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Forests of Slavonia through History. Proceedings of a Scientific Conference Held in Slavonski Brod on October 1-2, 2015 Cover Image
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Slavonske šume kroz povijest. Zbornik radova znanstvenog skupa s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem održanog u Slavonskom Brodu 1.-2. listopada 2015
Forests of Slavonia through History. Proceedings of a Scientific Conference Held in Slavonski Brod on October 1-2, 2015

Contributor(s): Dinko Župan (Editor), Robert Skenderović (Editor)
Subject(s): Archaeology, Physical Geopgraphy, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Environmental Geography, Maps / Cartography, Economic history, Ancient World, Middle Ages, Modern Age, Croatian Literature, Theory of Literature
Published by: Hrvatski institut za povijest
Keywords: Slavonia; forests; Middle Ages; Early Modern Period; 19th and 20th century; environmental history;
Summary/Abstract: Forests represent one of the greatest natural assets of Croatia. In terms of preservation and quality, Slavonian forests of pedunculate oak are particularly renowned today. Slavonian pedunculate oak gained its worldwide fame in the mid-19th century, especially celebrated at that time as an excellent material for barrel staves in France. Since then, the timber industry has become an important element of the Slavonian economy, and its influence is visible in all segments of society. However, Slavonian forests have a much longer history. They are long-lasting structures that have conditioned human life in Slavonia in various ways. Likewise, throughout history, humans have continuously interacted with Slavonian forests through numerous interventions and daily practices related to the forests.

  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-953-8102-11-0
  • Page Count: 469
  • Publication Year: 2018
  • Language: Croatian
Šume i drveće u antici južne Panonije

Šume i drveće u antici južne Panonije
(Forests and Timber in Ancient Southern Pannonia)

  • Author(s):Josip Parat
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Archaeology, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Environmental Geography, Ancient World
  • Page Range:15-38
  • No. of Pages:24
  • Keywords:Pannonia; antiquity; environment; forest; wood; ecohistory; archaeology;
  • Summary/Abstract:Wood was indisputably one of the most valuable natural resources of the Roman province of Pannonia. The southern part of the province, delimited by the Sava, Drava and Danube rivers, was no different. Though sporadically and briefly, several authors of the Principate period testify to the fact that this was a densely wooded area. Short notes from the literary accounts of Pliny the Elder and Appian of Alexandria are particularly instructive in this regard. No less valuable are the scattered archaeological remains which provide further evidence of the types of trees and their uses. Likewise, both stone inscriptions and figurative monuments shed some light on the complex human-nature relationship. This paper examines literary, archaeological and epigraphic records pertinent to the southern part of the Roman province of Pannonia, in an effort to offer a more coherent picture of forests and timber in the antiquity. Pliny’s mention of the acorn-bearing Pannonia suggests that the oak was the most prevalent species in the province. Referring to this area during the Roman conquests, Appian also pointed out that Pannonia was a wooded region. Others drew attention to the problem of human interventions in the environment. Forests and marshlands covered a considerable area in southern Pannonia, and soil amelioration measures were carried out on several occasions up to the modern times. Literary and epigraphic data implies that Pannonian forests were popular hunting areas for the local élite. Although direct proof of forest managment and ownership is yet to be found, two stone inscriptions unearthed in the north of the province indicate that the forests were either the emperor’s personal property, or were leased to local tenants. Archaeological excavations conducted in the urban centres of southern Pannonia showed that the first construction phase, dated to the early 1st c. AD, was predominantly marked by the use of timber. Classical authors refer to a whole range of different species used: oak, beech, fir, hazel, ash, alder, as well as different types of willow. Based on these reports, we can get a sense of how Romans used timber in the everyday life of the province. Votive monuments were used to examine the spiritual connection between the local population and the forests. It is worth noting that Silvanus was the second most popular deity in ancient Pannonia. The inscriptions and reliefs dedicated to him are regularly found not only in ancient spa centres, but also along the boundaries of private properties. It thus seems probable that the locals worshipped the deity as the protector of private estates on the edges of uncultivated wooded areas.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Pisani izvori o šumama u savsko-dravskom međuriječju u kasnoj antici i srednjem vijeku

Pisani izvori o šumama u savsko-dravskom međuriječju u kasnoj antici i srednjem vijeku
(Writt en Sources on Forests in the Region Between the Sava and Drava Rivers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages)

