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THE HISTORY AND SPECIFICITY OF COOPERATIVE BANKS IN POLAND

Author(s): Agata Jarosz,Kamil Janik / Language(s): English / Issue: 132/2022

Keywords: banking system; bank; savings and loan cooperatives; cooperative bank;

Cooperative banks are a specific element operating in the banking system. They base their activities on the following normative acts, namely: Banking Law and related legal acts. In addition, their activity is also based on legal provisions within the scope of Cooperative Law. The particularity of the institutions under consideration lies in the fact that their main goal is not solely oriented towards obtaining the highest profits. The core of their functioning is oriented towards satisfying the needs of their members. The genesis and history of cooperative banking is long. Originally, the purpose of this type of institution, which over time evolved into what we know today as cooperative banks, was to take action to combat usury. Furthermore, the retained objectives of these institutions include the promotion of social development.

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POST-PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD SPENDING IN POLAND, PART II

Author(s): Anna Marciniuk-Kluska / Language(s): English / Issue: 132/2022

Keywords: finance management; household; forecast; spending; household indebtedness;

Households are the oldest and most numerous units of society where the majority of social and economic processes start. For their effective operation, these economic entities need to have sufficient assets and acquire appropriate sources of financing them. The main purpose of this paper is to prepare a household expenditure forecast for 2023-25, assuming a large share of white-noise series resulting from the turbulent environment, and to verify the hypothesis about the linearity of the trend function and the statistical significance of the trend line coefficient. To eliminate random fluctuations and extract the development trend, an analytical method was used in which the parameters of the trend function were estimated. Using extrapolation of the trend function, forecasts of monthly per capita expenditures were calculated for subsequent years until 2025.

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OUTLINE OF THE ACTIVITIES OF RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATION IN THE POLISH ECONOMY

Author(s): Monika Wyszomirska / Language(s): English / Issue: 132/2022

Keywords: research institute; innivation; R&D relief; technnological revolution; science funding;

The purpose of this article is to discuss issues concerning the influence of the scientific and business communities on the level of the development of innovation by characterising selected aspects of the activities of research institutes; the National Centre for Research and Development, and the area of tax legislation that has been directed towards supporting entrepreneurs conducting research and development activities. The development of science is the foundation of technical and social progress and a source of dynamic economic growth. Without scientific and research activities, it is difficult to imagine the development of civilisation, which in its current form of technological advancement requires in-depth scientific knowledge. This publication analyses the role of research institutes in creating modern technologies, and points to solutions that can support the building of cooperation between different entities in innovative activities.

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RISK MANAGEMENT AS AN ELEMENT OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL IN A HEALTHCARE ENTITIES

Author(s): Jolanta Brodowska-Szewczuk / Language(s): English / Issue: 132/2022

Keywords: management control; management control standard; medical entities; medical risk;

The aim of this article is to indicate the importance of introducing management control in aspects of risk management. To this end, the article reviews legal acts and literature on the issue of management control. The article indicates the practical application of legislation and recommended standards from the perspective of risk management in healthcare entities. This article looks to discuss management control in healthcare entities. The Public Finance Act introduced in 2009 in Poland obliged all units of the public finance sector to introduce management control mechanisms in order to support the implementation of set goals and tasks in a lawful, effective, economical and timely manner. This proved helpful with regard healthcare entities, particularly when management control is properly applied and meets the assumed important goals. Management control standards define the basic requirements for management control. Management control standards are important in the implementation of assumptions; and constitute a set of guidelines that help the manager of the unit to create optimal solutions. The main objective of the standards is to promote the implementation of a coherent and uniform model of management control in the public finance sector, which will be compliant with international standards in this regard; taking into account the specific tasks of the unit that implements it and the conditions in which the unit operates. Taking into account the complexity of procedures and the huge amount of organizational work in healthcare entities, management control is all the more important. Management control is an important process for the proper functioning of healthcare entities. It helps eliminate or minimize risks, including the important risk of medical malpractice. Implemented management control standards will be shown to eliminate or reduce risks associated with the operation of a medical entity, including risks related to medical malpractice.

