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Beyond academic writing: wider and deeper

Author(s): Peter Gee / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: academic writing; writing; corpus; structure; LLMs

"This article presents an approach to Academic Writing that seek to address the varied writing needs of university students. The article is divided into three sections. The first section discusses academic style in the context of appropriateness, noun phrases, and shell noun structures as cohesive devices. The second section discusses the writing process from reading strategies for source texts, synthesis grids, paraphrasing, synthesising sources, and the use of reporting verbs to develop the authorial voice of the writer. The last section discusses the use of corpus, the impact of the knowledge building of different academic disciplines on the genres and lexical and grammatical structures that writers for a particular discipline require. The affect that LLMs may have on assessment of academic writing is also discussed."

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PHYSICIAN SCIENTIST

Author(s): Dorota Krekora-Zając / Language(s): English / Issue: 95/2022

Keywords: doctor’s responsibility; patient rights; biobank; research on human biological material; consent; freedom of science; trust

Conducting scientific research, learning about the etiology of diseases, and searching for new methods of treatment are undoubtedly the basis of medicine. For centuries, a doctor has been a person who not only treated people, but also conducted scientific research aimed at deepening the knowledge about man. Due to the development of genetics, the pharmaceutical industry, and biobanks, this research has become mass and sometimes it is only human biological samples that are sufficient to carry it out. All this, undoubtedly, enables faster development of science, but puts a doctor in an extremely difficult situation of playing two roles, i.e. treating the patient and conducting scientific research using one’s biological material. In medical law, it has been emphasized for years that the basis of the relationship between a doctor and a patient is a special type of trust, which is systemically protected both by national and international legislature. The doctor is, therefore, obliged to act for the benefit of the patient. There is no doubt, however, that when conducting scientific research, a doctor sometimes faces the rivalry of patient rights, including the right to privacy and the right to freedom to conduct research. Both European and national lawmakers seem to notice these problems only partially, and only partially regulate the issue in question in both medical and personal data protection law. The subject of the reported research was analysis of the European and Polish law in terms of determining the extent to which this conflict of interests affects the patient’s rights and the doctor’s duties. In addition, the subject of analysis was to determine whether the person who gave a biological sample to the doctor to conduct research on it is always a patient and what consequences for the doctor’s legal liability this research on human biological samples has.

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THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF UNSAFE (DANGEROUS) FOOD

Author(s): Katarzyna Leśkiewicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 95/2022

Keywords: food; dangerous product; responsibility; harmful to health

The purpose of the considerations offered in this article is to determine how the term “dangerous food” should be understood in the light of the applicable law. The food safety system includes general and specific criteria for assessing whether a product is safe or not. Sometimes the concepts of defective product within the meaning of Directive No. 85/374/ EEC, and dangerous food within the meaning of Regulation No. 178/2002 coincide. Food safety requirements include both health quality and commercial quality. Responsibility for unsafe food in individual areas must be determined separately, as they are based on divergent legal foundations. The legislation includes sub-categories of unsafe food, such as product harmful to health, adulterated product or spoiled product.

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HIGHER EDUCATION’S FUTURE: DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION, AI INTEGRATION, AND FINANCING STRATEGIES FOR MOLDOVAN UNIVERSITIES

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HIGHER EDUCATION’S FUTURE: DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION, AI INTEGRATION, AND FINANCING STRATEGIES FOR MOLDOVAN UNIVERSITIES

Author(s): Adrian ANDRONIC / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: digital transformation; higher education; artificial intelligence integration; financing strategies; innovative business models;

This paper examines the significance of digital transformation in higher education, focusing on new business models, financing strategies, and AI integration in the learning process. By analyzing the successful case study of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and providing actionable recommendations for universities in the Republic of Moldova, the paper highlights the potential benefitsfor students, faculty, and administration. The research emphasizes the importanceof proactively adapting to technological advancements and implementingdigital transformation strategies, including investing in infrastructure, fosteringpartnerships, and addressing ethical concerns. By following the recommendationsprovided, Moldovan universities can position themselves as leaders in technologydriveneducation, ultimately improving access to education, optimizing resources,and enhancing the quality of teaching and learning

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CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE NEW ARCHITECTURE OF COUNTRY RISK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE

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CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE NEW ARCHITECTURE OF COUNTRY RISK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Liviu-Daniel Deceanu,Gabriela Bodea / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: uncertainty; war; country risk; sovereign risk; political risk;

