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MISLEADING AND COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING IN CONSUMER RELATIONSHIPS

Author(s): Olesea Plotnic,Rodica Crudu,Pascari Roman / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: consumer; misleading advertising; regulations; comparative advertising;

Misleading and comparative advertising, in fact like other unfair consumer practices, has become increasingly diverse in recent years, including with the application of information technology. But the countermeasures have also become more effective, largely due to the aspirations of European integration and the signing of the Association Agreement of the Republic of Moldova with the European Union (Association Agreement of 27.06.2014). These important processes have brought significant results, and finding that consumer protection in the field of misleading and comparative advertising in the Republic of Moldova was regulated below European standards, and essential regulations to ensure consumer interests were lacking, efforts were made to significantly improve legislation. through a broad process of harmonizing it with European Union legislation.The most important regulations in the field of misleading and comparative advertising can be found both in the national legislation, such as the Law on Advertising no. 1227 of 27.06.1997, the Law on Consumer Protection no. 105 of 13.03.2003 and the Competition Law no. 183 of 11.07.2012, as well as in the legislation of the European Union, the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on misleading and comparative advertising no. 2006 / 114 / EEC of 12.12.2006.An essential role in regulating misleading and comparative advertising is also represented by the adoption of Law no. 133 of 15 November 2018 on the modernization of the CivilCode and the amendment of some legislative acts, which entered into force on March 1, 2019.The aim of the study is to analyze both national regulations and European Union legislation, as well as unfair practices used by economic agents in misleading and comparative advertising.

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A SAMPLE OF MENTALITY IN TAX RETRAINING

Author(s): Septimiu Ioan Puţ / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: profit tax; tax requalification; prescription; dividends'

he requalification of the transactions or operations covered by the fiscal inspection must be done with the careful observation of the positive tax and non-tax legislation. Exceeding the common or special normative limits places the fiscal requalification and the administrative act generated by it in the annulable area of “anti- abuse”. At the same time, the fiscal body must pay more attention to the fiscal fact from which it starts and to which the whole mechanism of recalibration of fiscal obligations returns, but also to the relationship between the subjective element and its transposition in an objective plan. The solution of reconsidering the fiscal reality must be motivated and substantiated in order to ensure a subsequent judicial control.

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IMPACT OF DEFENSE INDUSTRY PRODUCTION FROM ROMANIA TO GDP

Author(s): Florin Şuhan / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: defense industry; GDP; assets; capital; profit;

The defense industry is a component of the national industry having, like the other branches of industry, the purpose of making a relevant contribution to the constitution of the gross domestic product. The more efficient a field of activity in the national economy is, the more it generates gross domestic product. In order to know and quantify the performance of the defense industry, we ask ourselves the question: how does the activity of defense contractors influence the gross domestic product? For this purpose, we carry out an investigation through the scientific method, using a database consisting of economic and financial information of economic operators in the field of defense industry in Romania. The working methods used are documentary research and the quantitative component materialized by a multiple linear regression model. The quantitative component is applied on a database corresponding to the period 2008 - 2018, being statistically processed by specialized software. Based on the interpretation of the links identified between the selected variables, we appreciate that the development of a multiple linear regression model with 5 variables in order to investigate the relationship between the results of defense contractors and the gross domestic product led to knowledge and reasonable quantification of defense industry performance. The correlation of the gross domestic product with the economic-financial indicators of capital and profit shows the significance of the field and the importance of supporting the production activity.

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FINTECH AS FINANCIAL INNOVATION – CHALLENGES AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE PANDEMIC PERIOD

Author(s): Carmen Toderascu Sandu,Vlad-Gabriel Nicolăescu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: FinTech; InsurTech; financial innovation; financial stability; financial services;

This paper aims to investigate the changes encountered on the financial market related to FinTech technology in the pandemic period that we are all going through. In these conditions, we consider that this technology has more attention compared to the traditional innovation. In our opinion, the implementation of this technology in the pandemic period has to do with the ability to adapt, with the proven potential in economic practice to change financial services. Of course, these changes will produce immediate effects in the market, effects that could affect the financial stability of a country. The insurance industry is significantly influenced by the rise of FinTech, changing consumer behavior and advanced technologies, and also InsurTechs and technology startups stimulate the customer experience through innovations such as risk-free underwriting, on- site procurement, activation and damage processing. Through this article we aim to see what is the impact of FinTech on the economy, especially on the insurance market, and what would be the beneficial measures to counteract the potential negative effects.

