Roman Army, Saint Clement and beginnings of the Inkerman quarry

Римская армия, Святой Климент и начало добычи камня в каменоломнях Инкермана

Author(s): Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski,Radosław Andrzej Gawroński / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Roman Army; Roman Quarry; Saint Clement; Tauric Chersonesos; Taurica

The late antiquity tradition from maintains that the emperor Trajan banished Pope Clement to the Crimea to work in the Tauric Chersonesos' quarry. According to these legends, the Pope suffered a martyr's death at the place of exile, drowned in the sea with an anchor tied to his neck. The credibility of that testimony was often questioned. The authors of the present contribution try to argue that some elements of the above mentioned tradition could have contained a core of truth, tough an unexpected one. The analysis of stone remains of Tauric Chersonesos' fortifications may serve as an evidence that the limestone quarry was working at Inkermann under the supervision of the Roman army. However, the earliest activity of that kind can be dated to the times of Antoninus Pius. The present state of research precludes dating it back to the reign of Trajan. Therefore, it seems that the local tradition about stone quarry presence was later mingled with the legends about Pope Clement's martyrdom.

Coins of “Dolphin” type from the suburban estates of Pontic Olbia

Монети типу «Дельфін» з приміських садиб Ольвії Понтійської

Author(s): Valentina A. Papanova,Svetlana N. Lyashko,Fedya Winner Cairo / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: сoins of “Dolphin” type; suburban estates; dating; systematize; stratigraphy; ceramic material; manufacturing defects

Coins of “Dolphin” type are one of the oldest coins which were in circulation in Olbia and its area. Coins of this type are of great interest in the two suburban estates of Shyroka Balka (Broad Hollow) 6 (οἶκος) of the second third of the 5th – beginning of the 3rd century BC. and Shyroka Balka (Broad Hollow) 7 (χωρίον) of the late 5th – 30’s of the 4th century BC. On these estates 492 copper/bronze coins of different denominations including 144 dolphin ones (29%) were excavated. On the χωρίον there were excavated 207 coins of the 5th – 4th century BC and 7 dolphin coins (3%). A very interesting coin hull οἶκος contains 285 coins, including 137 dolphin coins or 29%, which is 7 times more than in the χωρίον. As for the dating of dolphin coins , there is no unanimous view on their existence to this day. There are several similar situations with the classification of dolphins. The Kharko-Lapin classification is considered the most successful typologically and chronologically. Not all researchers agree with these classifications because they believe that no classification is true. The reason for that are that attempts to systematize are based only on stylistic observations and are not supported by stratigraphy of findings. Therefore, of particular interest is the group of dolphin coins find (50 specimens) in a closed complex on the oikos (οἶκος) in the economic pit no. 30, which aggregate 36% of all coins of this type found on the oikos (οἶκος). The pit also contained ceramic material of the 6th–4th century BC. It is interesting, that six coins (12%) had a manufacturing defects. Casting defects largely influenced the deviation of the coin mass from normal. Circulation of defective dolphin coins once again confirms that these coins did not have a clearly defined face value and were accepted by weight. Analysis of the group of dolphin coins find once again confirms the simultaneous circulation and their chronological sequence, clarifies their dating. Probably the release of Olbian dolphin coins is ended at the beginning of the three third of the 6th century BC and associated with the siege of Pontic Olbia by Zopyrion in 331 BC.

The fortress Tiahyn – outstanding monument of medieval age on the territory of Lower Dnieper (bathymetric survey and reconstruction)

Крепость Тягин – выдающийся памятник средневековья на територии Нижнего Поднепровья (батиметрические исследования и реконструкции)

Author(s): Svetlana A. Belyaeva,M.M. Ievlev,A.V. Chubenko / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: island; riverbed; site of ancient selltement; fortress; dungeon; tower; wall; harbour; crossing point

The article is dedicated to the problems of the study of the hill fort and fortress Tiahyn with the help of various methods of natural sciences and historical reconstructions. Especially much attention was paid to the results of a bathymetric survey of the rivers Dnieper and Tiahynka close to the settlement and fortress. During the survey, the remains of two harbours were discovered, a stone defense tower, and a bridge. The next important objects, which also have been discovered were: two Dnieper river crossing points that had been functioning in antiquity and the Middle Ages. The comparing of all results of research of the fortress Tiahyn gave the possibility to study defence facilities and give its preliminary reconstruction, present the materials found during archaeological excavations.

