusions: The research concern- ing economic entities’ loan and deposit activity is a very important subject because of the increasing role of uncertainty nowadays. What is observed is that the value of farmers’ bank loans dropped but it is difficult to state for sure if this was caused by economic uncertainty and therefore reduced capital needs of farms or by the reduction of banks’ credit activity and negative credit decisions.