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THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL INNOVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS IN EMERGING ECONOMIES

Author(s): Carmen Toderascu Sandu,Otilia Oprea / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Covid-19 crisis; innovation; FinTech; financial policy;

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is global. In order to combat the uncontrollable spread of the virus and the transformation of the COVID-19 crisis into a humanitarian crisis, developing countries and emerging economies have implemented extremely strict blocking measures. This study aims to review the literature in this area to show the effects of financial innovation in the context of the pandemic and to find the best policy recommendation in order to save the economy.

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A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON SUSTAINABLE FINANCE: EUROPE' S CONTRIBUTION

Author(s): Constantin-Marius Apostoaie,Irina Bilan,Stanimir Kabaivanov / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: sustainable finance; sustainable development; bibliometric analysis; Scopus; VOSviewer;

Up until recently, the world got used to the idea that the most ardent issues to be solved are related to poverty, climate change, economic inequalities and pandemic threats. Yet again, the world faces new social, environmental, and economic challenges imposed by the conflict in Ukraine. Managing all these societal issues requires the use of the most important drivers of all economies, financial capital. The overall financial system needs to adapt by embracing sustainability principles and practices, and integrate them within all its processes. As the paper reveals, the topics related to ‘sustainable finance’ continue to grow in number and importance, clearly becoming an ardent subject in the agenda of numerous governments, regulators, private entities and, last but not least, financial institutions. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview on the scientific literature that conceptually and/or empirically addresses topics related to sustainable finance (highlighting, in the process, Europe’s contribution). Using a bibliometric approach and a dataset of 1915 research materials extracted from Scopus (covering 1991-2021), we identify key emerging research trends in sustainable finance and provide a platform for academics upon which they may build their own research on the topic.

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ACTORS / SUBJECTS OF THE CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY

Author(s): Cristina Bancu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: cross-border insolvency; jurisdiction; European case-law; harmonization; cross-border business relations;

The article insists on the legal solutions of the subjects/actors of cross-border insolvency, a complex issue that involves elements of legislative systems and legal instruments both at national and international level. In this study, there were researched issues regarding the existing regulatory framework of the conditions to become an actor/subject of the cross-border insolvency in the Republic of Moldova and the most important analysis being focused on the provisions of the European and international regulatory framework, which demonstrates a tendency to resolve cross-border disputes and conflicts, but which unfortunately does not cope to the globalization trends. The analysis of the European framework that regulates the conditions for insolvency proceedings in international jurisdiction as well as the establishment of creditors' defense limits is not always the shield of creditors outside the EU, which in fact leads to cross-border insolvency conflicts. The continuous expansion of international trade will inevitably lead to the emergence of new cases of insolvency, we cannot overshadow the consequences of the health crisis (Covid 19) in the modern world that inevitably comes with new waves of liquidation of large companies. The author finally comes with conclusions that can be implemented in both international and national regulations with regard to parties involved in the insolvency process which comes out to be difficult and involved international issues and problems. Additionally, it will be marked out of threatens of administrator and founders to bear financial liability as result of the indirect liability for the companies’ debts.