Strongly affected by the Coronavirus pandemic, by the difficult recovery,with inflation, with discontinuities regarding the supply (supply chain issues), the international economy was more recently upset by the war and its effects, and also an energy crisis; in this context, when hostilities are still in full swing, it is difficult to quantify consequences, repercussions. However, one thing is clear – the country risk landscape is undergoing deep changes, the states neighboring the conflict are not the only ones affected, and global economic actors are facing totally unexpected challenges. Whether it is about Ukraine or Taiwan, or about other regions, one thing is clear – we are living in a conflict era, and the economic effects are deep and complex; the energy crisis has become a reality, and the recession is likely, despite a still high resilience. We therefore propose, in our short study, to highlight some aspects that, we certainly believe, will modify the country risk architecture and the subsequent approach to this concept

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ANTIFRAGILITY AND BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: STRATEGIES AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS

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ANTIFRAGILITY AND BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: STRATEGIES AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS

Author(s): Iulia Ivașcenco / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: antifragility; business model innovation; digital transformation; ethical implications; disrupted industries;

This paper explores the relationship between antifragility and business model innovation in the context of digital transformation. Through a literature review and case studies of disrupted industries, we identify strategies for adopting an antifragile approach to business model innovation and discuss the ethical implications of this approach. Key points include the importance of continuous innovation, the role of antifragility as a driving force for innovation, and the challenges and opportunities associated with adopting an antifragile approach.The implications of this research are significant for businesses facing digital transformation, as it highlights the need to embrace disruption and prioritize ethical considerations to remain competitive in a rapidly changing environment.The paper concludes by suggesting areas for further research, such as the impact of antifragility on different industries and business models and the role of government and policy in promoting sustainable business practice.

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AXELROD FIRST TOURNAMENT: EXAMINING CERTAINTY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE END STAGE IN REPEATED GAMES

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AXELROD FIRST TOURNAMENT: EXAMINING CERTAINTY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE END STAGE IN REPEATED GAMES

Author(s): Mircea MILENCIANU,Gabriel Marius POP / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Prisoner’s Dilemma; repeated games; Axelrod Tournament; uncertainty about the number of stages; Monte Carlo simulations;

We use the Axelrod library for Monte Carlo simulations with agents of the First Generation, such that more uncertainty is introduced about the time-spana nd we compare the results of tournaments with fixed known number of stages versus uncertainty about the number of stages. We constructed a descriptive method by which we can highlight (from any extended list of agents, not only the First Generation) those agents that seem to have a different behaviour in repeated games with certainty about the number of stages, compared to an environment of repeated games with uncertainty about the end of the game. Piloting this descriptive method on 15 agents of the First Generation of the Axelrod Tournament,we arrive to a short list of (highlighted/selected) agents. The qualitative analysis of their algorithms leaded us to the conclusion that unfortunately they also ‘act’ purely mechanically from the point of view of time-span understanding.

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Cognitive War in Ukraine

Author(s): Adam Paweł Olechowski,Jarosław Wiśnicki / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: information operations; social impact mechanisms; information; disinformation; media; creating public opinion

The article aims to identify social impact activities in the context of information operations conducted by Ukraine during the 2022 war. An analysis of the creation and spread of information threats as a result of Russia’s ongoing conflict is driven by the increasing impact of communication on global security. The content of the study highlights the impact of trends in the creation of information threats, which are the determinants of social risks. In the article, an analysis of creating information threats, including producing and reporting information in propaganda and the traditional and modern media, is of significant importance. The impact and role of mass media on awareness-raising is presented, revealing mechanisms for influencing public opinion.

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Meta-Systemic Model of Transformation: A General Complexity-Based Approach in Political Science and International Relations

Author(s): Piotr Baranowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Arab Spring; complexity; complex adaptive system; system; system analysis

System-based research remains an important yet usually outdated and internally contradictory approach in political science and international relations. Based on concepts borrowed from physiology, cybernetics, and general system theory, the system-based approach popularised in the 1960s was cast away as outdated and ill-focused. Despite those systems, the theory was developed in natural sciences, eventually creating a paradigm more applicable to domestic and international politics. The weakest element of past systems (like the one proposed by D. Easton) was that they did not allow for a sudden and catastrophic transformation and lacked emergence. This paper aims to present a model that would allow for the system’s ordinary and catastrophic transformation. The complex adaptive system features were defined using relevant literature on a paradigm of complexity. Connecting it with the propositions of D. Easton, R. Axelrod, and M. Cohen, as well as R. Jervis, such a model was constructed. The theoretical introduction is supplanted with a general case study of the early phases of the Arab Spring in Tunisia. The model mirrors the complex systems’ dynamics, considering the agent-structure problem.