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SOLUTIONS MODELS FOR COFFEE WASTE PRODUCTS: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPE AND ASIA

Author(s): Anna Zielińska-Chmielewska,Lira Abrayeva,Elżbieta Goryńska-Goldmann / Language(s): English / Issue: 132/2022

Keywords: coffee waste products; e-commerce tool; food supply chain; bio-circular economy; cross-continental case-studies; Europe; Asia;

In the light of current pandemic-related events, the exacerbation of the armed conflict on Ukrainian territory, and the increase in the price of fossil fuels, there has been a serious threat to the maintenance of resilient food chains, which can be countered by rationalizing the usage of raw materials and production sources, and increasing the use of post-production wastes of plant origin as a substitute for non-renewable energy. The aim of this research is to present the use of e-commerce instruments in sell-buy transactions of chosen coffee waste products. The theoretical part of the study consists of comparative and synthetic analyses. The revised public source of information coming from well- -known organizations are used. The practical part of the study consists of in-depth expert structured interviews (N = 8). The results of the study are multi-faceted. The practical business examples shown in the article demonstrates the possibility of introducing a bio-circular economy on a large scale in Europe and Asia. The results can be used by state institutions for the implementation of a bio-circular economy policy in various types of production activities, e.g. biomass, bioenergy, feed, supplements, drugs to fight obesity and diabetes, cosmetics.

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THE CONDITIONS OF CHANGES IN RAILWAY TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL SYSTEM

Author(s): Adam Marcysiak / Language(s): English / Issue: 132/2022

Keywords: regional system; rail transport; sustainable development; intermodal transport; regional diversity by voivodships; passenger and freight transport;

The subject of the study is to show the basic conditions of changes that are taking place on the rail transport market in Poland in the regional system. The statistical analysis was conducted by provinces. Significant regional differences in the use of railways as a means of transport are characteristic for Poland. Individual voivodships differ in terms of the parameters of the railway network, the manner and scope of its use, the density of railway lines, and the location of stations. Statistical analysis has shown that a high degree of economic and social activity of the population is conducive to better use of railways. There is also a feedback loop here. It is the railway that has had a positive impact on the growth of the region's GDP, counteracting social exclusion and unemployment.

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EVALUATION OF THE USE OF ELECTRONIC SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE POLISH PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Author(s): Bartłomiej Suchodolski,Paulina Rudaś / Language(s): English / Issue: 133/2023

Keywords: electronic services; e-services; Internet; public administration;

This paper presents an evaluation of the use of electronic services provided by the Polish public administration. An electronic service can be understood as the provision of any service using an online channel. The aim of the paper is to assess the use of such services in Poland. This assessment is based on a survey and an analysis of the literature. The survey carried out showed that the vast majority of respondents make use of electronic services. Among the main reasons why they choose this way of communicating with the office, they indicated the possibility of saving time and the fact that this contact is possible 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.

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THE THE ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF PREFABRICATION TECHNOLOGY BY DEVELOPERS IN THE POLISH HOUSING MARKET

Author(s): Agata Antczak-Stępniak / Language(s): English / Issue: 133/2023

Keywords: real estate development activity; housing market; prefabrication;

Real estate development activity, dependent on the construction market, is characterized by a long implementation time, delays resulting from climatic seasonality, and a long period for which the invested capital is tied up when traditional construction methods are used. Therefore, more efficient construction methods should be sought. One of them is considered to be modern prefabrication. The article aims to check whether Polish developers operating in the housing market use modern prefabrication to improve the construction process and what the economic benefits of using this technology can be achieved. Using desk research and case-study methods, the author has demonstrated that prefabrication in Polish multi-family housing is not yet popular, but it seems necessary to promote it because of its rather positive impact on real estate development activity in the housing market, which is manifested mainly in shorter project implementation times.

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THE GREEK ARMY AT TROY AND ITS LOGISTICS. BASED ON THE “CATALOG OF SHIPS” CALLED “BOEOTIA” FROM THE SECOND BOOK OF HOMER’S ILIAD

Author(s): Andrzej Aksamitowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Teleworking; landscape; Contour; attractiveness; organizations;

The author showed a fragment of the Iliad referred to as the Catalogue of Ships, also called Beotia (Bojotia). The name of this part comes from the Beots, whose troops, arriving at Troy, were listed in the Catalogue as the first. The list contains in-formations about the Greek armed forces, rulers and chiefs of the Greek peoples who took part in the naval expedition and the war against the Trojans. It also determines the number of ships brought by the Greeks to Troy. Eager to go to war, they put themselves in Beocia near the city of Aulis where, on the Strait of Eurypus, a large port was located. It can also be assumed that the Catalogue of Greek troops begins with the army of Beocia because the ports of this land were chosen as the place of concentration of troops for the expedition against Troy. A collection of works called the Trojan Cycle was also characterized, which includes 29 books and from which only small fragments (epitomai) and summaries in the so-called Chrestomatia have survived. Despite such poor literature, they are an important source in reproducing the content of the Trojan cycle. The passage showing the Achaean army at Troy, which is a list of Greek nobility, is often omitted in the editions of the Iliad. However, for those studying the art of war, it is an extremely important record of Europe’s past.