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IDENTIFICATION OF BANKRUPTCY RISK AND MANAGEMENT OF CRISIS COMPANIES

Author(s): Ancuta-Anisia Chelba / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: insolvency; Romania; bankruptcy; companies; crisis;

The purpose of the research paper is to conduct a national analysis of how the situation of insolvent companies in the period 2010-2021 in Romania has evolved. A major goal has been set in order to achieve the proposed goal. The main objective of the paper is focused on the analysis of the management of companies in crisis and the identification of companies in insolvency in Romania. The adjacent objectives are to describe the signs of crisis in society, to define the concept of crisis according to the works in the economic literature, to present the main types of crises that may affect the activity of economic entities, to describe the crisis recognition phase of an enterprise, the identification of the parties affected by the bankruptcy crisis of the company, presenting the types of analysis and methods used in the practice of prediction, defining the risk of bankruptcy, and listing the models for predicting bankruptcy. The usefulness of the study is highlighted by the importance of the results transmitted, useful results for the following categories of users: researchers in the field, academic institutions, companies looking for solutions to predict financial health and all those interested in mechanisms for assessing and forecasting the risk of bankruptcy, but also the results regarding the insolvency situation at national level in Romania.

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THE INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SILOS AND THE "BEIRUT" PHENOMENON, IN THE LOCAL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY

Author(s): Petrică-Ionel Cioară / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: grains; blast; new laws; assurance;

This article proposes a new approach, considering that cereals are dangerous, even if this is not very well known. The explosion of 1.1 kilotone of cereals in the port of Beirut, caused losses of over 4 billion US dollars in real estate, death and more than 7000 of injuries, the explanation accepted worldwide being ammonium nitrate from warehouse number 12. To support my investigation, I have observed a database of photos, films and the plans of the silo, looking for answers to the basic questions in the case: why the smoke was white and why the two back cells of the silo have been destroyed, if the main explosion is the cause. My results, demonstrate that the cereals dust confined in the silo and it generated the second explosion, so there is a state of acute threat for the cities in the proximity of this type of silo, i.e. both the city of Constan􏰈a and Eforie. European Union helped with a special fund when the tragedy happened, and there is the need for special regulation to protect and to offer indemnity and insurance policies in such circumstances. The results of the research propose a new law addressing the situation.

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LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND TRENDS OF THE DIGITAL BANKING AGREEMENT

Author(s): Violeta Cojocaru,Aliona Cara-Rusnac / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: digital contract; digital banking; banking digital contract; clients’ rights; banking European regulation on digital agreements; Moldovan banking activity; digital platforms; EU banking and payments;

The article will analyze the legal framework and trends of the Moldovan digital banking agreements and its impact on banking activity overall. There will be presented the Moldovan digital banking agreements that were implemented in the banking activity area and their impact on the increase of clients desire to sign these types of contracts. Banks were first in row to explore the digital area as consequences of the technological progress and by simplifying clients’ needs to access faster banking service activities. The business of the companies in special banks is based 80% on contracts. Despite this fact, the digital banking contract involves security issues that clients might inure connected to theft of the identity, validity of electronic signature, access to internet in rural areas, and the classic banking transactions such as loan approvals, account opening and investments have not experienced the digital revolution switch due to the consumers’ strict legal requirements. Nevertheless, it will be presented the role of the National Bank of Moldova in adopting legal framework necessary for developing digital banking contracts and the resistance of the other players of the banking digital market as payment providers.It will be argued that there is a need to tackle solutions to banks challenges at the European, International level that the national level, and will be considered the role of the International, European and national monitoring institutions to provide appropriate solutions and if necessary to adopt restrictions in cross-border banking digital services and the risks that clients might experience by accessing those services. Finally, the authors will compare the trends of the Moldovan digital banking contracts compare to the digital banking contracts in European Union area and will come up with solutions how to integrate Moldovan Banking activity in European Union standards.

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THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-RETROACTIVITY IN TAX LAW

Author(s): Daniela Constantin-Vorovenci / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: principle of non-retroactivity; non-retroactivity; legal certainty; legal security;

Most normative legal analysis is devoted to determining which procedures or policies society should prefer. Any divergence between the current legal regime raises the question of citizens' basic rights regarding their legal situation. This Article uses legal and economic analysis to evaluate the non -retroactivity of law.Part 1 of this Article provides a broad illustration of the principle of non-retroactivity and its dimension in Romanian tax law.Part 2 of the Article extends the theoretical research on the principle of non-retroactivity in comparative law. The purpose of the analysis is to highlight to what extent the principle, in the form regulated in the Constitution of Romania, supports certain nuances compared to other countries.Part 3 of the Article deals with the practical side of the problem. Thus, based on concrete examples identified in the tax law, we tried to determine if the constitutional transformation of the non-retroactivity in the form adopted by the constituent legislator, by reference to the specifics and limits of the tax law, is the only solution to guarantee the elimination of any abuses of legislation and strengthening legal certainty.Title 4 of the Article contains our conclusions on the phenomenon under consideration.