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Using the Circular Model to Analyse Political Values: The Case of the Pirate Parties

Author(s): Przemysław Maj / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: political values; centre; circular matrix; right; left; pirate parties

Political parties that operate in the public space are classified, inter alia, according to the criterion of their ideological convergence (Mair, 2010; Gallagher, Laver, Mair, 2011). If we look at the convergence through the prism of the values declared by the parties, then the adaptation of Shalom H. Schwartz’s circular model makes it possible to explain many correlations. Ideological convergence must then be considered a derivative of the rules of compliance and conflict that Schwartz described. These become the starting point, the basis for selecting further axioms and, consequently, a guideline (imperative) in constructing political agendas. The article aims to show that the mentioned rules define party agendas, and the circular model can be used for analytical purposes. The manifestos of the pirate parties selected from 11 countries were used as an example. The method applied in the article is the meta-value matrix. Adapting the Schwartz model, it should be seen as a qualitative content analysis method.

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Selected Dysfunctions of Statehood during the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Critical Conclusions for Today

Author(s): Wawrzyniec Konarski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: politics; state; Commonwealth; Poland; Lithuania

The Polish State, with due regard to the time constraints on its continuity, is perceived from the perspective of more than a thousand years. Simultaneously, as an organised entity with its own values, it has been a mental problem for Poles since the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries and is continued until now. Thus, the reflections here have been restricted to the mentioned period because it is then that the main drawbacks of the Polish State began to occur. They include a description of these major flaws as we understand them and their effects. We often express the belief that our state disappeared from the map of Europe mainly due to the actions of our aggressive and finally partitioning neighbours. However, in doing so, we distance ourselves from the mistakes in managing the state made by the generations of our ancestors. This article analyses and exemplifies a deeper, critical academic reflection on these errors committed internally during the mentioned period and visible until today.

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The Impact of Brexit on the Transformation of Majoritarian Democracy in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Author(s): Łukasz Danel / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: United Kingdom; Brexit; Westminster democracy; majoritarian democracy; Arend Lijphart

The article attempts to answer whether, and if so, to what extent, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union (the so-called Brexit) impacted the British model of democracy. The starting point for the analysis is the famous classification of Arend Lijphart, who distinguished two main models of democracy – Westminster and consensus – identifying the United Kingdom as a prime example of the first of them. Using the method of institutional and legal analysis and the historical method, the author tries to prove the thesis that Brexit has shaken the foundations of the majoritarian democracy in the United Kingdom. However, the transformations of this model are not a new phenomenon, as they are part of the trend of changes occurring in this country, at least since the end of the 1990s. The article also proves the thesis that the serious political and systemic tensions to which Brexit – for very different reasons – led can be treated as temporary, as there is little indication that these tensions would permanently undermine the foundations of the Westminster model of democracy in the United Kingdom.

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UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN TIMES OF CRISIS, WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE SITUATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Author(s): Sabira Gadžo-Šašić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: BiH; UN; Persons with disabilities; Crisis; Rights; Disenfranchisement

Through content analysis method, this paper examines the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Convention, UN CRPD) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The analysis involves a desk study of available reports, relevant regulations, laws, and other pertinent documents with the objective to assess the opportunities and limitations for the implementation of the Convention and its underlying social model in BiH. Furthermore, the paper aims to highlight how the crises, that marked the 21st century, had negative impact on the Convention’s implementation in the country. Specifically, the analysis draws attention to a set of rights that persons with disabilities find difficult to exercise in the BiH society. These include: equality and non-discrimination, awareness-raising, accessibility, equality before the law, independent living and inclusion in the community, work and employment, participation in political and public life, as well as participation in cultural activities. Unfortunately, access to these rights is made even more difficult by adverse changes resulting from a series of consecutive crises.

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A DIFFERENT KIND OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION? SOME REMARKS UNDER THE FOCUS OF DEBATES

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A DIFFERENT KIND OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION? SOME REMARKS UNDER THE FOCUS OF DEBATES

Author(s): Cătălin Postelnicu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: economic globalization; globalization limits; factors of globalization; technological progress;

Has economic globalization reached its limits? Why does the degree of inter dependencies and integration vary so much across countries? What are the main factors that explain the recent trends in globalization? What is the true meaning of the “new globalization”? In fact, how new is the globalization? These are barely the questions we are trying to offer an answer in the context of this article. In this paper we try to extend a debate focused on main characteristics of the new phase of economic globalization, as it started to manifest in multiple areas of the world economy.