  • Author(s):Hrvoje Gračanin, Silvija Pisk
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Archaeology, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Environmental Geography, Ancient World, Middle Ages
  • Page Range:39-59
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:forests; southern Pannonia (region between the Sava and Drava rivers); Late Antiquity; Middle Ages; narative sources; diplomatic evidence;
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper focuses on analysis and comparison of two types of sources (selected late antique and medieval narrative sources as well as late medieval charters on purchase, sale, exchange, pawning, donation and perambulation of estates) referring to forests in the region between the Sava and Drava rivers. The aim is to detect and present which types of data on forests can be found in late antique and medieval narrative sources (of western/Latin and eastern/Greek provenance) and in late medieval documents, particularly in perambulation records. Through the analysis of narrative sources, the paper also endeavours to detect how much and what the writers knew about the forests, whether their knowledge was based on their personal experience, on acquired information or on the knowledge of literature; consequently what they have to say could simply be construed as a direct transfer of identical data and formulations from earlier literature references. Late medieval documents should for instance show the importance of the forests and trees in the determination of boundaries, which sorts of trees could be found in forests of the region between the Sava and Drava rivers, as well as what forests meant to the population of that time. The analyzed narrative sources offer too few information that is directly related to forests in the region between the Sava and Drava rivers. The exception is Claudian who makes the only explicit mention of forests in the region, and apparently in its eastern part, the former Roman province of Second Pannonia (Pannonia Secunda). However, given the panegyric character of his poem, his description has primarily symbolic power and is also quite general. On the contrary, Sextus Aurelius Victor was for a while governor of the Second Pannonia, and his remark about immense forests of Pannonias carries a greater weight as an eyewitness account.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Šuma Garavica i „ničija zemlja" na slavonsko-turskom pograničju u 16. i 17. stoljeću

Šuma Garavica i „ničija zemlja" na slavonsko-turskom pograničju u 16. i 17. stoljeću
(Garavica Forest and “No Man’s Land” on the Slavonian-Turkish Frontier in the 16th and 17th Centuries)

  • Author(s):Stanko Andrić
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Historical Geography, Environmental Geography, Maps / Cartography, 16th Century, 17th Century, The Ottoman Empire
  • Page Range:61-117
  • No. of Pages:57
  • Keywords:Slavonia; Habsburg Monarchy; Ottoman Empire; Česma river; Ilova river; Garavica (mountain-forest); frontier; forest; reforestation; border fortresses; no man’s land; abatis; cartography;
  • Summary/Abstract:At the time of its greatest expansion, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Ottoman Empire comprised the lower half of the land between the Drava and the Sava, previously part of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom. During the second half of the 16th century, the balance of power on that section of the new Ottoman border was established between the Ilova and Česma rivers, tributaries of the Sava, where a frontier zone was created, dividing the conquered parts (organized as Pakrac and Požega sanjaks) on the eastern side from the unconquered land (Croatia-Slavonia, as part of the Habsburg Empire) on the western side. There was no formal boundary line but rather a belt of “no man’s land”, a mostly depopulated stretch of land between the Drava and the Sava, which was from both sides carefully guarded by the crews of border fortresses. Through the use of written and subsequently also cartographic sources the author tries to show how this in the Middle Ages densely populated and economically well-developed area of the old Križevci and Virovitica counties became transformed into a deserted land where natural forces restored the primacy over the activities of human society. This “return to nature” manifested itself in the first place through unlimited growth of vegetation and ultimately natural reforestation – the growth of new forests throughout a relatively wide “march” or frontier zone. The Ottoman conquests in this area reached their limits in 1552 with the taking of important towns and fortresses of Virovitica near the Drava and of Čazma on the Česma river. The conquerors quickly established a new sanjak named Začasna after the medieval Croatian name of Čazma, Začesan or Začesemje (all forms meaning ‘beyond the Česma river’). However, they abandoned Čazma as soon as 1559 and moved the center of the sanjak to Pakrac, nearly 60 kilometers to the east. After the Slavonian-Turkish frontier zone finally stabilized around 1560, there were many episodes of the Kleinkrieg across the stretch of „no man’s land“ until the beginning of the seventeenth century. Turkish raids were certainly more frequent, but the Christian side repaid them in kind on a number of occasions. The organization of defense on the Slavonian side included the use of the abatis early on. In its decrees of 1562, the Croatian-Slavonian Sabor required the closing by barriers of river passes and the construction of wooden obstacles (resecandae indagines) at appropriate places. From then on, sources regularly refer to the use of abatis (indagines in Latin and Verhack or Waldverhack in German language texts) made by felling the trees in forested areas.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Šume kao izvor prehrane. Uzgoj i trgovina kestenom u Požeštini u 16. i 17. stoljeću