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CONTRACTUAL MECHANISMS IN BUDGETARY FRAMEWORK: A SPECIAL VIEW ON EU GRANTS

Author(s): Ioana Maria Costea,Despina-Martha Ilucă / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: budgetary credit; grant contract; European funds; contractual remedies; budgetary resilience;

The budgetary framework defines itself in relation with two significant pillars: the public source of revenues and the general private legal context. Budgetary funds, national or European, are significantly relying on contractual mechanisms to ensure the execution of a budgetary credit. These contractual elements are a concoction of strict regulations deriving from the purpose of protecting public interest and of suppler regulations sustaining an efficient expenditure operating model. In this framework, EU grants are a specific instrument for attaining socio-economic purposes that have a high contractual profile. The present study will address the givens of budgetary execution in the EU context by applying general contractual standards to this domain. This analysis will allow us to identify commonalities and individualities of EU grants. The method used is a general analysis of contractual mechanism, allowing to identify the behavior of EU grants as to the features, subjects, object, provisions, execution, and termination of the contractual link.

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AIRLINE PASSENGERS’ SATISFACTION IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN EUROPEAN LOW-COST AND TRADITIONAL CARRIERS

Author(s): Laura Diaconu (Maxim) / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Coronavirus pandemic; passengers’ satisfaction; low-cost carriers; traditional airlines;

The COVID-19 pandemic brought many challenges to most of the economic sectors, at the global level. The airline industry was, however, among the worst affected. Throughout history, the airline industry has faced numerous challenges, but none of them had such a magnitude and so serious consequences as the current pandemic. It is known that service quality has been integrated as a major component in any business’s strategic plan. This happened because service quality has increasingly been considered a key factor in the discrimination between service products and in building the competitive advantage. Customer satisfaction plays an important role in motivating consumers' behavioural loyalty, which translates into favourable feedback, repeated purchases, recommending the product or service to others and even into service innovation that would improve clients’ experiences. In the case of the airlines industry, to survive the fierce competition, companies are required to effectively manage their passengers’ relations so that they guarantee and retain customers’ satisfaction, with the ultimate goal of driving future income. The same as in the other businesses, in the airline industry, the customers’ needs and demands are usually affected by several factors, of which service quality remains the most significant aspect. A crisis, such as the COVID- 19, may lead to radical changes in the passengers’ experiences and expectations. Thus, not only it is important to understand how passengers evaluate airlines, but also to identify which dimensions of satisfaction are the most important for the passengers in the context of the current pandemic. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the differences in customers’ satisfaction between the European low-cost and traditional carriers, during the COVID-19 period, as well the factors that influence their satisfaction. The empirical analysis was conducted on secondary data, consisting in 3,125 reviews written by passengers on well-known airline reviews websites.

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GREEN FINANCE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE POST COVID-19 WORLD. EVIDENCE FROM EU COUNTRIES

Author(s): Adina Dornean,Ada-Iuliana Popescu,Dumitru-Cristian Oanea / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: green finance; COVID-19; economic growth; environmental protection; sustainable development;

The importance of green finance has been steadily growing over the last years and it became a necessity for sustainable development of our society. According to the literature, green finance simultaneously provides economic growth and environmental protection.In 2020, the COVID-19 crisis generated the need for a friendlier environmental development that put a greater emphasis on green finance as an economic instrument in order to achieve it. Considering the role of green finance in obtaining an inclusive, resilient and cleaner economic growth through environmental protection, the present paper empirically analyses the link between green finance and economic growth. For this purpose, we will use a multiple linear regression based on balanced panel data for the European Union (EU) countries. The results show that green finance has a positive impact on economic growth. Therefore, governments and policymakers should focus on financing green projects and even promote green fiscal policies, that can contribute to the global green recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic.