Interdisciplinary investigations of the medieval monuments of the North Black Sea area

Междисциплинарные исследования средневековых памятников Северного Причерноморья

Author(s): Swietłana Bielajewa / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: interdisciplinary methods; archaeological monuments; North Black Sea area; investigations; historical reconstructions; preservation

The use of interdisciplinary methods became the fundament of the study of numerous medieval monuments of the North Black Sea area at the end of 20th – first decades of 21st century. It gave more possibilities for historical interpretations and reconstructions. The article presents the main directions of investigations with the help of the interdisciplinary methods in the work of the South Medieval expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in various parts of North Black Sea area from the West to the East. In the international projects have been taken part scientists of numerous countries (Great Britain, Canada, Turkey, USA, and Ukraine). The complex of interdisciplinary methods included geophysical, dendrochronological, anthropological, paleobotanical, paleozoological, and other kinds of investigation. They allow to received important results about the planning structure, chronology, specific of historical and cultural development and specific of numerous fortresses and settlements of a vast region, such as Akkerman, Ochakiv, Dniprovske-2, Kinburn, Tyagin and others. The use of the non-destructive methods and technologies in the study of the archaeological monuments promotes a more deep understanding of the historical past and the preservation of cultural heritage.

Travelling with Herodotus on the Fringes of an Empire Jan Potocki and Ryszard Kapuściński

Путешествия с Геродотом по окраинам империи: Ян Потоцкий и Рышард Капущинский

Author(s): M. Węcowski / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Potocki; Kapuściński; Herodotus; travels; antiquarianism

Jan Potocki (1761–1815), the Polish aristocrat acclaimed for his French novel “The Manuscript found in Saragossa”, was an avid traveller, linguist, ethnologist, Egyptologist, and antiquary, but also a passionate reader and a self-proclaimed disciple of Herodotus. In 1802, he published his main scientific work: “The Primitive History of the Peoples of Russia, with A Complete Presentation of all the Peoples […], indispensable for our understanding of Book Four by Herodotus”. In 2004, Ryszard Kapuściński (1932–2007), Polish traveller, reporter and war-correspondent completed his last major work, the “Travels with Herodotus”. From his early career on, he always travelled with a copy of Herodotus, reading him as the arch-reporter of the past and his mentor. Ultimately, he decided to write a series of partly autobiographic essays, in which he constantly referred his reader to Herodotus as his own travel-companion and a key to a deeper understanding of consecutive 20th-century political and military conflicts he had witnessed. Separated by almost two centuries, the two writers and thinkers have much in common. It will be argued that they both used Herodotus as a means to understand, and to come to terms with, the fundamental political experience of their lives, personal and historical at the same time, namely that of living under the rule, and on the fringes, of a rapidly growing global empire, the Tsarist Russia, on the one hand, and the Soviet Union, on the other.

Prospects for historical and archaeological research the Genoese presence in the Lower Bug region in the 13th–15th centuries (on the example of the Dneprovskoe-2 archaeological site)

Перспективы историко-археологических исследований генуэзского присутствия в Нижнем Побужье в XIII–XV вв. (на примере археологического памятника Днепровское-2)

Author(s): Oksana Gospodarenko,A. Smyrnov / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Bug-Dniester river valley; Italian “castles”; Leriche castle; Dneprovskoe-2; portolans

