The Radish (Raphanus L.) in selected Sources from Antiquity and the Byzantine Period
Author(s): Maciej Kokoszko,Krzysztof Jagusiak,Jolanta Dybała / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2018
Keywords: Radish; ancient medicine; Byzantine medicine.
The article deals with the role of radish (Raphanus L.) in ancient and Byzantine world. The
study is based on selected sources written between 5th/4th c. BC and 7th c. AD. Among them authors analyzed medical treatises composed by anonymous Hippocratic author (5th/4th c. BC), Galen (2nd – 3rd c. AD), Oribasius (4th c. AD), Aetius of Amida (6th c. AD), and Paul of Aegina (7th c. AD), botanical works written by Theophrastus (4th c. BC) and Dioscurides (1st c. AD), and a treatise of different (literary, antiquarian, historical, culinary) character made by Athenaeus of Naucratis in 2nd c. AD. The vegetable under study was a common and cheap food in ancient and Byzantine times, known in many varieties and eaten often by the poorest part of society. It was also widely used by physicians in healing illnesses of different etiology, used its warming, drying and cathartic properties.
Rec. ad: David Nicolle. Cross and Crescent in the Balkans: The Ottoman Conquest of Southeastern Europe. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England: Pen and Sword Books Ltd., 2010. 256 pp.
Author(s): Peter Benbow / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2018
Author(s): Stefan Yordanov / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2018
Keywords: Initiatory Head-Hunting; Age-Set Stratification; Orpheus’ Propheting Head; Letnitsa Applications; Golden Plate from Kurdjip; Yanko Todorov; Hristo Danov; Ivan Marazov.
The initiatory head-hunting is a very specific phenomenon, linked to the functioning of the archaic age-set stratification. The spread of this phenomenon among the Celtic peoples represent its classical example in the epoch of Antiquity. Together with this the data registering this practice among many other peoples, including ancient Thracians, are evidenced. The cult of the cut-off human head which is a part of this phenomenon, is represented for the ancient Thracians by the example of the Orpheus’ prophetting head. Another artifact of this Thracian phenomenon is added to the data elucidating the practice of initiatory head-hunting presented on the Letnitsa applications – the image on the golden plate from Kurdjip, Caucasus. An reactualization of this phenomenon’s illustration by the image of a Thracian goddess bearing a cut-off head on a marble plate near the village of Konush, made by Bulgarian scientist Yanko Todorov, is also included.
Formation of Space and Use of Teatralna Square in Chernivtsi in the 19th – Early 20th Century
Author(s): Oksana Kravchuk,Ihor Piddubnyi / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2018
Keywords: Bukovyna; Chernivsi Urban Development; Romanian National Theatre; National Palace; Horia Creangă.
The city development is a long process, in which a particular place is occupied by present-day needs. The development of the Teatralna Square in Chernivtsi has become a process by which several architectural styles have been joined together in the buildings. At the same time, the central part of the city was used both as a business centre and as a cultural and educational one. A similar situation persisted during the early twentieth century, after which the emphasis shifted towards cultural and educational activities.
Grain market integration in the Lower Danube region (1829–1853)
Author(s): Cristian Constantin / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2019
Keywords: Brăila; Galaţi; international grain trade; productive structures; deposit-ports
This paper explores the development of market integration within the Lower Danube region andMediterranean deposit ports, from the 1830s to the 1850s. By the early 1830s, Danubian grain entered this commercial pattern, following the provisions of the Russian-Turkish Peace of Adrianople (1829). It granted the two Romanian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia full freedom to pursue commerce and to navigate on the Danube, turning the ports of Brăila and Galaţi into important suppliers of grain on the European markets. In the following two decades, Danubian grain supplied the Mediterranean deposit ports, before a decisive shift took place following the repeal of the Corn Laws in Britain, when most of the Danubian wheat and maize was carried directly to the British archipelago. This paper refers to the conditions of grain production in the Romanian Principalities, to their foreign trade through the ports of Brăila and Galaţi and to the commercial houses and the merchants who mediated these trading relations between the Danube and the Mediterranean deposit ports.