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UNDERSTANDING DONALD J. TRUMP. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE CREATED BY THE USE OF RHETORIC ON TWITTER (2015–2021)

Author(s): Agnieszka Homańska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: rhetoric; discourse; president; Donald Trump; discrimination; populism;

This paper aims to explore the correlation between rhetoric, political views, and actions and how the construction of utterances conveys ideological meaning. Specifically, I examine the nature of rhetoric, its structure, and its impact on the overall tone of an utterance. The analysis reveals that rhetorical devices can manipulate and create messages promoting segregation and discrimination. To illustrate this, I focus on D. Trump’s statements, particularly his use of Twitter to communicate. I analyze his selection of vocabulary and figures of speech, demonstrating his use of hate speech and misogynistic and racist thoughts. Drawing on the work of prominent linguists such as T. Van Dijk, R. Harris, and M. Reisigl, I examine the rhetorical devices used by Trump and their influence on the overall message conveyed. I support the analysis with press publications, articles, and books that provide further insight into Trump’s language use. The conclusions sum- marize my findings and emphasize the link between rhetoric and political actions and views.

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DIGITIZATION OF GOVERNMENT AS A GLOBAL TREND OF THE FUTURE: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE “ELECTRONIC STATE” POLICY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE)

Author(s): Serhii Hrytsai / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: GovTech; government technology; e-governance; digital services; PaperLess; Cash- Less; DIJA; FinTech; virtual assets; cryptocurrency;

Digitalization of public services is a global trend throughout the civilized world. Progressive governments of developed countries are actively implementing initiatives that have been given a very young acronym – GovTech. These are the latest digital technology solutions that make the work of the state more efficient and the lives of citizens easier. Implementation of the GovTech policy is a priority for many international projects and programs: Lisbon Council, Digi- tal Europe, European Blockchain Partnership (EBP), International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (INATBA), DT4UA. The purpose of the article is to form a general vision of the current trend of GovTech policy implementation, using Ukraine as an example for the period of 2020-2023. In order to achieve the goal and formulate reasonable results, the study was struc- tured in three sections: 1) Digitalization of Ukraine: introduction of modern digital technologies; 2) Ukraine’s participation in international digital projects; 3) Sharing Ukraine’s digitalization experience with other countries. The study has led to a number of conclusions. The ideology of GovTech is a two-vector message to humanity about the future: where instead of analog officials and certificates, “PaperLess” will work, and instead of cash currency “CashLess” – CBDC / cryp- tocurrency in a smartphone. Digital public services in a smartphone, and even a citizen’s passport, are already GovTech realities confirmed by the Ukrainian digital project “DIJA”. Ukraine’s success- ful experience in forming a GovTech e-state has begun to spread actively in other European Union countries (code name: “DIJA”). This shows a trend towards the development and formation of a precedent for the international GovTech format, in the form of a certain future standard (we are sure that this will be developed and researched). However, this study has shown that there are legal difficulties on the way to creating a precedent for the formation of the international GovTech format in Ukraine. The introduction of the intergovernmental GovTech format requires separate legal regulation and consideration of the issue of a fair balance of bilateral state agreements when it is introduced, which also lack relevant legal developments.

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AMERICAN SOFT POWER IN IRAQI KURDISTAN: A QUALITATIVE CASE ANALYSIS

Author(s): Havind Ibrahim / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Constructivist IR; Grounded Theory; Bush Doctrine; IYLEP (Iraqi Young Leaders Program);

A constructivist IR approach is blended with a Grounded Theory-based analysis of in-depth in interviews in an interpretive discussion of the US’s 2003 invasion of Iraq, its later soft power approach in country, and the responses of young Kurdish participants in an American program in that sphere. The invasion of Iraq is argued to have been the outcome of ideational and cultural as well as realist factors within American society. Analysis of interviews with Kur- dish students reveals a) strengths and weaknesses of the American soft power approach, and b) their thoughts on their homeland, its culture, and its future.