While studying the problem of Italian colonization in the middle ages, the attention of researchers was focused on the colonies in the Crimea. The Bug-Dniester river valley remains outside of historical research. However, archaeological research in recent years makes it possible to look at this problem from a different angle. We are talking about the prospects of historical and archaeological research of Italian “castles” in the Lower Steppe lands of the Bug. Two of the five castles known to researchers were located at the mouth of the Dnieper (Spinola and Leriche castles). The first was located on the right bank of the Dnieper, above Kherson, near the village of Tyaginka. The second is within the limits of the modern city Oleshki (former Tsyurupinsk, Kherson region). But today there are enough reasons to localize the Leriche castle on the site of the Dneprovskoe-2 settlement (Ochakovsky district, Mykolaiv region). Numismatic material also confirms the assumption of historians and archaeologists about the presence of a “Genoese fortress” on the Dneprovskoe-2. In addition, archaeological research within the monument and the surrounding areas will allow to trace the likely connection between the Dneprovskoe-2 and Adjigol-1. There is an assumption that a small garrison and administration of the settlement of Ajigol-1 were located on the territory of Dneprovskoe-2. The specified memo requires immediate research because as a result of natural destruction and, especially, predatory excavations, its area is sharply reduced. Since 1982 (the last topographic survey), the size of the village has decreased by 0.33 ha, and the inner city by 0.5 ha. Furthermore, one of the aspects of research is the study of the influence of natural factors (in particular, the black sea oscillation factor) on the intensity of the Genoese presence in the region.

Faience of Asia Minor and Chinese porcelain in everyday life of the Turkish garrison in the Gonio-Apsaros fortress (based on materials from the excavations of 2018)

Малоазийские фаянсы и китайский фарфор в быту турецкого гарнизона крепости Гонио-Апсарос (по материалам раскопок 2018 года)

Author(s): Irina R. Gusach,K. Kamadadze / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: South-West Georgia; Gonio-Apsaros fortress; Ottoman garrison; faience of Asia Minor; Chinese porcelain; 16th–18th centuries

During the field season of 2018, besides new details of the architectural ensemble of the Roman period, 13 refuse pits of the Ottoman garrison period (1547–1878) were discovered and explored by the international Polish-Georgian archeological expedition. The 11 pits contained material that proves that the inhabitants of the fortress of the Later Middle Ages used mainly mass glaze and unglazed pottery in their everyday life which were manufactured in the ceramic centers of Anatolia and the South-East Crimea, as well as unglazed pottery produced locally. However, Gonio’s senior Turkish army apparently could afford to have more sumptous, artistic and expensive dishes “on their tables“. Among the archeological finds of 2018, are few (slightly more than 20 pieces) fragments of painted faience of Asia Minor: so-called “Iznik” vessels (bowls, plates, jugs, vases) dated to 16th–17th century, and Kütahyan coffee cups of the 17th–18th century. Moreover, in the cultural layer of the Ottoman period, was discovered a fragment of a Chinese porcelain – painted cup of the Emperor Kangxi’s reigning period (the end of the 17th – the beginning of the 18th century).

Ornamentation of the “Turkish” tobacco pipes (on field research materials of the Volna 12 settlement on the Taman Peninsula)

Орнаментация «турецких» курительных трубок (по материалам поселения Волна 12 на Тамани)

Author(s): Olga Kladchenko / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Taman Peninsula; settlements; New time; “Turkish” tobacco pipes; ornaments

This article discusses the results of the study of 406 “Turkish” tobacco pipes excavated at the Volna 12 settlement on the Taman Peninsula in 2013–2015. There are numerous classifications of tobacco pipes in the Russian-language publications but these researches have not analyzed such important detail as ornamentation of the pipes. Descriptions of ornaments are given in articles of European scholars but there is no comprehensive study of the pipe’s décor. The author identified seven ornamental motifs and described 42 types of stamps that are represented by both the small series and single artifacts. To apply the ornament, the cogwheels and various stamps were used, and they can serve as reliable markers of certain workshops. Stamps of all types are shown in correlation with typological features of types of “Turkish” tobacco pipes. A further study of ornamental stamps is a promising direction in identifying of individual workshops and local centers for the production of tobacco pipes.