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Components of the university learning environment, academic burnout, and shame among pre-service teachers: A structural equation modelling approach

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Components of the university learning environment, academic burnout, and shame among pre-service teachers: A structural equation modelling approach

Author(s): Mai Elsayed Khalifa / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: university learning environment; academic burnout; academic shame; higher education;

Previous studies have investigated the connections between university learning environments and academic burnout, as well as between university learning environments and academic shame among students. Also, burnout and shame are related. However, no empirical studies have been conducted to determine the relationships between the university environment, academic shame, and academic burnout among pre-service teachers. To examine this issue, the present study assessed a hypothesized model examining the relationship between the university environment and academic burnout through academic shame as a mediator among pre-service teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, 700 pre-service teachers (114 males and 586 females from the Faculty of Education at Helwan University) were randomly selected for an invitation to complete a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS to develop operating descriptive results. Confirmatory factor analysis was adopted to ensure the construct validity of the instruments used. AMOS software was used to validate the structural equation model (SEM) created using maximum likelihood estimation. The resulting model had a good fit to the data, according to the SEM analysis. The significant standard coefficients of the drawn paths indicated that components of the university environment directly and negatively predicted academic burnout and its components. Also, academic shame directly and positively predicted academic burnout and its components during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the components of the university environment had an indirect effect on academic burnout and its components through the mediation of academic shame during the COVID-19 pandemic. The implications are considered, and recommendations are proposed for future research.

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The leader’s other-oriented perfectionism, followers’ job stress and workplace well-being in the context of multiple team membership: The moderator role of pressure to be performant

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The leader’s other-oriented perfectionism, followers’ job stress and workplace well-being in the context of multiple team membership: The moderator role of pressure to be performant

Author(s): Miruna Ioana Cîrșmari,Claudia Lenuța Rus,Sabina Trif,Oana Cătălina Fodor / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: leader’s other-oriented perfectionism; pressure to be performant; job stress; workplace well-being; multiple team membership;

Nowadays, perfectionism in organizations is a popular topic in the scientific literature (Ocampo, Wang, Kiazad, Restubog, & Ashkanasy, 2020; Saklofske, Di Fabio, Svicher, & Smith, 2023; Steinert, Heim, & Leichsenring, 2021). Building on the research on the topic of perfectionism at individual level, the present study investigates how the leader’s other-oriented perfectionism influences followers’ workplace well-being and their job stress, and how the pressure to be performant moderates these relationships in the context of multiple team membership. In order to test the four proposed hypotheses, a quantitative predictive correlational research design was used. Our sample consisted of 155 Romanian employees. Our results indicate that the leader’s other-oriented perfectionism was not related to followers’ job stress. Surprisingly, this form of perfectionism positively related to followers’ workplace well-being. In addition, the pressure to be performant did not moderate the relationship between the leader’s other-oriented perfectionism, on one hand, and job stress and workplace well-being, on the other hand. These findings extend the literature on others-oriented perfectionism and well-being in the context of multiple team membership.

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The potential role of executive functions in prediction of psychological outcomes and cognitive performance among Thai teachers during the Covid-19 pandemic

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The potential role of executive functions in prediction of psychological outcomes and cognitive performance among Thai teachers during the Covid-19 pandemic

Author(s): Juthamas Haenjohn,Jatuporn Namyen / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: executive functions; stress; burnout; well-being; Covid-19 Pandemic;

Brain executive functions (EFs) play a key role in both positive and negative impact on human psychological outcomes. This present study investigated the potential effects of executive impairment (EI) on stress, burnout, well-being, and working memory among teachers during Covid-19 pandemic. We recruited 448 male and female teachers from eastern regions of Thailand using multistage sampling technique. Data were collected at schools with research instruments, including Teacher Primarily Data Questionnaire, Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being, Suanprung Stress Test-20 (SPST-20), Maslach Burnout Inventory for Educators (MBI-ES), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A), and Letter Number Sequencing (LNS). Statistical analyses were performed with descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation, and structural equation analysis (SEM). Results showed that dysfunctions in EFs could predict stress (21.9%). EI and stress could predict burnout (44.8%). EI with stress and burnout could predict working memory (11.9%) and well-being (48.7%). Problems related to EFs showed the direct effect on stress, burnout, working memory, and well-being at the statistical level (p < .001) with the direct effects of .47, .23, -.38, and -.30, respectively. Furthermore, problems related to EFs showed the indirect effect on burnout, working memory, and well-being at the statistical level (p < .001) with the indirect effects of .24, -.24, and .12, respectively. Therefore, EFs could predict psychological outcomes and cognitive performance, for example working memory. In conclusion, EFs play the key role in psychological and behavioral management during the pandemic. This data can be used for planning and designing the effective EFs training program to subsequently promote psychological outcomes and cognition among teachers.