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DEALING WITH UKRAINIAN REFUGEE CRISIS IN POLAND – AN EXAMPLE OF A WELL- FUNCTIONING CIVIL SOCIETY IN ACTION

Author(s): Monika Lipiec-Karwowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Ukrainian refugees; humanitarian crisis; volunteering; civil society; aid;

The Russian attack on Ukraine on 24 February 2022 triggered the beginning of the biggest humanitarian crisis in modern Europe since the end of World War 2. Within the first six days of the war, more than four million refugees crossed the Ukrainian border, and most of them arrived in Poland. In response to this crisis, non-governmental organizations and volunteers in Poland played a crucial role in providing support to Ukrainian refugees. Their efforts included providing basic necessities such as food and shelter, as well as assisting with legal and administra- tive matters. This may be dubbed an example of civil society in action, where citizens take initiati- ve to help those in need here and now, without waiting for the state to introduce specific legal acts. This article aims to describe the historical background of civil activities in Poland as well as the response of both volunteers and the government to the refugee crisis in the first period of the war.

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WOMEN, MIGRATION, DECENT WORK AND VULNERABILITIES IN AFRICA: AN INVESTIGATIVE ANALYSIS

Author(s): Solomon Ojo,Sola Aluko-Arowolo / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Women; Migration; Vulnerabilities; Decent Work; Africa; Nigeria;

This study investigated women, migration, decent work and vulnerabilities in Africa. Essentially, it is on record that for the last few years more female migrants have been migrating independently for work, education and as heads of households. Despite these impro- vements, female migrants may still face stronger discrimination, are more vulnerable to mistre- atment, and can experience double discrimination as both migrants and as women in their host country in comparison to male migrants. Nonetheless, male migrants are also exposed to vul- nerabilities in the migration processes. For example, records have it that every day, women across Libya who have been subjected to forced marriages, sexual abuse, and other dire situations, leave their home countries for the prospect of a better life and with longing for Europe’s safety, they are willing to face an equally perilous route ahead, with the constant risk of being returned to Libyan detention centres, where they are abused, starved, and tortured (Palmucci, 2021). It is based on this that this study was carried out using investigative analysis of women victims who are presently returnees to their home country (Nigeria). Through identified women returnees from some of these countries, most especially Libya, 15 women returnees interacted to share their experiences while outside the country for greener pastures. These 15 women returnees were able to link the authors of this study to other 29 women returnees to Nigeria in the last three to two years.

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PERMISSIBILITY OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE POLISH ARMED FORCES TO SECURE THE ELECTORAL PROCESS IN POLAND

Author(s): Radosław Zych / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: security; sources of danger; law; Armed Forces; elections;

The purpose of this research is to establish whether it is permissible for the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland to be involved in the electoral process when none of the states of emergency provided for by the Polish Constitution cannot be introduced. So, my aim is to answer the question whether the Polish Armed Forces can ensure the security of the electoral process in Poland. To this end, one must examine the Polish legal system, composed of not only provisions of Polish law, but also of binding supranational law and soft law. It is beyond the scope of this study to explore possible measures to be taken based on the provisions of Section 20,“Militarization and Protection of Objects of Special Importance for the Security or Defence of the State” of the Act of 11 March 2022 on Homeland Defence (consolidated text: Journal of Laws of 2022, item 2305), since, as Article 600(1) provides,“in the event that a state of emergen- cy is declared in the entire territory of the Republic of Poland, a state of war, mobilization, and in time of war, the Council of Ministers may extend militarization to the units eligible for mili- tarization and under the obligation to perform tasks vitally important for the security or defen- ce of the state”.

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MAREK BUTRYM, ZOFIA KAWCZYŃSKA-BUTRYM, MOBILNOŚĆ SPOŁECZNA. RODZAJE, PRZYCZYNY I KONSEKWENCJE RUCHLIWOŚCI PIONOWEJ I POZIOMEJ [SOCIAL MOBILITY. TYPES, REASONS, DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL MOBILITY], MARIA CURIE-SKŁODOWSKA

Author(s): Renata Breyer / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: book review; Marek Butrym; Zofia Kawczyńska-Butrym;

Marek Butrym, Zofia Kawczyńska-Butrym, Mobilność społeczna. Rodzaje, przyczyny i konsekwencje ruchliwości pionowej i poziomej [Social mobility. Types, reasons, determinants and consequences of vertical and horizontal mobility], Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Press, Lublin 2022, pp. 152.