Some considerations on the crisis and reconstruction of the Urartian Kingdom in the Ararat Plain

Some considerations on the crisis and reconstruction of the Urartian Kingdom in the Ararat Plain

Author(s): Mateusz Iskra / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Urartu; Ararat Plain; Iron Age; Rusa II; earthquake

The period between the end of 8th and first half of 7th century BC was a testing time for the political unity and administration efficiency of the Urartian Kingdom. Lost wars with Assyria accompanied by Cimmerian raids and natural disasters are reflected in decreasing of epigraphic sources and destruction layers in several main sites. Most probably, the Ararat Plain was one of the regions that severely suffered during this period. Since the region rich with arable land was particularly important for the Urartian economy the main efforts of Rusa II conducted during his reconstruction of the kingdom were put into rebuilt and resettled the entire area. The consequences of this efforts can be visible in settlement system, pottery tradition and burial custom of inhabitants of the Ararat Plain.

Metsamor (Armenia) unexpected burials from the beginning of the Common Era

Metsamor (Armenia) unexpected burials from the beginning of the Common Era

Author(s): Krzysztof Jakubiak,Ashot Piliposyan,Hasmik Simonyan,A. Simonyan / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Armenia; Metsamor; graves; glass; Roman artefacts; glass beads

Metsamor archaeological site situated in the Aras valley is known as multi phases settlement. Recent years of the activity in the field brought to light remnants of the Iron Age settlement. Thanks to the Armenian-Polish team excavations it was possible to record also much later human activity. At the beginning of the Common Era the ruins of the settlement were used as a graveyard of the local community. Several graves dated on that period were unexpectedly recorded. Among the burial goods on special attention doubtlessly deserved a high quality glass objects, as well as the glass jewelry manufactured in the western parts of the Middle East.

Bibliography of the Northern Black Sea Area in Antiquity: BCOSPE III

Библиографический свод литературы по античному Северному Причерноморью: BCOSPE III

Author(s): V. Cojocaru,Lavinia Grumeza / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Black Sea; bibliography; historiography; Greek cities; art; religion; mythology; iranica

Bibliographia classica orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini. Ars, res sacrae & mythologica is the third of a planned series of six volumes dedicated to the bibliography of the northern Black Sea shore in antiquity. An up-to-date bibliographic guide to studies in the ancient history of the northern Black Sea has long been a desideratum, both for Western and Eastern scholars. With the publication of the first and second volumes – Epigraphica, numismatica, onomastica & prosopographica (BCOSPE I, 2014) and Archaeologica (BCOSPE II, 2018) – it became obvious that the importance of BCOSPE, its scope, originality and the diligence of its implementation does not leave any room for doubt that this book series will become a standard tool for everyone working on the ancient Black Sea region. This article provides the opportunity to expand on the topic, by discussing the following issues related to the project BCOSPE III: a brief introduction to the status quaestionis, innovative elements and the estimated impact, overall structure of the third volume and some methodological difficulties. At the same time, the authors focus on the historiographic debate on the Greeks and Non-Greeks (especially Scythians and Sarmatians) from the perspective of the publications on art, religion and mythology.

Archaeological research of the Roman fort of Resculum in the light of the LiDAR scanning

Archaeological research of the Roman fort of Resculum in the light of the LiDAR scanning

Author(s): Jacek Rakoczy / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: LiDAR; Roman period; limes; remote sensing; landscape archaeology

