Czy żebym mógł powiedzieć, że ktoś obraził X-a, X musi poczuć się obrażony? (i inne pytania o czasownik {obrażać / obrazić})
If I am to say that somebody offended X, is it necessary that X felt offended? (and other questions about the verb {obrażać / obrazić})

Summary/Abstract: In the article I discuss semantic and syntactic features of the verb obrażać / obrazić kogoś [“to offend somebody”, imperf. / perf.], as they depend on the aspect and the form of the subject (i.e. cos´ - “something” or ktoś - “somebody”). I applied a series of implicational tests checking two kinds of implications for the expressions in concern (2 aspects x 2 forms of the subject): (a) “causal” implications - (whether) something / somebody c a u s e d something, i.e. caused that X f e e l s offended (“subjectively”) or that X wa s offended (“objectively”, as it is judged by the speaker), possibly without feeling offended; and (b) “intentional” implications (only for ktoś - subjects) - (whether) somebody i n t e n d e d to offend X, possibly without actually offending him in the above sense, subjective or objective. Another feature taken into account is intonation viewed as a manifestation of neutral thematic-rhematic structure of sentences built on these predicates (the latter being an important semantic feature of predicates themselves). On the grounds of these characteristics I distinguished five (bilateral) units of language, only one of which implying that X actually felt offended.

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