A Glimpse at the Fate of the Byzantine Prisoners of War in Bulgaria during the Period from 976 to 1018
Author(s): Yanko Hristov / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2019
Keywords: Byzantium; Bulgaria; Prisoners of War; Captivity; Imprisonment; Integration
There is no doubt that the highly dynamic and prolonged military clash between Byzantium and the Bulgarian Tzardom from the 70s of the tenth century until the end of the second decade of the eleventh century attracts and will continue to attract the attention of scientists. In this regard, despite the abundance of publications, when it comes to the fate of Byzantine war captives – direct participants in the battles, there seems to be something to add. Even within the limited frames of an article, it is possible to emphasize on an essential feature. It is related to the fact that, when it comes to the Byzantine prisoners of war (regular warriors as well as commanders of all ranks), Tzar Samuel and his successors followed the experience gained in the previous centuries in Early Medieval Bulgaria.
Several Remarks Regarding “Io” and Invocatio Verbalis from the Wallachian Documents before 1500
Author(s): Liviu Marius Ilie / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2020
Keywords: Wallachia; charter; Io; invocatio verbalis; 15th century; Mircea the Old
The Wallachian princes’ names were preceded in most of their charters by a short word (“Io”). Although many historians tried to find its origin in the proper noun “Ioan–Ioannes”, Marin Tadin suggested that “Io” might come from the short form of the invocatio verbalis (“In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit”), the first letters of the Slavonic words “name” and “father” being united in the particle “Io”. This article tries to analyze whether the Wallachian documents before 1500 contain invocatio verbalis and if so, how many of these documents were issued by Wallachian princes whose names were preceded by “Io”.
The Menakibnames in Balkan Researches: The Case of Seyit Ali Sultan and his Menakib
Author(s): Ahmet Taşğın,Ahmet Şimşek,Öner Atay / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2020
Keywords: Seyit Ali Sultan; menakib; Gallipoli; Rumeli; the Balkans
This study deals with the publication of Seyit Ali Sultan Menakib, which describes the transition of Turks to Rumelia and Balkans. In addition to the effort dedicated for the publication of this study, the lack of attention for the protection of the Seyit Ali Sultan Menakib’s manuscripts is another point to be concentrated. Naturally, this study points not only to the importance of Seyit Ali Sultan and Menakib in the area of Balkan researches, but also to the problem of lack of serious work during the previous publication attempts of the Menakıb. There are many copies of the manuscript of Seyit Ali Sultan Menakıb, telling about the journey of forty “saints” from Gallipoli to Rumelia and Balkans. Among these, the copy which indicates that Seyit Ali Sultan was contemporary with Orhan Gazi was found in the Kaygusuz Sultan Dergâh in Egyptian Cairo. This copy was given by Ahmet Sirri Baba to Salih Niyazi Dedebaba in Tirana, Albania. A long time no trace of this manuscript was found, and many researchers working on this issue struggled to reach this manuscript. As a result, Seyit Ali Sultan and his Menakib should be considered as a main source and thus studied in the Balkan researches, considering the internal meaning of the text, the historical personality of the people whom the text deals with and the tracing the followers of these people until today. In this study, the importance of Seyit Ali Sultan and his Menakib will be emphasized and also some problems arising from one of the previous publication of the manuscript will be pointed out.
The “Decline” of Bronze Age wanax: The Phrygian vanak-, the PriestKing, the ‘Wanax to Basileus Model’ and the Power Relations in Phrygian Society
Author(s): Stefan Yordanov / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2020
Keywords: Phrygian ruler’s institution; priest-king; wanax/vanagt-; lavagetas/lavagt-; akenanogavos; king Midas; goddess Mida
The nature of the Phrygian ruler’s institution is discussed in the article in order to elucidate its place in the potestary-political system of the society. On the basis of supposition that the inscription on the Midas Monument’s rock-cut façade was consecrated not to the king Midas but to the goddess Mida an attempt to underline the necessity of further analysis of the questions about the meaning of the titles lavagt-, vanak- and others, the origins of the supreme titles in the Phrygian titulature, the presence of the priest-king in the Phrygian potestary-plitical system, the validity of the so called ‘Wanax to Basileus model’ in view of the Phrygian example etc., was made.