Šume kao izvor prehrane. Uzgoj i trgovina kestenom u Požeštini u 16. i 17. stoljeću
(Forests as a Source of Nutrition: The Cultivation of and Trade in Chestnuts in the Požega Area in the 16th and 17th Century)

  • Author(s):Anđelko Vlašić
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Regional Geography, Environmental Geography, Economic history, Environmental interactions, 16th Century, 17th Century, The Ottoman Empire
  • Page Range:119-136
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:Slavonia; Požega area; forests; early modern period; Ottoman Empire; environmental history; cultivation of chestnuts; trade in chestnuts;
  • Summary/Abstract:In the second half of the 16th century, when the Požega area was under Ottoman rule, Hadži Mehmed-aga, a local strongman, was the owner of huge chestnut forests, exporting the nuts to adjacent Ottoman provinces. Numerous chestnut forests could be found throughout the Požega area as well as in the area around Orahovica, hence it is possible that other Ottoman lords cultivated and traded in chestnuts or merely sold them to Hadži Mehmed-aga. Požega was, during the Ottoman rule, a developed trading centre of the Sanjak of Pojega with a rich social life in which the Požega confectioners played a central role. Since the provincial centres such as Požega took the social life of the Ottoman centre as a role model, it can be assumed that the Požega populace also consumed chestnuts and used them in the preparation of their food, the confectioners and their products playing a major role. It is unknown whether this situation from the 16th century continued into the 17th century. It might be possible that the descendants of Hadži Mehmed-aga and other entrepreneurs of the Požega area and the Orahovica area continued to cultivate and export chestnuts; however no records have yet been found. It is likely that the cultivation of chestnuts during the 17th century declined due to the cold during the Little Ice Age. On the other hand, the increasing cultivation of crop plants such as potatoes and corn might have decreased the importance of chestnuts in the nutrition of the Požega area populace. In any event, in conclusion, the Ottoman Požega area of the 16th century, and probably at a later date, was characterized by a lively environment and an abundant everyday life where entrepreneurial-minded individuals knew how to utilize forest potentials, the potentials of chestnuts in particular.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Opis slavonskih i sremskih šuma u delima Fridriha Vilhelma fon Taubea i Franca Štefana Engela (Opis Kraljevstva Slavonije i Srema)

Opis slavonskih i sremskih šuma u delima Fridriha Vilhelma fon Taubea i Franca Štefana Engela (Opis Kraljevstva Slavonije i Srema)
(The Description of Forests in Slavonia and Syrmia in the Works of Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube and Franz Stefan Engel (Description of the Kingdom of Slavonia and Syrmia))

  • Author(s):Vladan Gavrilović
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Regional Geography, Environmental Geography, 18th Century
  • Page Range:137-146
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:forests of the Kingdom of Slavonia and Syrmia; Habsburg Monarchy; 18th century; Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube; Franz Stefan Engel;
  • Summary/Abstract:From the earliest times forests represented great wealth in the territory of Croatia, Slavonia and Syrmia. In the modern era, during the Habsburg Monarchy and its administration, forests were a public good, i.e. in state ownership, to a large degree owned by the Court Chamber, the County/Županija or the Military Frontier. With a series of statutes, concerning land and landed property, mainly in the mid-18th century, the Habsburg Monarchy organized this area which consisted, among other things, of the forests mentioned in some of the articles. The forests of these areas (Slavonia and Syrmia) were also described by the Austrian subjects Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube and Franz Stefan Engel, who, as well as giving interesting descriptions of forest properties also focused their observations on the organization and management of forests, on regulations concerning logging bans and on general behaviour in forests. The descriptions of these two authors in their works that were both entitled Opis Kraljevine Slavonije i Vojvodstva Srema constitute very good historical and geographical sources for the understanding of the situation in the territory of Slavonia and Syrmia in the second half of the 18th century.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Šume vukovarskog vlastelinstva u 18. stoljeću prema kartografskim izvorima

Šume vukovarskog vlastelinstva u 18. stoljeću prema kartografskim izvorima
(The Forests of the Vukovar Manor in the 18th Century according to Cartographic Sources)