Located north of the Danube, Dacia Porolissensis was an area in which the Roman world met with the lands of the Sarmatians and the eastern Germanic tribes. The north-western border of the province is one of the least known parts of the limes. Limes Dacicus had an extensive infrastructure consisting of earthworks and stone and wood constructions that varied in chronology. The soil properties in the sites located on the limes can be used to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of geophysical surveys used in archaeology. The aim of the article is to present digital data collected utilizing both the ground based and aerial based laser scanning. In 2017 MGGP Aero Sp. z o.o. [Polish limited liability company] conducted a LiDAR scanning (using remote sensing methods) of the site for the project „The Roman fort of Resculum. Functions, significance and chronology of Roman settlements on the south-western part of the limes in Dacia Porolissensis ”funded by the Polish National Science Centre. For the surface of approximately 50 sq. m a full-waveform scanner was used to obtain a 4 pts/m 2 cloud, with a vertical accuracy of 0,15 m and a 30% lateral cover. The area is being researched by the Institute of Archaeology of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in cooperation with the National Museum of Transylvanian History in Cluj-Napoca. During field surveys the company Leica Geosystem conducted scanning of selected, documented archaeological sites. The aim of the research in Romania is to establish the character of Roman settlement in the Resculum region. Roman auxiliary forces had been stationed in that area, and their purpose was to keep watch over the bordering areas from watchtowers located in the mountains. Field research had yielded a considerable amount of well preserved ancient structures. The effects of aerial laser scanning are a useful tool in the demarcation of borders, especially helpful in identifying earthworks, moats, signal towers and other structures connected with the safeguarding of the border.

On the Issue of Cretan Wine Import in the Black Sea Region (1st – 2nd centuries AD)

К вопросу об импорте критского вина в Причерноморье (I–II вв. н.э.)

Author(s): Denis Masuta / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Crete; passum; АС4 amphorae; Roman period; Black Sea area; Tyras; Chersones

One of the most famous and quite expensive kinds of wine produced on the territory of the Roman Empire in the 1st–2nd centuries AD was a Cretan passum. For its high-rate taste and medicinal properties, it was in great demand among the wealthy segments of the capital and provinces population. The amphorae of type AC4, produced in Crete from the first quarter of 1st century AD till the late 2nd century AD, were used for its transportation. Their production peaked in the second half of 1st – first half of 2nd centuries AD, when they entered the markets of Rome in large numbers and reached the most remote parts of the Empire. These amphorae are considered to have been distributed in the Western Black Sea region – in the territory of Moesia Inferior province. However, the fragments of transport containers from Novae, Troesmis, Tomis, Tropaeum Trajani, attributed to this type by researches, are morphologically different from Cretan amphorae and date to the 2nd – first half of 3rd centuries AD. These vessels are the products of another not yet localized center and are attributed to type Samoylova 1 (І). As a result of the archaeological research of recent decades, single finds of АС4 amphorae are known in Chersonesus and Tyras, which allows us to expand the distribution area of this variety of transport containers to the Northern and North-Western Black Sea region. Their arrival dates to the late 2nd century AD, when the producers were forced to search for new markets for their products, due to the falling demand for Cretan wine and a reduction of its consumption in the western Roman provinces and the Eastern Mediterranean.

Borani of Zosimus, the Bosporan Kingdom and the Raid against Trebizond/Trapezous

Бораны Зосима, Боспорское царство и поход на Трапезунд

Author(s): Kyrylo V. Myzgin,Serghei V. Didenko / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: coins; Trebizond/Trapezous; Gothic wars; Zosimus; Pharsanzes; amphorae; Boromlia horizon

