Działalność feministek skupionych wokół Pauliny Kuczalskiej-Reinschmit w procesie tworzenia społeczeństwa obywatelskiego przed Wielką Wojną
The Work of the Feminists around Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit in the Process of Creating a Civil Society before the Great War

Summary/Abstract: In the Kingdom of Poland, Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit (1859-1921) and other feminists founded various women’s associations with an emancipatory agenda. From the 1880s until the outbreak of World War I they were facing double adversity: a state that was hostile on account of their national background and a society that resisted their claim to general enfranchisement regardless of sex. The Russian Revolution was a turning point in the history of women’s associations and emancipatory discourse, for women now demanded equal civil rights. Until 1905, men and women were usually presented as engaged in a common struggle for equal rights. However, when Polish politicians refused to satisfy the feminists’ demands, women began to see themselves as fighting on their own. Zawiszewska’s methodology is inspired by Polish scholarship on women’s social history and emancipatory discourses, which highlights the role of associations in constructing a modern civil society.

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