  • Author(s):Ante Grubišić
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Environmental Geography, Maps / Cartography, 18th Century
  • Page Range:147-192
  • No. of Pages:46
  • Keywords:Vukovar estate; forests; cartographic sources; Johann Philipp Frast;
  • Summary/Abstract:The aim of this article is to contribute to the history of manorial cartography, using the example of cartographic sources of the Vukovar manor from the 18th century and to make an attempt to reconstruct the condition of the wooded areas in the early period of the history of estates, as well as to depict the dynamics of the disappearance of estate forests by the comparison of cartographic sources and the supporting documents of large-sized maps from the beginning and the end of the 18th century visually and by statistic data. The paper discusses the emergence of cartographic sources, especially those of Johann Philipp Frast, who was the most significant modern surveyor and map-maker in eastern Slavonia.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Šume u komorskim popisima Slavonije i njihovo značenje u gospodarstvu slavonskih vlastelinstava od kraja osmanske vlasti do sredine 18. stoljeća

Šume u komorskim popisima Slavonije i njihovo značenje u gospodarstvu slavonskih vlastelinstava od kraja osmanske vlasti do sredine 18. stoljeća
(Forests in the Court Chamber Censuses of Slavonia from the Liberation from the Ottoman Rule to the mid-18th century - The Meaning of Forest in the Economy of Slavonian Estates During the First Half of the Century)

  • Author(s):Milan Vrbanus
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Regional Geography, Environmental Geography, Economic history, 18th Century, The Ottoman Empire
  • Page Range:193-246
  • No. of Pages:54
  • Keywords:forests; Court Chamber censuses; Slavonian estates; Slavonia; 18th century;
  • Summary/Abstract:During the organization process of the Chamber administration in Slavonia at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th century, officials conducted censuses in 1698 and 1702. After that period the Court Chamber recorded Slavonia in 1721, 1736 and 1745/46. Apart from these censuses the Court Chamber recorded particular estates that were sold, i.e. donated to noble families. In the mid-18th century the owners had to make a list of estates so that the Vienna Court could determine the fees for their implementation. In the censuses from 1698 and 1702 the census takers described each village in every district, i.e. manor. During that process they determined the sizes of certain types of land (arable land, meadows, vineyards, forests, pastureland and gardens), yet they listed them in different types of measurement units related to human activity (how much could be ploughed in a morning, mown in a day, hoed in a day, walked in an hour), which makes it difficult for researchers to determine the proportions of particular areas of land. The census takers determined the wooded areas of the entire region, covered by the census, as well as the woody species of the forests. In 1698, they mainly used the terms acorning, timber, firewood for the woody species and only in the districts of Brod, Kobaš, Našice did they specify woody species according to the names of plant species (oak, beech, hornbeam, yew, poplar, willow, alder and others). In later censuses during the decameralization process the census takers used the aforementioned terms (acorning, timber, firewood). Apart from the asset strength of households and the size of land areas, the census takers determined the revenue of the estates and the value of all future estates. In that process they added the value of forests to the estate revenues determined by using certain mathematical models. On the basis of that model it is also possible to determine the significance of wooded areas in value and indirectly to the economy of manors at that time. The censuses from 1721 and 1736 do not provide data on the size of wooded areas or the amount of estate revenues; hence it is not possible to determine the significance of wooded areas in the economy of particular estates. The censuses of estates and estate revenues in the period from 1747 to 1751 provide also data on incomes of particular estates from estate forests. As per the censuses the estates gained income from forests by acorning and by using firewood and timber for the requirements of estates; these revenues were not recorded as estate revenues by the census takers. Through analysis of estate revenues it is possible to determine the significance of estate forests in the economy of then estates. From the censuses of the first half of the 18th century it can be concluded that the forests of Slavonian estates were not particularly significant when the values of the manors were being determined or for the economy of the manors throughout that period of time. Forests gained in importance during the first half of the 19th century.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Kartografski izvori za povijest slavonskih šuma u Državnom arhivu u Osijeku

Kartografski izvori za povijest slavonskih šuma u Državnom arhivu u Osijeku
(Cartographic Sources for the History of Slavonian Forests in the State Archives in Osijek)