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EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN THE FLEET OF EUROPEAN ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS BASED ON THE “NEW EUROPEAN DRIVING CYCLE”

Author(s): Stephan Filser / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: CO2 emissions in the fleet; automotive industry; NEDC; WLTP;

The analysis of CO2 (CO2) emissions in the automotive industry is divided into three main phases, the production phase, the use phase, and the end-of-life phase. During the production phase and the end-of-life phase the CO2 emissions are caused through several process steps in manufacturing and recycling. For the measurement of CO2 emissions during the use phase (“in the fleet”) the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) was developed and introduced by the European Union (last update in 1997). To establish a status of the progress of the reduction of CO2 emissions in the fleet in the automotive industry in Europe, an analysis of published annual reports as well as sustainability reports of the year 2020 by chosen OEMs (original equipment manufacturer) is carried out. The usability of data is subordinated to the group structures of the OEMs and the availability of corresponding reports. While the WLTP (worldwide harmonised light-duty vehicles test procedure) had already been introduced in 2014, useable data is still mainly based on the NEDC. Since 1995, OEMs have shown an (realistic) average annual improvement of the reduction of CO2 emissions in their fleets of 2.27 %. Relative to the reductions already achieved, zero emissions could be reached between 2036 (best-case scenario) and 2042 (worst-case scenario). In 2019 a new regulation by the European Parliament (EU 2019/631) came into effect, recommending the WLTP. A poll of the European Parliament in June 2022 set another goal of zero CO2 emissions in the fleet by 2035. According to the current analysis this goal is equivalent to an annual improvement of CO2 emissions in the fleet of 4.21 % - more than 1.5 times higher than the calculated average.

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SEMANTIC ASPECTS IN SENTIMENT ANALYSIS. A STUDENT'S SATISFACTION BEHAVIOUR ON BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM

Author(s): Doina Fotache,Codrin-Stefan Esanu,Vasile-Daniel W. Păvăloaia / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: sentiment analysis; student's satisfaction; business information systems; undergraduate program;

The image of Business Information Systems (BIS) field of studies influences the students attractivity to IT industry. The reputation generated by mass media and social media is more 'geeky' and more professional than it is. In the recent years, many students have chosen to pursue careers in the IT industry and, as a result, the enrolment in BIS programs have increased almost exponentially. However, many students don't declare their satisfaction degree and therefore don't manifest a certain loyalty to the BIS undergraduate program that they are enrolled in or graduated. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to analyse students’ sentiments about the BIS undergraduate program and aims to reveal their perceptions about the field as well as to explore their cultural background. The results of this investigation may reveal that the background might influence students' professional IT proficiencies in BIS field. The analysis of results can provide a behavioural pattern of a successful student in the BIS field of study.

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A FOLLOWER’S PERSPECTIVE OVER THE IT LEADERSHIP IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Ioana Gutu,Daniela-Tatiana Agheorghiesei / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: leadership; IT industry; management;

Leadership is a key driver for the management performance of most industries. Largely known for its behaviours and influence over followers, it depends of two main factors: organizational culture towards leaders performance, and followers ability to adapt and subscribe to desired organizational behaviours. The dilemma can be at first analysed as from a leader’s perspective, in regard with their knowledge and level of understanding of the depths and significance of their actions and, secondly, as for the followers’ attributes and willingness to integrate and adapt to new organizational leadership motivational and stimuli techniques. When regarding leadership, on both organizational and/or individual levels, literature generally refers to it only by undertaking a leaders’ perspective, since followers’ behaviours and attitudes are considered in terms of leadership outcomes. The current research could not identify any leadership construct or theory that also regards the followers’ role and perspective, along with the leadership view. Despite the increasing organizational accent over leadership importance in regard with organizational performance and development, for the IT companies after a decade of steep evolution, being on the peak for technical innovative solutions, leadership importance has also accentuated. The current research focused on the IT leadership in Romania, by performing an analysis of the transformational leadership attitudes and performance, as from a followers’ perspective; moreover, a descriptive analysis of the IT Industry and depths of followers understanding of the transformative leadership practices will be conducted. The research instrument, a 24 items questionnaire was applied, and data received counts 215 views. Results will underline a new perspective of the IT Industry in Romania, by offering a characterization of the organizational architecture from a follower’s view. Moreover, the current research brings an added value in regard with the follower perspective for the transformational leadership practices within the organizational IT environment.