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Do you believe that aliens feel pain? An empirical investigation of mental state attributions

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Do you believe that aliens feel pain? An empirical investigation of mental state attributions

Author(s): Gregory Johnson,Alana Knowles / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: phenomenal consciousness; non-phenomenal states; other minds; experimental philosophy; alien minds;

On what basis do we attribute phenomenal states to others? One answer, defended by John Stuart Mill, appeals to an analogy between ourselves and the similar bodies and actions of others (1865, p. 208). Despite its intuitive plausibility, this position is often rejected (Arico et al., 2011; Buckwalter & Phelan, 2014; Knobe & Prinz, 2008). In line with Mill’s account, we propose that the primary factors used when making phenomenal state ascriptions are the appropriate display of functional and behavioral cues and having bodies with the right kind of physical composition. To test this account, we gave five groups of participants a vignette followed by three to six questions. For four of the groups, the vignette described an alien-human encounter and the participants had to judge the likelihood (on a 7-point scale) that the alien had a non-phenomenal state (a belief) and the likelihood that it could have a phenomenal state (pain). The fifth group, as a control, read a vignette about a similar interaction between two humans. We found that, as appropriate functional and behavioral cues and then humanoid features are added to the alien, people are more willing to attribute a phenomenal state to it. Attributions of the non-phenomenal state are primarily dependent on the appropriate functional and behavioral cues, not on having humanoid features.

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Civic engagement during times of crisis: Personal motivations of Romanian adults at the onset of the war in Ukraine

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Civic engagement during times of crisis: Personal motivations of Romanian adults at the onset of the war in Ukraine

Author(s): Bianca V. Marinica,Oana Negru-Subtirica / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: civic engagement; crisis; war; motivation;

Crisis situations, such as the still ongoing war in Ukraine, make civic engagement extremely important, especially in Eastern Europe. Eastern European countries not only have extensive borders with Ukraine, but also share a common history as members of the former communist bloc. This part of the world is characterized by low levels of civic engagement, though the proximity of war and the refugee crisis make humanitarian efforts imperative. Therefore, more research is needed to understand personal motivations for civic engagement in Eastern Europe. Employing a mixed-method approach, we tackled the following research questions: (1) What motivated Romanians’ civic engagement in the context of the war in Ukraine? and (2) Are different personal motivations related to online civic engagement differences? The sample included 118 Romanian respondents (Mage = 27.93, SDage = 9.63) who filled in an online survey shortly after the start of the war (March 2022). For the first research question, thematic analysis revealed 2 main themes: Perceived Similarity and General Concern for People. For the second research question, one way-ANOVA results showed that those motivated by perceived similarity with Ukrainians had higher levels of online civic engagement, in comparison with those motivated by general concern for people.

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The relationship between cognitive functions and disinhibition: Observations of cognitively impaired patients

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The relationship between cognitive functions and disinhibition: Observations of cognitively impaired patients

Author(s): Naohiko Yamagami,Chiyoko Nagai,Fumiaki Saito,Masahiro Sonoo / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: inhibitory control; disinhibition; cognitive impairment; COGNISTAT;

Inhibitory control exhibits a significant correlation with overall cognitive abilities. Past research largely measured disinhibition using experimental protocols, predominantly featuring healthy or youthful participants, or caregiver-supplied information, potentially neglecting an objective assessment of pronounced disinhibition within a naturalistic context. We posit that the observation of prominent disinhibition behaviors across various cognitive assessment tasks provides an objective measurement of innate disinhibition, bypassing the need for participant awareness or concentrated effort toward inhibition. The present study, designed as a secondary analysis of prior research, aims to explore the relationship between cognitive functions and observed disinhibition behavior during cognitive testing in patients exhibiting cognitive impairment symptoms. A retrospective analysis was performed on the records of 224 patients' cognitive tests, including recorded disinhibition behavior, without employing any exclusion criteria. Findings revealed that patients demonstrating at least one instance of disinhibition during testing presented significantly lower overall cognitive functions, excluding long-term memory, than their counterparts without disinhibition. Notably, multiple regression analysis identified comprehension and conceptualization abilities as significant predictors of disinhibition severity. These findings, aligning with earlier research, serve to strengthen the credibility of previous studies on this topic.

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