There is a fragment in Zosimus’ New History (Zos. I.32–33) about two naval raids of barbarians to the south-eastern and southern coasts of the Black Sea, which calls the Borani the organizers and principal participants. Ethnic identity and origin of this people remains unclear, being a subject of discussion among the experts. According to the account by Zosimus, the Borani together with other barbarians came to the Bosporan kingdom from the Danube area, and they appeared when Pharsanzes usurped the power 253/254 AD. The Borani used the Bosporan fleet to start their first naval raid from the Bosporan territory, against the city of Pituous. However, their attack was repelled by the vexillatio of legio XV Apollinaris stationed in the city under the commandment of Valerianus Successianus. In course of their second raid in 257/258 AD, which was also organized with support from the Bosporan fleet, the Borani succeeded in plundering Pituous and Trebizond/Trapezous. According to Zosimus, the barbarians took from Trebizond/Trapezous a great deal of money. Later on, the Borani disappeared from the pages of the New History, so their future remained unknown. From the most recent archaeological finds from the Roman period documented in the Eastern Barbaricum area, there are good reasons to suppose that, after the naval raids, the Borani settled in the region between the Dnieper and the Sivers’kyi Donets’ rivers. All the bronze coins minted in Trebizond/Trapezous and discovered to the north of the Black Sea so far originate from this place. Moreover, the finds of staters of King Pharsanzes, also concentrated in the area of interest, supply another argument for the relation to the events in the Bosporan kingdom in the 250s AD. Finally, the accumulation of the finds of amphorae of the type Shelov D in the said area suggests its stable commercial relations with the Black Sea emporia. Archaeological development of the forest-steppe zone between the Dnieper and the Sivers’kyi Donets’ in the middle and the second half of the third century AD is related to the sites of the Boromlia horizon discovered there. However, it would be still too early to attribute these sites to Zosimus’ Borani without any doubts.

Bust "Thymiateria" Most Spread in Pontic Region

Bust "Thymiateria" Most Spread in Pontic Region

Author(s): T. Shevchenko / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Olbia Pontica; Ancient Greek religion; temenos; botros; terracotta; bust thymiaterion; goddess’ image

Bust thymiateria, or images of goddesses with almost half a figure and with cups on their heads, are quite common in the Ancient Greek centres of the Black Sea area in the Hellenistic period. Despite their origin in other regions, large number of them were found in Pontic cities, such as in Olbia Pontica, Gordion, Amisos, Tauric Chersonesos, Myrmekion, Odesos, and Callatis, while in Gorgippia and Hermonassa, such items were found one in each. Thymiateria depicted Aphrodite or the participants of Dionysiac cult, rarely Mother of the Gods or Isis. In Olbia, there are several variants of bust thymiateria depicting a goddess without any attributes necessary for cultic image attribution. Terracottas of one of such variants are published and analyzed in this paper. They find their precise analogies among the materials of Callatis and Myrmekion. They are the images of a goddess wearing stephane, which is shown already in the mould, and earrings, with long strands of hair put on the shoulders and without clothes shown. They were found in a single context of the botros at the Eastern (Central) Temenos. This botros was situated not far from the coroplast’s workshop. This fact leads to the assumption that most of them were moved into the botros directly from the workshop and were never used. Peculiarities of the production technology, namely, manually shaped back and similar manner of processing the inner surface and the lower edge evidence that all of them were made by the same coroplast in the mould, perhaps imported, of which only one, the facial, side was available. The question whom the bust thymiateria serially produced in Olbia and known in other Ancient Greek centres of the Black Sea area depicted cannot be flatly answered. It can be only presupposed that considering the finds of bust thymiateria depicting Aphrodite found in the same botros, the lack of clothes, and the attention paid to the jewellery in the image, the terracottas analyzed here also could be related to this cult.

Again, New Discoveries of Early East Greek Pottery from Native Sites of the Northern Black Sea Hinterland

Again, New Discoveries of Early East Greek Pottery from Native Sites of the Northern Black Sea Hinterland

Author(s): Gocha R. Tsetskhladze / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Northern Black Sea; hinterland; local population; early Greek pottery; Scythians; Kuban region; Tarasova Balka; Razmennye

The paper presents new discoveries of early East Greek pottery at local sites in the hinterland of the northern Black Sea – on this occasion in the Kuban area during excavation of the Tarasova Balka settlement and the Razmennye tombs. Tableware dates from the last quarter of the 7th century BC; South Ionian amphora fragments, found in abundance, to the end of the 7th–first half of the 6th century BC. Once again, these items demonstrate gift-giving by Greeks from the very beginning of their arrival in the region in the last quarter of the 7th century BC.