  • Author(s):Danijel Jelaš
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Historical Geography, Environmental Geography, Maps / Cartography, Archiving, Modern Age
  • Page Range:247-260
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:maps; cartographic sources; State Archives in Osijek; forests; manor; cadastre;
  • Summary/Abstract:The cartographic materials of various provenance and purpose are among the fundamental and irreplaceable sources for the studies of historic landscapes. Whether they are maps of larger areas, countries and provinces, or land maps containing information on the use of land in the vicinity of settlements, they represent an inexhaustible source of data to researchers of historical geography, topography, demography, ecohistory, microhistory, economic history, etc. The forests, as one of the most prominent environmental constituents and a key natural and economic resource, are present in all types of maps, regardless of the time of their creation. This allows us to say that all of our knowledge on the Slavonian forests in the past, as well as the potential of further research, is greater thanks to a relatively large number of maps kept in the domestic and foreign heritage institutions. In the holdings of the State Archives in Osijek there are a large number of such sources for the present-day East Croatia, from the mid-17th to the end of the 20th century. They are a part of several archival units, that is, fonds and collections. The most valuable are the maps of East Croatian manors and the collections of land maps of Slavonia and Syrmia. Also, there are a number of cadastral maps for the broader surroundings of Osijek, Virovitica and Vukovar. The Collection of geographical maps contains very interesting maps of Slavonia and topographic maps from the late 19th century. Some other archival units comprise of various valuable and interesting maps as well. Although the aforesaid materials are not entirely unknown to experts, a comprehensive systematic study of the maps has not been conducted yet. This especially refers to the data on the forests of East Croatia.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Šuma/drvo – iskorištena ili neiskorištena mogućnost Prilog povijesnom razmatranju drvne eksploatacije na prijelazu 19. u 20. stoljeće

Šuma/drvo – iskorištena ili neiskorištena mogućnost Prilog povijesnom razmatranju drvne eksploatacije na prijelazu 19. u 20. stoljeće
(Forests / Timber – Exploited or Unexploited Potential: A Contribution to the Historical Review of the Exploitation of Timber at the Turn of the 19th Century)

  • Author(s):Zlata Živaković-Kerže
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Environmental Geography, Environmental and Energy policy, Environmental interactions, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:261-281
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:forests; timber; exploitation of forests; 19th century; Slavonia;
  • Summary/Abstract:The exploitation of the forests comprised felling and the development of forest assortments, their removal, transportation, sale and delivery to customers, i.e. for the increased demand for wood, which in the 19th and 20th century became part of capitalist relations. In this respect, the economic value of the forest was an issue of great significance for the strengthening of the economic life, in concert with the sustainability of forest cover, presupposing surveys of utilization and afforestation for the purpose of rational forest economy as well as of the regular management of and revenue from forestry. Special attention was drawn to the significance of forests/timber and caused this raw material to contribute to the development of greater economies and the inclusion of the branch in the industrialisation of the country. In this respect oak stood out due to its fineness and regular growth rings, its elasticity, undemanding processing methods, yellow gold colour and particularly to its dimensions. Because of this use, the forests became a source of enrichment for many, but particularly for foreigners who possessed the necessary capital for faster felling, for the construction of sawmills and the export of timer to other countries. As a result, forests in Slavonia and throughout Croatia tended to disappear, despite the fact that part of the timber sales was invested into the afforestation of state forests.
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Slavonski šumari školovani u Mariabrunnu (1813-1867) s posebnim osvrtom na Adolfa Danhelovskog

Slavonski šumari školovani u Mariabrunnu (1813-1867) s posebnim osvrtom na Adolfa Danhelovskog
(The Education of Foresters from Slavonia in Mariabrunn (1813- 1867) with Special Reference to Adolf Danhelovsky)

  • Author(s):Dinko Župan
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Historical Geography, Environmental Geography, History of Education, 19th Century
  • Page Range:283-296
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:history of forestry; forestry school in Mariabrunn; forestry education; 19th century; Adolf Danhelovsky;
  • Summary/Abstract:The best education in forestry within the borders of the Habsburg Monarchy foresters could get at the Secondary Forestry School of Mariabrunn. That school was the most significant forestry school in the Monarchy during the 19th century. The school was located in the Augustinian monastery at the Mariabrunn near Vienna. It was partly owned by the state and partly by the Augustinian order. The school was started in 1813, and it got developed from a small specialized school that was founded in 1805. It was a boarding school and expert education was provided for the pupils, including accommodation. The pupils worn uniforms and stern discipline was maintained in the school, which was consistently insisted upon by the principals, who often came from the military. The secondary school consisted of classrooms, laboratories, rooms for the teachers and dormitories for the pupils. From the very inception, the school had the best facilities for the training, and so it got, as early as 1816, a chemistry laboratory, a botanical garden, and a collection of insects and minerals. In the year 1819, the Forestry school in Mariabrunn was officially proclaimed the principal forestry school in the Monarchy. The Secondary Forestry School in Mariabrunn did not get the status of the Academy until 1867, but was considered to be some sort of a secondary specialized school. Only in 1867 it became the Imperial Academy of Forestry with a three-year curriculum. In 1872, the authorities subsumed the Academy of Forestry into the system of the High School for Soil Cultivation in Vienna. From the very beginning, candidates from all over the Monarchy attended the Forestry School in Mariabrunn, and many of the attendants later became excellent foresters. Among the attendants from Croatia, the biggest number came from Slavonia.
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Krađe, dugovi, pronevjere – izazovi upravljanja Brodskom imovnom općinom od 1873. do 1914. godine