The Representation of the Mentality Image of the Bulgarians during 15th–17th Centuries in Bulgarian Historiography
Author(s): Vidin Sukarev / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2020
Keywords: Mentality; People’s Psychology; Bulgarian folk psychology; 15th–17th century
The study is an overview and analysis of the opinions of Bulgarian historians about the Bulgarian mentality during the first three centuries of the Ottoman rule. The topic is very debatable and only four authors stand out with contributions, but these are some of the most famous representatives of our national historiography in the twentieth century – Peter Mutafchiev, Hristo Gandev, Dimitar Angelov, Nikolay Genchev. Their research and opinions are presented along with other issues related to the topic of the study. The studies of the so-called “People's Psychology” for the period are untenable. The main approach in such research should be focused on cultural processes.
A Collective Portrait of Teachers of Kyiv Institute of Noble Girls in their daily routine in the 19th Century
Author(s): Ilona Zhovta / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2020
Keywords: Teachers; women’s education; Kyiv Institute of Noble Girls; daily routine
The paper explores the status, rights, and responsibilities of teachers of the Kiev Institute of Noble Girls, which were regulated by the Charter of that institution and official documents of the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria. It is shown the connection between the institute teachers and class inspectors, and the division of tutors. Also, it highlights the teachers’ work load, salaries, and the impact of teachers on girls’ daily routine life, which are based on the memories of the alumni.
Four Less–Known Cases of Personal Union Projects in Southeast Europe
Author(s): Vladimir Aleksić / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2021
Keywords: Personal Union; Milutin Nemanjić; Stephen Dečanski; Sigismund of Luxemburg; Stephen Tomaš; Stephen Tomašević; Bulgaria; Byzantine Empire; 15th-century Ottoman Conquest
The paper discussed four episodes from the medieval Serbian past when personalunions’ concept formed the basis for resolving complex regional diplomatic relations. The first two dates in King Milutin’s (1282–1321) and Stephen Dečanski`s (1321–1331) reigns. In both instances,the unification proposals came from Bulgaria. Furthermore, Sigismund von Luxembourg (1387–1437) acquired in 1394 the right to receive the Bosnian royal crown. With the decline of Hungarian influence in Bosnia, the prospects of realizing this bold plan lost momentum. The last case examines the prevailing circumstances that led to establishing a short-lived personal union between Bosnia and the Serbian Despotate 1458/1459.
Дискурсивные энклитики в тексах древнерусских летописей XII–XVI вв.
Author(s): Beáta Györfi / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2022
Keywords: enclitics; discourse clitics; Old Russian; chronicles; corpus linguistics
The present research is aiming at the investigation of the distributional, syntactic and paradimatic features of Old Russian (OR) discourse clitics. Clitics constitute a special class in OR, as despite the relative free word order, their position is fixed in the clause. From the three types of OR enclitics (discourse, pronominal and auxiliary) the least attention has been paid to discourse clitics. An investigation of their frequency, distributional properties and role in the information structure of OR clauses by corpus linguistic methods could provide new perspectives for the research of OR word order as well.
Български медицински терминологични единици, образувани от топоним
Author(s): Vanya Ivanova / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2022
Keywords: eponym; toponym; Bulgarian medical terminology
Eponyms play an important role in the terminology system of every language. In the sphere of medicine, they emerged for the first time in the 16th–17th century. Clinical eponyms came into view a little later, in 19th century, but their number is permanently increasing. The present research focuses on Bulgarian eponyms derived from a toponym in the field of medicine and the knowledge domain connected with it. In order to classify these eponyms, they are divided into several major groups in accordance with the basic toponym for their coining, the thematic category for their sphere of usage, and the principles of their formation. Eponyms are still an interesting linguistic area for scholarly investigation due to their universal use as terms. That is why discussions about their formation and classification are of great importance.