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SOME ROMANIAN ACCOUNTING AND TAX EVOLUTIONS IN THE DEFINITION AF THE GROUPS OF ENTITIES

Author(s): Costel Istrate / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: group of companies; accounting consolidation; affiliates; VAT fiscal group; income tax group;

Accounting consolidation by reporting relevant financial information about the group, has been a model for tax authorities. From a fiscal point of view, we could identify at least three distinct situations about the groups and the transactions between the components of a group of companies: fiscal definition of the affiliated persons, fiscal treatment for the VAT groups and fiscal treatment for income tax groups. In the case of the transactions between affiliates, the fiscal rules allow the tax authorities to restate some information, in order to calculate taxes on a fair base. Starting with 2007, the Romanian fiscal code introduces the notion of VAT unique fiscal group, i.e. designate legally independent persons, but with close financial, economic and organizational links (with a threshold of 50% in the voting rights). This group can be considered as a single taxable person, the major advantage representing it the opportunity to offset the payable VAT and the VAT to be arising recovered from different components of the VAT fiscal group. Finally, the Romanian tax authorities introduced, in 2018, in the fiscal code the chapter that allows the recognition in Romania of the tax group in the field of corporate income tax. The threshold of the voting rights in this case is 75% and the group have the opportunity to calculate and to pay a single tax for the entire group, eventually offsetting the profits of some components against the tax loss of another component.

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KNOWLEDGE VALORIZATION IN EU. A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT FOR ROMANIA

Author(s): Diana-Manuela Lina / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: knowledge valorisation; entrepreneurial university; innovation;

In this paper we propose a critical assessment of the activities in the knowledge valorization chain in Romania, exploring data from 2021 European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS). Using a set of relevant indicators, we analyse the main dimensions of capturing the value creation from knowledge.Knowledge valorization lies at the heart of the knowledge economy and is critical for the economic and social progress. Despite of the political efforts of the European Commission regarding this issue, the “European Paradox” continues to exist and the failure of most European countries to convert the investment carried out in R&D into economic results and social benefits remains a debated topic.Universities, as one of the main actors of the knowledge valorization process acknowledge this as a component of the university mission and play multiple roles along the valorization channels. In this context, the entrepreneurial transformation of the university is determined and determines support and intensification of knowledge transfer.The research shows the need to reduce barriers for transferring knowledge into economy and necessity for policy intervention to uptake of research results in society and the economy, especially for Romanian environment.

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CONSUMER IN CYBERSPACE: DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL INFORMATION

Author(s): Adriana Manolica,Ioan-Cristian Puravu,Lorin Dragan,Teodora Roman / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: GDPR; personal data; online privacy; online identity; personal data protection;

The GDPR set of regulations made us more aware of the importance of collecting, protecting, and using personal data. Four years after the effective implementation of GDPR in the Romanian legislation, we focused on investigating the public perception of how various companies store private data online. Besides, we wanted to understand to what degree the public is concerned about handling this data. We realized our research on a sample of the adult population, aged between 18 and 65, all residing in the Northeast region of Romania.A series of information is processed, accessed, shared, sold, and bought, sometimes even abusively manipulated, all this without the user being aware.Any online interaction involves private data and digital traces. It could be simple communication, online shopping, or browsing. This data generates new information on our lives and activities. If we look closer at this phenomenon, we realize it only expands with time. Therefore, the question of private life, far away from this potential threat of data manipulation, hidden interest, and unpermitted intrusions becomes more and more relevant. Our work explores the internet users from the North-eastern region of Romania's behaviours and perceptions four years after GDPR legislation was passed.

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