A Pontic connection

A Pontic connection

Author(s): Adam Łukaszewicz / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Golden fleece; Jason; Argonauts; Black Sea; Medea; Colchis; Egypt

The myth of the Argonauts is a story which involves a supposed early contact of Greece with the Colchis. Even if the value of the myth as a written source concerning the early Greek penetration of the Black Sea coasts is questionable, it shows a vivid interest of the Greeks in exploring the area. In this paper the story of the Argonauts is retold in a concise way. The impact of the story and some ancient literary echoes are discussed. The ancient interpretation of the name of the ship Argo as an indication of a connection of the crew with the city of Argos is mentioned. The author discusses briefly a possible reflection of that idea in a papyrus which concerns a visit to the Fayum of a Bosporan embassy together with a delegation from Argos.

Clearchus of Pontica and Philip II of Macedon – a comparison of the ways and methods leading to the establishment of a divine cult of personality

Clearchus of Pontica and Philip II of Macedon – a comparison of the ways and methods leading to the establishment of a divine cult of personality

Author(s): P. Jagła / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Klearchus of Pontica; Philip of Macedon; religion; ruler cult; deification

The aim of my article is to compare how sources describe the actions of Clearchus, tyrant of Heraclea Pontica (365/4–353/2 BC), and those of Philip II of Macedonia (360/59/58–336 BC) that may appear as attempts to create religious cults of themselves. With regard to Philip, I have founded my work here on interpretation of the sources and results of my research, which I included in my PhD thesis „Religion in the policy of Philip II of Macedonia”. They primarily refer to events in the final period of his life: from his participation in the Fourth Sacred War and Battle of Chaeronea until his assassination in Aegae/Aegae. The comparison will reveal: – significant similarities (eg. both statesmen referred to the same gods: Zeus, Dionysus and Heracles); – the possibility that Clearchus influenced Philip (eg. in the year preceding the outbreak of the Fourth Sacred War, Philip carried out military operations in the area of Scythia and eastern Thrace as well as Propontis). These similarities were not necessarily the result of influence and/or inspiration, but rather a kind of signum temporis, which was reflected in the way in which ancient historians wrote about Clearchus and Philip.

Some remarks on the chronology of Laterculus Veronensis – a special case of the diocese of Pontus

Some remarks on the chronology of Laterculus Veronensis – a special case of the diocese of Pontus

Author(s): Łukasz Smorczewski / Language(s): English,Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Pontus; Verona List; Roman Anatolia; diocese; Paphlagonia; Diocletian; Armenia Maior

Chronology of introducing diocese as a territorial department in the Later Roman Empire is still a subject of discussions among scholars. The main source that describes early stages of diocesan structures establishment is an Incipit eiusdem nomina provinciarum omnium, also called the Laterculus Veronensis or the Verona List. Document from the seventh century is a part of manuscripts collection located in Biblioteca Capitolare in Verona. Laterculus shows partition of the Roman Empire on twelve administrative units which had assembled lesser provincials. The first critical edition of the Verona List was composed by Theodor Mommsen in 1863. German scholar proposed as the chronological framework of list’s origin a reign of Diocletian. In his view manuscript showed Roman Empire at about 297 AD. Nowadays modern historian dated information’s contained in the Verona List more accurately to 314 AD. However, some parts of the Verona List are still controversial in dating. In the case of diocese of Pontus, two gloss from the Laterculus Veronensis were dated as interpolation from 5th or 6th century AD. In Mommsen’s interpretation the first one informed about division of Paphlagonia as well as the second one shows annexation of Armenian Kingdom. So far the question of Pontus diocese in the Verona List wasn’t actually evaluated in much broader context of epigraphic sources. Analysis of governors inscriptions from Pontic region allows us to reconsider chronology of the Verona List once again.

Cultivating the Arts in Education and Therapy / Kultywowanie sztuki w edukacji i terapii

Cultivating the Arts in Education and Therapy / Kultywowanie sztuki w edukacji i terapii

Author(s): Malcolm Ross / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0