Krađe, dugovi, pronevjere – izazovi upravljanja Brodskom imovnom općinom od 1873. do 1914. godine
(Theft, Debts, Embezzlement – Challenges to the Management of the Brod Estate Community from 1873 until 1914)

  • Author(s):Robert Skenderović
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Public Administration, Environmental and Energy policy, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:297-315
  • No. of Pages:19
  • Keywords:forests; public good; Slavonia; Brod Estate Community; theft; debts; embezzlement;
  • Summary/Abstract:In the territory of the Military Frontier, the forests were the major natural resource. The Brod Estate Community (BIO) was in charge of the forests in the territory of the former Brod Regiment after it was abolished, to be exact, in 1873. The large land complexes of high quality forests provided great revenue. The management of the Brod Estate Community was regulated by the Law of Estate Communities in Croatia and the Slavonian Military Frontier from 1873. Representatives and the Economic Committee were the main governing bodies of the Brod Estate Community. Their working protocols provide the numerous challenges to sustainable management with which the bodies were confronted. In the forests of the Brod Estate Community timber thefts were frequent. Aside from that, many buyers of timber owed small or large amounts of money. It was also noticeable that some municipalities did not return borrowed money although the Brod Estate Community provided loans under very favourable conditions. Ultimately, the Brod Estate Community faced problems of fraud by the administrators using their official positions for illegal acts. This work endeavours to determine the extent of attempts to cause financial damage to the Brod Estate Community and how the members of the board tried to prevent these attempts.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Tvornica tanina u Županji od osnutka do 1912. godine

Tvornica tanina u Županji od osnutka do 1912. godine
(The Oak Extract Company Limited in Županja from its Foundation until 1912)

  • Author(s):Branko Ostajmer
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, Economic history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:317-338
  • No. of Pages:22
  • Keywords:Županja; Slavonia; forest; oak extract industry; Hepburn family;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Oak Extract Company Limited from Županja was one of the first, as well as one of the most significant industrial enterprises in Slavonia founded on foreign capital. The factory was opened in the early 1880s, being the first tannin factory in the Croatian lands. Facing different ups and downs, like changes in the ownership structure, it was active until 1930s. However, the factory lived through its golden age at the end of the 19th century. In the beginning, this foreign investment faced negative comments and assessments, mostly made by political opposition. Nevertheless, multiple positive effects related to this factory became evident soon enough. Because of that, initial negative preconceptions gradually gave place to the more favorable impressions towards the English-Canadian capital in Slavonia. Foundation of the factory presents an important point in the history of Županja and the surrounding area for its employment of 400 people in 1900. Moreover, additional profit-making opportunities emerged for the local population, such as kirijašenje (extracting logs out of forests).
  • Price: 4.90 €
Rasprava o starosti hrastovih šuma na stranicama Šumarskog lista

Rasprava o starosti hrastovih šuma na stranicama Šumarskog lista
(The Debate on the Age of Oak Forests on the Pages of Šumarski List)

  • Author(s):Hrvoje Volner
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Historical Geography, Environmental Geography, Methodology and research technology, 19th Century
  • Page Range:339-349
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:oak; acorning; Romans; arable land; hornbeam; beech; forestry; Šumarski list (Journal of Forestry);
  • Summary/Abstract:This work is concerned with the treatise of the manorial forester Radošević entitled “Pabirci za šumarsku povijest hrvatsko-srpskih šuma” (A Compilation for the Forest History of Croatian-Serbian Forests) published in Šumarski list during 1891 and 1892. The author provides interesting theses on the origins of oak forests in our regions, which support the claim that “oak forests in Croatia were planted by the Romans for the purpose of feeding pigs with acorns, which was a significant economic activity”. The work also adduces the counterclaim advanced by forest assessor Barišić “that the Romans perhaps afforested some fields with oak” but basically agrees that the oak is not indigenous to our area. The treatise abounds in examples with which the proponents of these stances confirm their views, and at the same time tell of the scholarly methods, knowledge and experiences used by the foresters at the end of the 19th century. In order to gain a clear picture of issues raised by the foresters, we rely on the viewpoints of modern forest professions and other expertise on the subject of the age of oak forests in Croatia.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Godine revolta: štrajkovi radnika slavonske drvnoprerađivačke industrije (1905. - 1907.)