Author(s): Kremena Markova / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2022
Keywords: slavery; slaves; First Bulgarian Empire; Knyaz Boris I; Bishop Sergius (Sergii); liberation from slavery; eunuch; consecration of a bishop; slaves – clerics
This article states the hypothesis of the social origin of two representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church clergy in the period between the 9th and 12th centuries. Bishop Sergii, who was a eunuch, took the Belgrade Bishopric during the rule of Knyaz Boris I. Mikhail, who was called Maxim, was a bishop of Ohrid in the 1120s. It is an indisputable fact that both of them were eunuchs, and this contradicts one of the basic rules of the Church about cheirotonia (ordination). It is specified in which cases persons with impaired “physical integrity” and disabilities were allowed to be elected and to hold senior Church positions. The sources analyzed point towards a slave origin of both of them. The author proposes the thesis that the ideal (desired) model of construction of the Eastern Orthodox Church has been corrected during its long-term history by practice through a real model, which, in some cases, radically contradicts the basic, declared rules.
За някои аспекти при преподаване на структуриране на есе
Author(s): Gergana Kusheva / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: introduction; thesis statement; topic sentence; paragraph; conclusion; logical development
The paper discusses various ways of teaching essay structure. The emphasis is on the development of a system of practical exercises aimed at developing students’ abilities in writing a good introduction, body and conclusion of an essay. Key elements in teaching essay structure refer to the writing of thesis state¬ment, topic sentences and inductive and deductive paragraphs.
Based on the original documentary material collected by the author in the National Archives of the Republic of Moldova, an attempt has been made to investigate some unknown aspects of the struggle of Bessarabian Bulgarians against the tsarist policy of assimilation during the First World War. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bulgarians ranked fifth in terms of population in Bessarabia – a province annexed to the Russian Empire in 1812. In all these years, they preserved their language, culture, and national traditions, transforming the Alexander III Boys’ Gymnasium in Bolgrad into a true centre of national culture. Many Bessarabian Bulgarians played an important role in the history of Bulgaria, holding positions of responsibility in the Bulgarian state. Some of them were the Prime Minister of Bulgaria Aleksandar Malinov, the Minister of War Danail Nikolaev, the Mayor of Sofia Martin Todorov and his brother General Georgi Todorov, and General Ivan Kolev. Despite this fact, and in contradiction with Russian historical mythology about special relations privileged with Bulgarians, the Russian authorities treated them equally with other national minorities, exposing them to forced assimilation, deportations, expulsions, repressions, and arrests of representatives of the Bulgarian national movement in the Russian Empire.
Medieval Bulgaria in Polish Historiography after 1989
Author(s): Ivelin A. Ivanov / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 2/2022
Keywords: medieval Bulgaria; Polish historiography; post-communist era
Polish-Bulgarian relations have a centuries-old history, and medieval Bulgarian history has been widely present in Polish research and publications throughout the 20th century. However, the deep crisis processes that started in the early 1980s, the massive activity of the Solidarity trade union in Poland, and the events of the 1980s marked the beginning of a new period in Polish research and, accordingly, in Polish-Bulgarian relations and contacts. The main task of the paper is to present and analyze studies and publications on medieval Bulgarian history over the decades following the fall of communist rule, in the context of complete liberalization of political, scientific, and cultural life in Polish society. Are there any traditional topics that continue to develop after 1989? Are there new topics and problems in Polish studies and publications on Bulgarian history that emerged in the decades of transition after 1989? Are there any new Polish research centres and schools working in the field of the Bulgarian Middle Ages that appeared in the last three decades? Despite the transition and difficulties of the 1980s and 1990s in Polish society and for Polish historians, the analysis demonstrates a strong and lasting interest in medieval Bulgarian history in Polish historiography at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. Finally, the author expresses hope that, despite the vicissitudes and challenges facing the two nations in today’s globalizing world, this interest in the medieval Bulgarian past will persist in the coming decades.
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