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KLAUDIA WĘC, GRANICE I TRANSGRESJE WSPÓŁCZESNEGO WYCHOWANIE. PSYCHOANALIZA WOBEC KRYZYSU PODMIOTU [BOUNDARIES AND TRANSGRESSIONS OF CONTEMPORARY PARENTING. PSYCHOANALYSIS IN THE FACE OF THE CRISIS OF THE SUBJECT], ADAM MARSZAŁEK PUBLISHING

Author(s): Wojciech Kułaga / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: book review; Klaudia Węc;

Klaudia Węc, Granice i transgresje współczesnego wychowanie. Psychoanaliza wobec kryzysu podmiotu [Boundaries and transgressions of contemporary parenting. Psychoanalysis in the face of the crisis of the subject], Adam Marszałek Publishing, Toruń 2015, pp. 398.

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CONCEPT OF PSYCHOPATHIC POSITIVE-ADJUSTMENT TRAITS: A BRIEF REVIEW OF THEORY AND RESEARCH

Author(s): Krzysztof Nowakowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: psychopathy; non-criminal psychopathy; personality disorders; boldness;

Although psychopathy is commonly regarded as a disorder closely related to criminality, there is also increasing attention paid to its non-criminal form and the adaptive features of psychopathic personality. The aim of this article is to introduce the concept of psychopathic traits of good adaptation, both in light of the theoretical foundations of the construct and the empirical data. The article demonstrates the presence of such traits in classical and contemporary models of psychopathy, in the evolutionary approach, and in relation to the division into primary and secondary psychopathy. Furthermore, it reviews the studies on the prevalence of adaptive features of psychopathy in different profession- al groups. The attempt to operationalize the construct of psychopathic traits of good adaptation— the Durand Adaptive Psychopathic Traits Questionnaire (Durand, 2019)—is also discussed. Finally, the limitations of using the concept of adaptive traits of psychopathy are analysed.

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EMPLOYEE ENTITLEMENT: IS THERE A UNIVERSAL APPROACH THAT WE CAN USE IN THE ORGANIZATIONAL SETTINGS?

Author(s): Piotr Piotrowski,Tomasz Besta / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: entitlement; employee; human resources; identification; justice; counterproductive work behavior; organizational citizenship behavior;

Employee entitlement has been studied over the years, yet few human resources management scholars and managers expected it to be a common phenomenon, especially among younger employees. The- refore, there is a need for deeper insight into employee entitlement as it has been analyzed in different ways over the last years. Due to dynamically and rapidly changing organizational settings, employee entitlement should be considered as a context-dependent variable. Additionally, it does not have to be perceived explicitly as a negative factor, as there are certain circumstances in which employee entitlement may be beneficial for the organization. Proper understanding of it will be possible through studying the interactions between employee entitlement and other variables, such as organizatio- nal identification, identification with coworkers, organizational justice, leader–member exchange, team–member exchange, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive behavior. Factors that might affect the intensity of entitlement are discussed, as well as what we know about methods that can increase or decrease it. This article indicates the gaps and inconsistencies in existing research, simultaneously trying to find solutions and ideas for the difficulties encountered.

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Non-Linear Effect of Environmental, Social, and Governance on Corporate Performance (Study in Non-financial Firms Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange)

Author(s): Ninditya Nareswari,Małgorzata Tarczyńska-Łuniewska,Geodita Woro Bramanti / Language(s): English / Issue: 40/2022

Keywords: corporate performance; ESG; Indonesia; sustainability finance;

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors have become essential considerations for stakeholders. Balancing external and internal performance is crucial. However, there are some constraints to implementing ESG at the corporate level, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to test the effect of ESG on corporate performance. The non-financial firms listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016–2020 were used as a sample. Empirical evidence found the U-shaped effect of ESG rating on corporate performance. Further, robustness tests are conducted by dividing the sample annually and removing the 2020 period to show more robust evidence. In contrast, the results showed no evidence of a U-shaped effect. The robustness test showed that the ESG rating positively affected corporate performance in 2016–2019 and turned negative in 2020, the first time COVID-19 happened in Indonesia. This result indicated that in a crisis time, implementing ESG will be costly and reflected in financial performance. In contrast, during a non-crisis time, ESG positively impacts financial performance.

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