Godine revolta: štrajkovi radnika slavonske drvnoprerađivačke industrije (1905. - 1907.)
(Revolt Years: Strikes of the Workers of the Wood Processing Industry in Slavonia (1905. – 1907.))

  • Author(s):Luka Pejić
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Economic history, Labor relations, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:351-379
  • No. of Pages:29
  • Keywords:industrialization; labour movement; strikes; Povischil and Kaiser; Gutmann; Osijek; Belišće; Brod na Savi;
  • Summary/Abstract:Slavonian forest resources attracted foreign investors who opened a certain number of industrial enterprises modernising the local economy on the basis of the capitalist paradigm in the late 19th and early 20th century. At the beginning, this wood-based industry was developing by employing seasonal workers, relatively uninterested in the organized labour movement. However, with the growing mass-production, population migrations and urbanization, more and more strikes occurred like the one in Osijek’s factory Povischil and Kaiser in 1905 which happened to be the first general strike in the Croatian history. In the following year, in 1906, Gutmann’s workers organized the strike in Belišće, as well as saw-mill workers from Brod na Savi who led the general strike in 1907. While authorities and entrepreneurs, owners of resources and the means of production, saw these actions as intolerable subversion, in the attempt to improve their wages, working hours, housing conditions and other issues workers’ experience ranged from Marxist radicalization to social-democratic reformism. In other words, aim of the article in question is to elaborate the number of conflicting perspectives drawn from three different strikes between 1905 and 1907.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Šume fruškogorskih manastira u finansijskim izveštajima Saborskog Odbora 1906-1907.

Šume fruškogorskih manastira u finansijskim izveštajima Saborskog Odbora 1906-1907.
(Forests of the Fruška gora Monasteries in the Financial Reports of the Sabor Committee from 1906-1907)

  • Author(s):Goran Vasin, Dejan Mikavica
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Environmental Geography, Economic history, Government/Political systems, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:381-396
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:Sabor (Parliamentary) Committee; Patriarch Georgije Branković; Radicals (political party); Fruška gora monasteries; financial report; forests;
  • Summary/Abstract:The financial reports and the budget of the Sabor (Parliamentary) Committee for the Fruška gora monasteries during 1906-1907 indicated that there were numerous problems concerning the financial resources required for the preservation of these significant monuments of Serbian culture and spirituality. Some of the monasteries were not capable of sustaining their fraternities or of bearing the financial burden of their immovable properties. When this is joined with the poor state of the finances of the Parliamentary Committee due to constant conflicts between radicals and conservatives and the irresponsible fiscal policy of many officials of the metropolis, it is evident that the Fruška gora monasteries had to survive serious economic crises year by year.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Selo i šuma: nastanak i nestanak sela u šumovitim predjelima središnje Slavonije

Selo i šuma: nastanak i nestanak sela u šumovitim predjelima središnje Slavonije
(Village and Forest: The Emergence and Disappearance of Villages in Wooded Areas of Central Slavonia)

  • Author(s):Žarko Španiček
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Human Geography, Regional Geography, Environmental Geography
  • Page Range:397-413
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:forest; village; Slavonia; hilly areas; inhabitants;
  • Summary/Abstract:This work starts from the observation that, mainly in the hilly areas of central Slavonia, in the last fifty years, the number of inhabitants and inhabited places has decreased, while wooded areas have expanded considerably. The number of villages, facing disappearance, without a single resident, or with just a few, is increasing, and forests have covered the area anew. Drawing on these developments, efforts were made to examine the unequal relation between cultivated and natural, wooded areas. It is proposed to conduct a more complex evaluation of the historical role and significance of the forest that would indicate that forests not only provide natural wealth and significant social resources but can also be an indication of general social backwardness.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Slavonska šuma u djelima Huga Conrada von Hötzendorfa i Adolfa Waldingera

Slavonska šuma u djelima Huga Conrada von Hötzendorfa i Adolfa Waldingera
(The Slavonian Forests in the Works of Hugo Conrad von Hötzendorf and Adolf Waldinger)

  • Author(s):Jasminka Najcer Sabljak
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Visual Arts, Environmental Geography, 19th Century, History of Art
  • Page Range:415-431
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:Slavonian painting; Hugo Conrad von Hötzendorf; Adolf Waldinger; forest;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Slavonian forests were over the centuries, particularly throughout the 19th century, an inexhaustible source for many artistic and literary works; artists were fascinated by the luminance of the forests and by their natural power. The forest had a special place in the works of Slavonian artists and writers due to the fact that this area was, throughout the 19th century, mostly covered by inaccessible woods representing the unknown and evoking fear; at the same time they were a creative challenge for adventurous spirits. In the mid-19th century art movements such as romanticism and realism emerged; escapism from social norms and established topics became a challenge within them. The forest as an independent and separate entity within landscape painting became the preoccupation of romantic artists who subordinated man to the pantheistic force and the power of forest vegetation and nature, demonstrating how defenceless man is against natural conditions. In contrast to the romanticists, the realists elaborate, with extreme precision, forests and wood motifs and concern themselves with forest vegetation, details of the crowns and branches, observing and researching every single detail of nature with botanical precision. These two approaches in painting forests, i.e. landscapes, are evident in the oeuvres of the most significant Slavonian, and also Croatian landscape painters, the leaders of the Osijek School of painters Hugo Conrad von Hötz endorf and Adolf Waldinger. The titles of their numerous works Šuma (The Forest), Slavonska šuma (Slavonian Forests), Šumski krajolik (Woodland area), U mladoj bregovitoj šumi (In the Young Hilly Forests), Unutrašnjost šume (Woodland Interior), Kućica u šumi (The House in the Woods) Šumski put u planini (Forest Path in the Mountain), Slavonski hrastik (Slavonian Oak Forest), Stari hrast (Old Oak), Suhi hrastovi (Withered Oaks), Studije hrasta ili drveća (Oak or Wood Studies), Jasen (Ash), Studija panjeva (Stump Study), Crtež starog hrasta s lišćem (Drawing of an Old Oak with Leaves) speak about the importance of forest motifs in numerous works of these artists which are kept in museum and private collections throughout Croatia.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Književnohistoriografski hod slavonskom šumom

Književnohistoriografski hod slavonskom šumom
(A Literary Historiographical Walk through Slavonian Forests)

  • Author(s):Anica Bilić
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Environmental Geography, Comparative Study of Literature, Croatian Literature, 18th Century, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Theory of Literature
  • Page Range:433-455
  • No. of Pages:23
  • Keywords:forest; natural landscape; literary field; poetics; world view;
  • Summary/Abstract:The corpus of literary texts interpreted, poetically and according to genre heterogeneous, came into being between 1762 and 1911: Sveta Rožalija, Antun Kanižlić (1759/1780); Satir iliti divji čovik, Matija Antun Relković (1762); Jesenski plodovi, Matija Petar Katančić (1791); Kolo gorah, Oto Šiaković (1851/1862); Slavonska šuma Josip Kozarac (1888); Jankovo ljetovanje, Franjo Ciraki (1905); Rasap, Josip Kosor (1906); Đuka Begović, Ivan Kozarac (1911) and refers to specific geographically defined woodland areas in Slavonia. Lowland wooded areas are analysed as literary landscapes into which the writers inscribed various subjective and socially conditioned meanings, values, emotions, empirical knowledge as well as worldviews. The designation of woods as a dominant natural surface cover was observed within the experience of nature, culture and the society and its degree of reference to non-literary reality covers natural, cultivated and literary space. The aim of this paper is to define and interpret forests as literary landscapes diachronically and to determine them as complex entities expressing their complexity in multiformity and stratification. By using advances in cultural and literary geography, particularly qualitative analyses, in the above corpus the woodland is described, interpreted, systemized and in conclusion it is shown that the depictions of woodland were historical and depended on literary-evolutionary tendencies.
  • Price: 4.90 €
Drveni most na hrastovim stupovima (roman Veliki hrast Vlade Andrilovića kao polazište priče osobne povijesti)

Drveni most na hrastovim stupovima (roman Veliki hrast Vlade Andrilovića kao polazište priče osobne povijesti)
(Wooden Bridge on Oak Pillars: The Novel Veliki Hrast (The Big Oak) of Vlado Andrilović as the Starting Point of a Personal History)

  • Author(s):Julijana Matanović
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Croatian Literature, Theory of Literature
  • Page Range:457-477
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:novel; Veliki hrast; Vlado Andrilović; oak as literary motif; recognition; Slavonia;
  • Summary/Abstract:Through a family story divided into three parts, the novel of Vlado Andrilović Veliki hrast (1989) presents the Slavonian history. The proud tree represents the answer to the question of what history means to Slavonians and what has sustained them over the centuries. Such a question stirs memories of personal history within the reader. After reading the text, a novel in which the characteristics of a historical novel and a novel about history are intertwined, a moment of the reader’s own biography is enlivened through the oak motif. In the key word recognition lies the true meaning of the literary text written in a time not inclined to a narration of a history not authenticated by scholarship.
  • Price: 4.90 €
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